Pre- and Postgame Macronutrient Intake of a Group of Elite Australian Football Players

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Peter Schokman ◽  
Ingrid H.E. Rutishauser ◽  
Roger J. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Australian Football

This study describes pre- and postcompetition mean energy and macronutrient intakes of 40 elite Australian Football players. Carbohydrate intake, expressed both as a percentage of total energy intake (En %) and as grams per kilogram of body mass (g/kg BM), was significantly less (51.7% En and 4.8 g/kg BM, p < . 001) than minimum recommendations for endurance athletes (60% En and 6 g/kg BM). Pregame carbohydrate intake (53.6% En) was significantly greater (p < .01) than postgame (49.7% En). However, expressed as g/kg BM, pre- and postgame macronutrient intakes did not differ significantly. Protein and fat intakes (as g/kg BM) fell within guidelines, whereas energy intake (13.2 MJ/ day or 153.8 kJ/kg BM) was lower than expected. Results suggest that for athletes engaging in endurance team sports where body mass and energy requirements vary considerably, carbohydrate recommendations are more appropriately expressed as g/kg BM rather than En %.

Effect of air temperature and energy intake on body mass, body composition and energy requirements in sheep

2002 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. ALLAN DEGEN ◽  
B. A. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Total Body

Body mass was measured and body composition and energy requirements were estimated in sheep at four air temperatures (0 °C to 30 °C) and at four levels of energy offered (4715 to 11785 kJ/day) at a time when the sheep reached a constant body mass. Final body mass was affected mainly by metabolizable energy intake and, to a lesser extent, by air temperature, whereas maintenance requirements were affected mainly by air temperature. Mean energy requirements were similar and lowest at 20 °C and 30 °C (407·5 and 410·5 kJ/kg0·75, respectively) and increased with a decrease in air temperature (528·8 kJ/kg0·75 at 10 °C and 713·3 kJ/kg0·75 at 0 °C). Absolute total body water volume was related positively to metabolizable energy intake and to air temperature. Absolute fat, protein and ash contents were all affected positively by metabolizable energy intake and tended to be related positively to air temperature. In proportion to body mass, total body water volume decreased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and with an increase in air temperature. Proportionate fat content increased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and tended to increase with an increase in air temperature. In contrast, proportionate protein content decreased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and tended to decrease with an increase in air temperature. In all cases, the multiple linear regression using both air temperature and metabolizable energy intake improved the fit over the simple linear regressions of either air temperature or metabolizable energy intake and lowered the standard error of the estimate. The fit was further improved and the standard error of the estimate was further lowered using a polynomial model with both independent variables to fit the data, since there was little change in the measurements between 20 °C and 30 °C, as both air temperatures were most likely within the thermal neutral zone of the sheep. It was concluded that total body energy content, total body water volume, fat and protein content of sheep of the same body mass differed or tended to differ when kept at different air temperatures.

scholarly journals The Precompetition Macronutrient Intake of Elite Gaelic Football Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 574-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathal Cassidy ◽  
Kieran Collins ◽  
Marcus Shortall
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Current Investigation ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Expected Frequency

Competition-related dietary intake has not yet been investigated in Gaelic football. The present study examined the precompetition macronutrient intake of elite male Gaelic football players. Forty players from two teams completed a food diary on the 2 days preceding competition (Day 1 and Day 2) and on the match day prior to the match (match day). Carbohydrate intake was significantly greater on Day 2 compared with Day 1, for both absolute (295 ± 98 vs. 318 ± 77 g;p = .048; −23.6 g, 95% confidence interval [−47.3, 0.2]; Cohen’sd = 0.27) and relative intake (3.4 ± 1.1 vs. 3.7 ± 1.0 g/kg;p = .027; −0.3 g/kg, 95% confidence interval [−0.6, −0.03]; Cohen’sd = 0.32). The number of players in accordance with and not in accordance with the guidelines for carbohydrate intake on Day 2 was significantly different to an expected frequency distribution, χ2(1) = 32.400;p ≤ .001; φ = 0.9, with a greater number of players not meeting the guidelines (observedN = 2 vs. 38). The number of players in accordance with and not in accordance with the recommendations for carbohydrate intake on match day was significantly different to an expected frequency distribution, χ2(1) = 8.100;p = .004; φ = 0.45, with a greater number of players meeting the guidelines (observedN = 29 vs. 11). The major finding from the current investigation was that a significantly greater number of players did not meet carbohydrate intake guidelines on the day before competition. Individualized nutritional interventions are required in order to modify the current prematch dietary intake.

