Comparisons Between Twice-Daily and Once-Daily Training Sessions in Male Weight Lifters

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Hartman ◽  
Brandon Clark ◽  
Debra A. Bemben ◽  
J. Lon Kilgore ◽  
Michael G. Bemben
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
National Level ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Percentage Change ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Daily Training

Context:Many elite athletes use increased daily training frequencies as a means to increase training load without substantial published literature to support this practice.Purpose:To compare the physiological responses to twice- and once-daily training sessions with similar training volumes.Methods:Ten nationally competitive male weightlifters (age 20.5 ± 1.2 y, body mass 92.9 ± 23.6 kg, training history 5.5 ± 1.5 y) were matched on body mass and training experience, then randomly assigned to train either once or twice daily for 3 wk. Isometric knee-extension strength (ISO), muscle cross-sectional area, vertical-jump peak power, resting hormone concentrations, neuromuscular activation (EMG), and weightlifting performance were obtained before and after the experimental training period.Results:All dependent measures before the training intervention were similar for both groups. A 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA did not reveal any significant main effects (group or trial) or interaction effects (group × trial) for any of the dependent variables. There were also no significant group differences when parameters were expressed as percentage change, but the twice-daily training group had a greater percentage change in ISO (+5.1% vs +3.2%), EMG (+20.3% vs +9.1%), testosterone (+10.5% vs +6.4%), and testosterone:cortisol ratio (−10.5% vs +1.3%) than did the once-daily training group.Conclusions:There were no additional benefits from increased daily training frequency in national-level male weightlifters, but the increase in ISO and EMG activity for the twice-daily group might provide some rationale for dividing training load in an attempt to reduce the risk of overtraining.

Functional Effects of Inertial Training of the Upper Extremity

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd A. McLoda ◽  
Kate M. Murphy ◽  
Steve Davison
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Size Groups

Context:Inertial training of the shoulder.Objective:To determine the differences of functional and EMG measures between a control group and an exercise group of overhead throwers.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:17 intercollegiate baseball players and 19 intercollegiate softball players divided into 2 equal-size groups, control and exercise.Main Outcome Measures:Preliminary data were recorded, including throwing velocity, throwing accuracy, and EMG activity of the biceps brachii, upper pectorals, and posterior deltoid. The exercise group completed a 4-week training regimen on the Impulse Inertial Trainer. All participants returned for follow-up measures.Results:No significant group-by-time interaction occurred relative to ball velocity, accuracy, or EMG activity.Conclusion:For experienced throwers, functional measures and muscle activity during throwing were not affected by inertial training of the upper extremity.

The Effect of Plyometric Training on Peroneal Latency

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Henry ◽  
Todd McLoda ◽  
Carrie L. Docherty ◽  
John Schrader
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Peroneus Longus ◽  
Longus Muscle ◽  
Custom Made

Context:Peroneal reaction to sudden inversion has been determined to be too slow to overcome the joint motion. A focused plyometric training program may decrease the muscle's reaction time.Objective:To determine the effect of a 6-wk plyometric training program on peroneus longus reaction time.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:University research laboratory.Participants:48 healthy volunteers (age 20.0 ± 1.2 y, height 176.1 ± 16.9 cm, weight 74.5 ± 27.9 kg) from a large Midwestern university. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a training group or a control group.Interventions:Independent variables were group at 2 levels (training and no training) and time at 2 levels (pretest and posttest). The dependent variable was peroneal latency measured with surface electromyography. A custom-made trapdoor device capable of inverting the ankle to 30° was also used. Latency data were obtained from the time the trapdoor dropped until the peroneus longus muscle activated. Peroneal latency was measured before and after the 6-wk training period. The no-training group was instructed to maintain current activities. The training group performed a 6-wk plyometric protocol 3 times weekly. Data were examined with a repeated-measures ANOVA with 1 within-subject factor (time at 2 levels) and 1 between-subjects factor (group at 2 levels). A priori alpha level was set at P < .05.Main Outcome Measures:Pretest and posttest latency measurements (ms) were recorded for the peroneus longus muscle.Results:The study found no significant group-by-time interaction (F1,46 = 0.03, P = .87). In addition, there was no difference between the pretest and posttest values (pretest = 61.76 ± 14.81 ms, posttest = 59.24 ± 12.28 ms; P = .18) and no difference between the training and no-training groups (training group = 59.10 ± 12.18 ms, no-training group = 61.79 ± 15.18 ms; P = .43).Conclusions:Although latency measurements were consistent with previous studies, the plyometric training program did not cause significant change in the peroneus longus reaction time.

