scholarly journals Increasing Meal Frequency in Isoenergetic Conditions Does Not Affect Body Composition Change and Appetite During Weight Gain in Japanese Athletes

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Motoko Taguchi ◽  
Akiko Hara ◽  
Hiroko Murata ◽  
Suguru Torii ◽  
Takayuki Sako
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Visual Analog Scale ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Meal Frequency ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
Body Composition Change

For athletes to gain body mass, especially muscle, an increase in energy consumption is necessary. To increase their energy intake, many athletes consume more meals, including supplementary meals or snacks. However, the influence of meal frequency on changes in body composition and appetite is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of meal frequency on changes in body composition and appetite during weight gain in athletes through a well-controlled dietary intervention. Ten male collegiate rowers with weight gain goals were included in this study. The subjects were randomly classified into two groups, and dietary intervention was implemented using a crossover method. During the intervention period, all subjects were provided identical meals aimed to provide a positive energy balance. The meals were consumed at a frequency of either three times (regular frequency) or six times (high frequency) a day. Body composition was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the visual analog scale was used for the evaluation of appetite. In both trials, body weight, fat-free mass, and fat mass significantly increased; however, an interaction (Trial × Time) was not observed. Visual analog scale did not vary between trials. Our data suggest that partitioning identical excess dietary intakes over three or six meals does not influence changes in body composition or appetite during weight gain in athletes.

scholarly journals Glucose absorption from peritoneal dialysate is associated with a gain in fat mass and a reduction in lean body mass in prevalent peritoneal dialysis patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (11) ◽  
pp. 1269-1276
Author(s):  
Steven Law ◽  
Andrew Davenport
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Membrane Function ◽  
Pd Membrane ◽  
Male Sex

AbstractThe majority of peritoneal dialysates use glucose to generate an osmotic gradient for the convective removal of water and Na. Although glucose can potentially be absorbed, previous studies have failed to establish whether this leads to increased fat weight gain. We measured body composition using bioimpedance in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, electively starting PD, attending for their first assessment of peritoneal membrane function after 2–3 months, and then after 12 months. We studied 143 patients: eighty-nine (62·2 %) males, fifty-three (37·1 %) diabetics, mean age 61·3 (SD 14·9) years, with ninety (62·1 %) patients treated by automated PD cyclers with a daytime icodextrin exchange and thirty-seven (25·9 %) by continuous ambulatory PD. Median fat mass increased by 1·8 (–0·5 to 4·1) kg, whereas fat-free mass fell –1·3 (–2·9 to 1·0) kg, and the increase in fat mass was negatively associated with the fall in soft lean mass (r –0·41, P < 0·001). Increased fat mass was associated with measured peritoneal glucose absorption (r 0·69, P < 0·001), and glucose absorption was associated with the amount of 22·7 g/l glucose dialysate (OR 2·0, 95 % CI 1·5, 2·5, P < 0·001), peritoneal urea clearance (OR 9·5, 95 % CI 2·4, 37·1, P = 0·001) and male sex (OR 4·8, 95 % CI 1·5, 14·9, P = 0·008). We report an observational study in prevalent PD patients following body composition from their first assessment of PD membrane function for approximately 12 months, and despite the majority of patients prescribed icodextrin, we have demonstrated not only an association between intra-peritoneal glucose absorption and fat weight gain but also loss of fat-free mass.

scholarly journals Associations between the proportion of fat-free mass loss during weight loss, changes in appetite, and subsequent weight change: results from a randomized 2-stage dietary intervention trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake Turicchi ◽  
Ruairi O'Driscoll ◽  
Graham Finlayson ◽  
Cristiana Duarte ◽  
Mark Hopkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Weight Regain ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Loss Maintenance ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Weight Outcomes ◽  
Dietary Intervention Trial