scholarly journals Trends in energy and macronutrient intakes, body weight and physical activity in female university students (1988–2003), and effects of excluding under-reporters

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope M. Warwick ◽  
Jacqueline Reid
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
University Students ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Factorial Method

The present study investigated trends in reported energy intake, macronutrient intake, physical activity level (PAL) and body weight and effects of excluding under-reporters (UR). Dietary intake and time spent in sixteen activity categories were recorded by 887 female university students (median age 29 years) from 1988 to 2003. Energy expenditure (EE) and PAL were measured using a factorial method. All data collected were self-reported. Individuals with reported EI:EE<0·76 were classified as UR. The remainder were classified as non-under-reporters (NUR). Trends were determined from simple linear regression of median data for each year for the entire cohort (ALL) and for NUR and UR separately, and from multiple regression analysis with the subgroups (NUR and UR) as an additional predictor (BOTH). Prevalence of under-reporting and overweight increased between 1988 and 2003. In ALL and BOTH there were trends to increased body mass, protein intake (g/d and % energy) and carbohydrate intake (% energy only) and decreased fat and alcohol intakes (g/d and % energy). In BOTH there were also increases in reported EI and carbohydrate intake (g/d). None of the trends in NUR was significantly different from those in UR, but some trends in ALL and/or BOTH were not significant when UR were excluded. Trends remaining significant in NUR were increased reported energy intake, protein (g/d) and carbohydrate (g/d) intakes, and decreased fat (% energy only) intake. There were no significant trends in PAL. We conclude that some, but not all, dietary trends were affected by exclusion of UR.

scholarly journals Physical activity and energy balance

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (3a) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marleen A. Van Baak
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Resting Energy

AbstractEnergy expenditure rises above resting energy expenditure when physical activity is performed. The activity-induced energy expenditure varies with the muscle mass involved and the intensity at which the activity is performed: it ranges between 2 and 18 METs approximately. Differences in duration, frequency and intensity of physical activities may create considerable variations in total energy expenditure. The Physical Activity Level (= total energy expenditure divided by resting energy expenditure) varies between 1.2 and 2.2–2.5 in healthy adults. Increases in activity-induced energy expenditure have been shown to result in increases in total energy expenditure, which are usually greater than the increase in activity-induced energy expenditure itself. No evidence for increased spontaneous physical activity, measured by diary, interview or accelerometer, was found. However, this does not exclude increased physical activity that can not be measured by these methods. Part of the difference may also be explained by the post-exercise elevation of metabolic rate.If changes in the level of physical activity affect energy balance, this should result in changes in body mass or body composition. Modest decreases of body mass and fat mass are found in response to increases in physical activity, induced by exercise training, which are usually smaller than predicted from the increase in energy expenditure. This indicates that the training-induced increase in total energy expenditure is at least partly compensated for by an increase in energy intake. There is some evidence that the coupling between energy expenditure and energy intake is less at low levels of physical activity. Increasing the level of physical activity for weight loss may therefore be most effective in the most sedentary individuals.

scholarly journals Food and Macronutrient Intake of Elite Kenyan Distance Runners

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.O. Onywera ◽  
F.K. Kiplamai ◽  
P.J. Tuitoek ◽  
M.K. Boit ◽  
Y.P. Pitsiladis
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Intense Training