scholarly journals Greater Power but Not Strength Gains Using Flywheel Versus Equivolumed Traditional Strength Training in Junior Basketball Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1181
Author(s):  
Marko D. M. Stojanović ◽  
Mladen Mikić ◽  
Patrik Drid ◽  
Julio Calleja-González ◽  
Nebojša Maksimović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Training Group ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Sprint Time ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
And Control

The main aim of the present study was to compare the effects of flywheel strength training and traditional strength training on fitness attributes. Thirty-six well trained junior basketball players (n = 36; 17.58 ± 0.50 years) were recruited and randomly allocated into: Flywheel group (FST; n = 12), traditional strength training group (TST; n = 12) and control group (CON; n = 12). All groups attended 5 basketball practices and one official match a week during the study period. Experimental groups additionally participated in the eight-week, 1–2 d/w equivolume intervention conducted using a flywheel device (inertia = 0.075 kg·m−2) for FST or free weights (80%1 RM) for TST. Pre-to post changes in lower limb isometric strength (ISOMET), 5 and 20 m sprint time (SPR5m and SPR20m), countermovement jump height (CMJ) and change of direction ability (t-test) were assessed with analyses of variance (3 × 2 ANOVA). Significant group-by-time interaction was found for ISOMET (F = 6.40; p = 0.000), CMJ (F = 7.45; p = 0.001), SPR5m (F = 7.45; p = 0.010) and T test (F = 10.46; p = 0.000). The results showed a significantly higher improvement in CMJ (p = 0.006; 11.7% vs. 6.8%), SPR5m (p = 0.001; 10.3% vs. 5.9%) and t-test (p = 0.045; 2.4% vs. 1.5%) for FST compared to the TST group. Simultaneously, th FST group had higher improvement in ISOMET (p = 0.014; 18.7% vs. 2.9%), CMJ (p = 0.000; 11.7% vs. 0.3%), SPR5m (p = 0.000; 10.3% vs. 3.4%) and t-test (p = 0.000; 2.4% vs. 0.6%) compared to the CON group. Players from the TST group showed better results in CMJ (p = 0.006; 6.8% vs. 0.3%) and t-test (p = 0.018; 1.5% vs. 0.6%) compared to players from the CON group. No significant group-by-time interaction was found for sprint 20 m (F = 2.52; p = 0.088). Eight weeks of flywheel training (1–2 sessions per week) performed at maximum concentric intensity induces superior improvements in CMJ, 5 m sprint time and change of direction ability than equivolumed traditional weight training in well trained junior basketball players. Accordingly, coaches and trainers could be advised to use flywheel training for developing power related performance attributes in young basketball players.