ABSTRACT Background Dynamic changes in body composition which occur during weight loss may have an influential role on subsequent energy balance behaviors and weight. Objectives The aim of this article is to consider the effect of proportionate changes in body composition during weight loss on subsequent changes in appetite and weight outcomes at 26 wk in individuals engaged in a weight loss maintenance intervention. Methods A subgroup of the Diet, Obesity, and Genes (DiOGenes) study (n = 209) was recruited from 3 European countries. Participants underwent an 8-wk low-calorie diet (LCD) resulting in ≥8% body weight loss, during which changes in body composition (by DXA) and appetite (by visual analog scale appetite perceptions in response to a fixed test meal) were measured. Participants were randomly assigned into 5 weight loss maintenance diets based on protein and glycemic index content and followed up for 26 wk. We investigated associations between proportionate fat-free mass (FFM) loss (%FFML) during weight loss and 1) weight outcomes at 26 wk and 2) changes in appetite perceptions. Results During the LCD, participants lost a mean ± SD of 11.2 ± 3.5 kg, of which 30.4% was FFM. After adjustment, there was a tendency for %FFML to predict weight regain in the whole group (β: 0.041; 95% CI: −0.001, 0.08; P = 0.055), which was significant in men (β: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.15; P = 0.009) but not women (β: 0.01; 95% CI: −0.04, 0.07; P = 0.69). Associations between %FFML and change in appetite perceptions during weight loss were inconsistent. The strongest observations were in men for hunger (r = 0.69, P = 0.002) and desire to eat (r = 0.61, P = 0.009), with some tendencies in the whole group and no associations in women. Conclusions Our results suggest that composition of weight loss may have functional importance for energy balance regulation, with greater losses of FFM potentially being associated with increased weight regain and appetite. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00390637.

Weight gain and body composition during pregnancy: a randomised pilot trial with probiotics and/or fish oil

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Outi Pellonperä ◽  
Tero Vahlberg ◽  
Kati Mokkala ◽  
Noora Houttu ◽  
Ella Koivuniemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Overweight Women

Abstract We evaluated the effects of fish oil and/or probiotic supplementation in a randomised placebo-controlled intervention pilot trial on gestational weight gain (GWG) and body composition. Additionally, the influence of gestational diabetes (GDM) on GWG and body composition was assessed. We randomised 439 overweight women into intervention groups: fish oil + placebo, probiotics + placebo, fish oil + probiotics and placebo + placebo (fish oil: 1·9 g DHA and 0·22 g EPA and probiotics: Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis 420, 1010 colony-forming units each). GDM was diagnosed with oral glucose tolerance test. Body composition was measured with air displacement plethysmography at randomisation (mean 13·9) and in late pregnancy (mean 35·2 gestational weeks). Intervention did not influence mean GWG or change in body fat mass/percentage (P > 0·17). Body composition in early pregnancy did not differ between the women who did or did not develop GDM (adjusted P > 0·23). Compared with the normoglycaemic women (n 278), women diagnosed with GDM (n 119) gained less weight (7·7 (sd 0·4) v. 9·3 (sd 0·4) kg, adjusted mean difference −1·66 (95 % CI −2·52, −0·80) and fat mass (0·4 (sd 0·4) v. 1·8 (sd 0·3) kg, adjusted mean difference −1·43 (95 % CI −2·19, −0·67) during the follow-up. In conclusion, adiposity of pregnant overweight women was not affected by supplementation with fish oil and/or probiotics, nor did it predict the development of GDM. However, adiposity was reduced in women with GDM compared with normoglycaemic women irrespective of the dietary intervention.

scholarly journals Dietary Intakes Differ by Body Composition Goals: An Observational Study of Professional Rugby Union Players in New Zealand

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 155798831989135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Black ◽  
Chloe Hindle ◽  
Rebecca McLay-Cooke ◽  
Rachel C. Brown ◽  
Claire Gibson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Competitive Season ◽  
Weight Loss Group ◽  
Rugby Players

Preseason in rugby union is a period of intensive training where players undergo conditioning to prepare for the competitive season. In some cases, this includes modifying body composition through weight gain or fat loss. This study aimed to describe the macronutrient intakes of professional rugby union players during pre-season training. It was hypothesized that players required to gain weight would have a higher energy, carbohydrate and protein intake compared to those needing to lose weight. Twenty-three professional rugby players completed 3 days of dietary assessment and their sum of eight skinfolds were assessed. Players were divided into three groups by the team coaches and medical staff: weight gain, weight maintain and weight loss. Mean energy intakes were 3,875 ± 907 kcal·d−1 (15,965 ± 3,737 kJ·d−1) (weight gain 4,532 ± 804 kcal·d−1; weight maintain 3,825 ± 803 kcal·d−1; weight loss 3,066 ± 407 kcal·d−1) and carbohydrate intakes were 3.7 ± 1.2 g·kg−1·d−1 (weight gain 4.8 ± 0.9 g.kg−1·d−1; weight maintain 2.8 ± 0.7 g·kg−1·d−1; weight loss 2. 6 ± 0.7 g·kg−1·d−1). The energy and carbohydrate intakes are similar to published intakes among rugby union players. There were significant differences in energy intake and the percent of energy from protein between the weight gain and the weight loss group.