The food and macronutrient intake of elite Kenyan runners was compared to recommendations for endurance athletes. Estimated energy intake (EI: 2987 ± 293 kcal; mean ± standard deviation) was lower than energy expenditure (EE: 3605 ± 119 kcal; P < 0.001) and body mass (BM: 58.9 ± 2.7 kg vs. 58.3 ± 2.6 kg; P < 0.001) was reduced over the 7-d intense training period. Diet was high in carbohydrate (76.5%, 10.4 g/kg BM per day) and low in fat (13.4%). Protein intake (10.1%; 1.3 g/kg BM per day) matched recommendations for protein intake. Fluid intake was modest and mainly in the form of water (1113 ± 269 mL; 0.34 ± 0.16 mL/kcal) and tea (1243 ± 348 mL). Although the diet met most recommendations for endurance athletes for macronutrient intake, it remains to be determined if modifying energy balance and fluid intake will enhance the performance of elite Kenyan runners.

Dietary Intakes and Food Use of Croups of Elite Australian Male Athletes

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise M. Burke ◽  
Ross A. Gollan ◽  
Richard S.D. Read
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Daily Intakes

The present study conducted dietary surveys of four groups of Australian male athletes: triathletes, marathon runners, Australian Rules football players, and Olympic weightlifters. Their training diets were assessed via a 7-day food record from which mean daily intakes of energy, macronutrients, and key micronutrients were estimated. The data were compared between groups as well as to recommendations in the literature for athlete nutrition. Results showed major differences between groups. The contribution of carbohydrate to total energy intake was greater for triathletes and marathon runners than for the other two groups. There was no difference between all four groups in the total amount of fat consumed, yet its contribution to total energy intake was significantly lower for triathletes and marathon runners. The football players and weightlifters consumed a similar fat: energy ratio as the typical Australian diet. Furthermore, the micronutrient density of the football players' diets was significantly lower than that of the other groups.

Correlates of seasonal changes in metabolism in Atlantic harbour seals (Phoca vitulina concolor)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (8) ◽  
pp. 1520-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
D A Rosen ◽  
D Renouf
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Phoca Vitulina ◽  
Harbour Seals ◽  
Gross Energy

This study tested the hypothesis that seasonal variation in resting metabolic rate (RMR) was more closely related to changes in total energy use than to energy intake. It also quantified the extent to which variation in metabolism contributed to changes in total energy expenditure. RMR, gross energy intake, and body mass and composition were measured in six captive Atlantic harbour seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) over 16 months. Gross energy intake during the year (across all seals) averaged 25.4 ± 4.1 MJ/d (mean ± SD). The energy used by the seals Eused a composite measure of energy expenditure from ingested energy and tissue catabolism) averaged 19.2 ± 3.4 MJ/d. RMR averaged 11.2 ± 1.5 MJ/d during the year, while mass-corrected metabolism declined with age. The seals displayed significant changes in both absolute and mass-corrected metabolism during the year. Overall, Eused was a stronger predictor of changes in metabolism than either gross energy intake or body mass. Mass-corrected metabolic rate was more closely related to Eused than was absolute metabolism. Energy changes in metabolism during the year (range = 6.9 ± 1.9 MJ/d) were minor compared with those in Eused (27.8 ± 7.3 MJ/d). These results suggest that seasonal changes in metabolism were a response to, or facilitated by, concurrent changes in Eused but were not the cause of variation in Eused. Rather, variation in both RMR and Eused was the result of changes in other bioenergetic components of the seals' energy budget, such as activity.

scholarly journals Foods prepared outside the home: association with selected nutrients and body mass index in adult Australians

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cate Burns ◽  
Michelle Jackson ◽  
Carl Gibbons ◽  
Rachel M Stoney
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Australian Population ◽  
Dietary Recall