Predialytic versus Intradialytic Nutrition: A Study to Assess Effects on Intradialytic Blood Pressure, Dialysis Adequacy, and Urea Removal

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Namrata S. Rao ◽  
Abhilash Chandra ◽  
Sai Saran ◽  
Manish Raj Kulshreshta ◽  
Prabhakar Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dialysis Adequacy ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Dialysis Vintage ◽  
Oral Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Provision of oral protein in hemodialysis (HD) is desirable due to improved compliance to protein requirements and better nutritional status, but the risks of hypotension and underdialysis need to be considered. This study compared 2 different timings for administering oral nutritional supplements (ONS), predialysis and mid-dialysis, with respect to hemodynamics, dialysis adequacy, urea removal, and tolerability. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This single-center, prospective crossover study analyzed 72 stable patients with ESRD on twice a week maintenance HD with a mean age of 38.7 (±11.2) years and a dialysis vintage of 28.2 (±13.1) months. In the first week, all the patients received ONS (450 kcal energy, 20 g protein) 1 h prior to start of dialysis (group 1) and in the next week, the supplement was administered after 2 h of start of dialysis (group 2), with a predialysis fasting period of at least 3 h in both groups. Blood pressures, serum, and spent dialysate samples were collected and nausea occurrence was noted by severity. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Predialytic intake (group 1) was associated with higher predialysis and 1st hour blood urea, dialysis adequacy, and urea removal than group 2. Both groups achieved mean Kt/V &#x3e; 1.2, and the occurrence of symptomatic hypotensive episodes and nausea was not significantly different between the groups. On repeated measures ANOVA, changes in blood urea over time showed significant group effect. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Predialytic supplementation was associated with better dialysis adequacy and urea removal than intradialytic supplementation. However, both timings were equally tolerated and not associated with underdialysis.

scholarly journals Prevalence of pre-diabetes/type 2 diabetes among adolescents (10–19 years) and its association with different measures of overweight/obesity in India: a gendered perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Shobhit Srivastava ◽  
Prem Shankar Mishra ◽  
E. T. Krishnan Mooss
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
National Level ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Subscapular Skinfold Thickness

Abstract Background The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated that 1.1 million children and adolescents aged 14–19 years are living with diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose. It is also recognized as a complex disease that affects people of different ages due to different causes. The present study aims to estimate the prevalence of pre-diabetes/diabetes at the national level. Additionally, the respective study determines the factors associated with pre-diabetes/diabetes conditions among adolescents at the national level. Methods The data for this study was carried out from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNNS), the first-ever nationally representative nutrition survey of children and adolescents in India. The study used a sample size of 17,865 adolescent boys and 17,965 adolescent girls for the analysis. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and logistic regression analysis were done to carve out the results. Results The prevalence of pre-diabetes/diabetes was 12.3% and 8.4% among adolescent boys and girls in India, respectively. Body mass index and Subscapular skinfold thickness were the two most important predictors of pre-diabetes/diabetes among adolescents. Further, physical activities show a negative association with pre-diabetes/diabetes. Moreover, interaction models in the present study clearly reveal the fact that adolescent girls were less likely to suffer from pre-diabetes/diabetes than adolescent boys. Additionally, it was found that the prevalence of pre-diabetes/diabetes was high among adolescent girls from lower socio-economic strata. Conclusion The high prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes among adolescents portrayed serious public health concern in India. As body mass index and Subscapular skinfold thickness were positively associated with pre-diabetes/diabetes conditions among adolescents. Therefore, effective approaches are needed to be taken to tackle these pre-diabetes/diabetes conditions among adolescents and especially among adolescent boys.

scholarly journals Isolated Core Training Improves Sprint Performance in National-Level Junior Swimmers

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Weston ◽  
Angela E. Hibbs ◽  
Kevin G. Thompson ◽  
Iain R. Spears
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
National Level ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Swim Performance ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Training