Betaine supplementation fails to improve body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Damoon Ashtary-Larky ◽  
Reza Bagheri ◽  
Grant M. Tinsley ◽  
Omid Asbaghi ◽  
Sara Salehpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Trial Duration ◽  
Betaine Supplementation

Abstract Previous studies evaluating the effects of betaine supplementation on body composition offer contradictory findings. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of betaine supplementation on body composition indices (body mass [BM], body mass index [BMI], body fat percentage [BFP], fat mass [FM], fat-free mass [FFM]), and dietary intakes. Studies examining the effects of betaine supplementation on body composition and dietary intakes published up to August 2021 were identified through PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, SCOPUS, and Ovid databases. Betaine supplementation failed to significantly affect BM [(WMD: −0.40 kg, 95% CI: −1.46 to 0.64), p=0.447], BMI [(WMD: −0.05 kg/m2, 95% CI: −0.36 to 0.25), p=0.719], BFP [(WMD: 0.26%, 95% CI: −0.82 to 1.36), p=0.663], FM [(WMD: −0.57 kg, 95% CI: −2.14 to 0.99), p=0.473], and FFM [(WMD: 0.61 kg, 95% CI: −1.27 to 2.49), p=0.527]. Subgroup analyses based on participant’s age (<40 and >40 years), sex, BMI, trial duration (<8 and ≥8 weeks), betaine supplementation dosage (<4 and ≥4 g), and health status (healthy or unhealthy) demonstrated similar results. Other than a potential negligible increase in protein intake (WMD: 3.56 g, 95% CI: 0.24 to 6.88, p=0.035), no changes in dietary intakes were observed following betaine supplementation compared to control. The present systematic review and meta-analysis does not show any beneficial effects of betaine supplementation on body composition indices (BM, BMI, FM, and FFM).

scholarly journals Body fat and fat-free mass inter-relationships: Forbes's theory revisited

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 1059-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Original Equation ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Body Composition Change ◽  
New Equation ◽  
Composition Changes

A theoretical equation was developed by Forbes that quantifies the fat-free proportion of a weight change as a function of the initial body fat. However, Forbes's equation was strictly valid only for infinitesimal weight changes. Here, I extended Forbes's equation to account for the magnitude and direction of macroscopic body weight changes. The new equation was also re-expressed in terms of an alternative representation of body composition change defined by an energy partitioning parameter called the P-ratio. The predictions of the resulting equations compared favourably with data from human underfeeding and overfeeding experiments and accounted for previously unexplained trends in the data. The magnitude of the body weight change had a relatively weak effect on the predicted body composition changes and the results were very similar to Forbes's original equation for modest weight changes. However, for large weight changes, such as the massive weight losses found in patients following bariatric surgery, Forbes's original equation consistently underestimated the fat-free mass loss, as expected. The new equation that accounts for the magnitude of the weight loss provides better predictions of body composition changes in such patients.

scholarly journals Effect of chronic consumption of almonds on body weight in healthy humans

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hollis ◽  
Richard Mattes
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Body Composition Change ◽  
Positive Energy Balance

Small changes of diet may reduce CVD risk. One example is the inclusion of nuts. They are rich in fibre, unsaturated fatty acids and phytonutrients. However, their fat content and energy density raise concerns that chronic consumption will promote weight gain. Randomised intervention studies are required to evaluate whether this concern is well founded. This study's aim was to determine if the inclusion of a 1440 kJ serving of almonds in the daily diet results in positive energy balance, and body composition change. During a 23-week cross-over design study, participants were required to consume almonds for 10 weeks and were provided no advice on how to include them in their diet. For another 10 weeks (order counter-balanced), participants followed their customary diet and there was a 3-week washout between. The study group consisted of twenty women. Potential mechanisms of energy dissipation were measured. Ten weeks of daily almond consumption did not cause a change in body weight. This was predominantly due to compensation for the energy contained in the almonds through reduced food intake from other sources. Moreover, inefficiency in the absorption of energy from almonds was documented (P < 0·05). No changes in resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of food or total energy expenditure were noted. A daily 1440 kJ serving of almonds, sufficient to provide beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors, may be included in the diet with limited risk of weight gain. Whether this can be generalised to other high-fat energy dense foods warrants evaluation.