AbstractObjective:To determine the proportion of energy from foods prepared outside the home (FPOH) and the relationships with energy and nutrient intakes and body mass index (BMI).Design:A nutrition survey of a representative sample of the Australian population aged 18 years and over (n = 10 863). Measure used was a 24-hour dietary recall. Underreporters (energy intake/estimated basal metabolic rate (EI/BMR) <0.9) were excluded from analysis. Daily energy and selected nutrient intakes were calculated using a 1996 nutrient composition database for all foods/beverages during the 24-hour period.Results:On average FPOH contributed a significant 13% to total energy intake. About a third of the sample had consumed FPOH in the last 24 hours and on average this group consumed a third of their total energy as FPOH. The relative contributions of fat (for men and women) and alcohol (for women) were significantly higher for those in the top tertile of FPOH consumers. The intakes of fibre and selected micronutrients (calcium, iron, zinc, folate and vitamin C) were significantly lower in this group. After adjustment for age and income no relationship between FPOH and BMI was observed.Conclusions:FPOH make a significant contribution to the energy intake of a third of the Australian population. FPOH contribute to poor nutritional intakes. Altering the supply of FPOH may be an effective means of improving diets at a population level.

scholarly journals Does high-carbohydrate intake lead to increased risk of obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e018449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Sartorius ◽  
Benn Sartorius ◽  
Thandinkosi E Madiba ◽  
Cristina Stefan
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

ObjectivesThe present study aimed to test the association between high and low carbohydrate diets and obesity, and second, to test the link between total carbohydrate intake (as a percentage of total energy intake) and obesity.Setting, participants and outcome measuresWe sought MEDLINE, PubMed and Google Scholar for observation studies published between January 1990 and December 2016 assessing an association between obesity and high-carbohydrate intake. Two independent reviewers selected candidate studies, extracted data and assessed study quality.ResultsThe study identified 22 articles that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria and quantified an association between carbohydrate intake and obesity. The first pooled strata (high-carbohydrate versus low-carbohydrate intake) suggested a weak increased risk of obesity. The second pooled strata (increasing percentage of total carbohydrate intake in daily diet) showed a weak decreased risk of obesity. Both these pooled strata estimates were, however, not statistically significant.ConclusionsOn the basis of the current study, it cannot be concluded that a high-carbohydrate diet or increased percentage of total energy intake in the form of carbohydrates increases the odds of obesity. A central limitation of the study was the non-standard classification of dietary intake across the studies, as well as confounders like total energy intake, activity levels, age and gender. Further studies are needed that specifically classify refined versus unrefined carbohydrate intake, as well as studies that investigate the relationship between high fat, high unrefined carbohydrate–sugar diets.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42015023257.

scholarly journals Energy requirements of infants

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (7a) ◽  
pp. 953-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy F Butte
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the energy requirements of infants from total energy expenditure and energy deposition during growth.DesignEnergy requirements during infancy were estimated from total energy expenditure measured by the doubly labelled water method and energy deposition based on measured protein and fat gains.SettingDatabase on the total energy expenditure and energy deposition of infants was compiled from available studies conducted in China, Chile, Gambia, Mexico, Netherlands, UK, and USA.SubjectsHealthy, term infants.ResultsTotal energy requirements (kJ day−1) increased with age and were higher in boys than girls due to differences in weight. Energy requirements decreased from 473 kJ kg−1per day for boys and 447 kJ kg−1per day for girls at 1 month of age to 337 kJ kg−1per day for boys and 341 kJ kg−1per day for girls at 6 months of age, and thereafter tended to plateau. Energy deposition as a percentage of total energy requirements decreased from 40% at 1 month to 3% at 12 months of age. These estimates are 10–32% lower than the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU recommendations which were based on observed energy intakes of infants.ConclusionsRecommendations for the energy intake of infants should be revised based on new estimates of total energy expenditure and energy deposition.

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