Energy expenditure adjusted for body composition differentiates constitutional thinness from both normal subjects and anorexia nervosa

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (1) ◽  
pp. E132-E137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Bossu ◽  
Bogdan Galusca ◽  
Sylvie Normand ◽  
Natacha Germain ◽  
Philippe Collet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energetic Metabolism ◽  
Free T3 ◽  
Igf I

Constitutional thinness (CT) is characterized by a low and stable body mass index (BMI) without any hormonal abnormality. To understand the weight steadiness, energetic metabolism was evaluated. Seven CT, seven controls, and six anorexia nervosa (AN) young women were compared. CT and AN had a BMI <16.5 kg/m2. Four criteria were evaluated: 1) energy balance including diet record, resting metabolic rate (RMR) (indirect calorimetry), total energy expenditure (TEE) (doubly labeled water), physical activity; 2) body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry); 3) biological markers (leptin, IGF-I, free T3); 4) psychological profile of eating behavior. The normality of free T3 (3.7 ± 0.5 pmol/l), IGF-I (225 ± 93 ng/ml), and leptin (8.3 ± 3.4 ng/ml) confirmed the absence of undernutrition in CT. Their psychological profiles revealed a weight gain desire. TEE (kJ/day) in CT (8,382 ± 988) was not found significantly different from that of controls (8,793 ± 845) and AN (8,001 ± 2,152). CT food intake (7,565 ± 908 kJ/day) was found similar to that of controls (7,961 ± 1,452 kJ/day) and higher than in AN (4,894 ± 703 kJ/day), thus explaining the energy metabolism balance. Fat-free mass (FFM) (kg) was similar in CT and AN (32.5 ± 2.9 vs. 34.1 ± 1.9) and higher in controls (37.8 ± 1.6). While RMR absolute values (kJ/day) were lower in CT (4,839 ± 473) than in controls (5,576 ± 209), RMR values adjusted for FFM were the highest in CT. TEE-to-FFM ratio was also higher in CT than in controls. Energetic metabolism balance maintains a stable low weight in CT. An increased energy expenditure-to-FFM ratio differentiates CT from controls and could account for the resistance to weight gain observed in CT.

scholarly journals Cord blood leptin and gains in body weight and fat mass during infancy

2016 ◽  
Vol 175 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol ní Chaoimh ◽  
Deirdre M Murray ◽  
Louise C Kenny ◽  
Alan D Irvine ◽  
Jonathan O’B Hourihane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Fat Mass Index ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Design And Methods

Objectives Low early-life leptin concentrations may promote faster weight gain in infancy. We aimed to examine the associations between cord blood leptin concentrations and changes in weight and body composition during infancy. Design and methods Serum leptin was measured at 15 weeks gestation, in umbilical cord blood collected at delivery and at 2 years in 334 children from the Cork Baseline Birth Cohort Study. Body composition was measured at 2 days and 2 months using air displacement plethysmography. Conditional change in weight standard deviation scores over a number of age intervals in the first 2 years and conditional change in fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) (kg/(length)m2) between birth and 2 months were calculated and associations with cord blood leptin were examined using linear regression. Results At birth, cord blood leptin was positively correlated with FMI (r = 0.48, P < 0.001) and showed a weaker correlation with FFMI (r = 0.12, P = 0.05). After adjustment for confounders, higher cord blood leptin (per ng/mL) was associated with slower conditional weight gain between birth and 2 months (β (95% CI): −0.024 (−0.035, −0.013), P < 0.001) but not over subsequent age intervals. Cord blood leptin was also inversely associated with conditional change in FMI (−0.021 (−0.034, −0.007, P = 0.003) but not FFMI between birth and 2 months. Conclusions These are the first data to show that associations between higher cord blood leptin and slower weight gain during infancy are driven by lower increases in adiposity, at least in early infancy.

scholarly journals Total energy expenditure is repeatable in adults but not associated with short-term changes in body composition

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Rimbach ◽  
Yosuke Yamada ◽  
Hiroyuki Sagayama ◽  
Philip N. Ainslie ◽  
Lene F. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals

AbstractLow total energy expenditure (TEE, MJ/d) has been a hypothesized risk factor for weight gain, but repeatability of TEE, a critical variable in longitudinal studies of energy balance, is understudied. We examine repeated doubly labeled water (DLW) measurements of TEE in 348 adults and 47 children from the IAEA DLW Database (mean ± SD time interval: 1.9 ± 2.9 y) to assess repeatability of TEE, and to examine if TEE adjusted for age, sex, fat-free mass, and fat mass is associated with changes in weight or body composition. Here, we report that repeatability of TEE is high for adults, but not children. Bivariate Bayesian mixed models show no among or within-individual correlation between body composition (fat mass or percentage) and unadjusted TEE in adults. For adults aged 20–60 y (N = 267; time interval: 7.4 ± 12.2 weeks), increases in adjusted TEE are associated with weight gain but not with changes in body composition; results are similar for subjects with intervals >4 weeks (N = 53; 29.1 ± 12.8 weeks). This suggests low TEE is not a risk factor for, and high TEE is not protective against, weight or body fat gain over the time intervals tested.

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