Purpose:To quantify the effects of a 12-wk isolated core-training program on 50-m front-crawl swim time and measures of core musculature functionally relevant to swimming.Methods:Twenty national-level junior swimmers (10 male and 10 female, 16 ± 1 y, 171 ± 5 cm, 63 ± 4 kg) participated in the study. Group allocation (intervention [n = 10], control [n = 10]) was based on 2 preexisting swim-training groups who were part of the same swimming club but trained in different groups. The intervention group completed the core training, incorporating exercises targeting the lumbopelvic complex and upper region extending to the scapula, 3 times/wk for 12 wk. While the training was performed in addition to the normal pool-based swimming program, the control group maintained their usual pool-based swimming program. The authors made probabilistic magnitude-based inferences about the effect of the core training on 50-m swim time and functionally relevant measures of core function.Results:Compared with the control group, the core-training intervention group had a possibly large beneficial effect on 50-m swim time (–2.0%; 90% confidence interval –3.8 to –0.2%). Moreover, it showed small to moderate improvements on a timed prone-bridge test (9.0%; 2.1–16.4%) and asymmetric straight-arm pull-down test (23.1%; 13.7–33.4%), and there were moderate to large increases in peak EMG activity of core musculature during isolated tests of maximal voluntary contraction.Conclusion:This is the first study to demonstrate a clear beneficial effect of isolated core training on 50-m front-crawl swim performance.

Group Differences in Alcohol-Creativity Interactions

1994 ◽  
Vol 75 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1635-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Placebo Condition ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Social Drinkers ◽  
Alcohol Dose

A repeated-measures, balanced-order design was used to test for the effects of alcohol on creativity as measured by verbal forms of the Torrance Creativity Test. Social drinkers (8 men and 8 women) performed under 2 conditions, alcohol (dose = 0.83 ml ethanol/kg body weight) and a placebo. Significant group differences in the alcohol-creativity interaction were noted in that the performance of higher-scoring (in the placebo condition) subjects was impaired by alcohol whereas that of lower-scoring subjects was enhanced.

Mental Fatigue Reduces the Benefits of Self-Controlled Feedback on Learning a Force Production Task

2021 ◽  
pp. 003151252110373
Author(s):  
Milad Khojasteh Moghani ◽  
Rasool Zeidabadi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Shahabi Kaseb ◽  
Iman Bahreini Borujeni
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Transfer Test ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
The Self ◽  
Acquisition Phase ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Force Production Task

This study investigated the impact of mental fatigue and self-controlled versus yoked feedback on learning a force production task. We randomly assigned 44 non-athlete male students (Mage = 21.4, SD = 1.4 years) to four groups; (a) MF&SCF = mental fatigue & self-controlled feedback, (b) MF&Y = mental fatigue & yoked, (c) NMF&SCF = no mental fatigue & self-controlled feedback, and (d) NMF&Y = no mental fatigue & yoked). SCF group participants were provided feedback whenever they requested it, while YK group participants received feedback according to a schedule created by their SCF counterparts. To induce mental fatigue, participants performed a Stroop color-word task for one hour. During the acquisition (practice) phase, participants were asked to produce a given percentage of their maximum force (20%) in 12 blocks of six trials. We recorded the participants’ absolute error at the end of the acquisition phase, the immediate retention test, the first transfer test, and the second transfer test (after 24 hours and without any further mental fatigue). The acquisition phase data were analyzed in a 2 (feedback) × 2 (mental fatigue) × 12 (block) ANOVA with repeated measures on the last factor, while the retention and transfer data were analyzed in 2 (feedback) × 2 (mental fatigue) ANOVAs. We found that all four groups made significant progress during practice ( p < .001), but there were no significant group differences during this phase ( p>.05). There was a significant interaction effect of self-controlled feedback and mental fatigue at retention ( p = .018) and transfer testing ( p < .001). In the mental fatigue condition, participants in the self-controlled group had poorer learning compared to participants in the yoked group; but when not mentally fatigued, participants in the self-controlled group had better learning than those in the yoked group. These findings suggest that mental fatigue reduces typical advantages of self-controlled feedback in motor learning.

scholarly journals Evidence for Increased Activation of Persistent Inward Currents in Individuals With Chronic Hemiparetic Stroke

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 3236-3243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob G. McPherson ◽  
Michael D. Ellis ◽  
C. J. Heckman ◽  
Julius P. A. Dewald
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Afferent Feedback ◽  
Joint Torque ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Tonic Vibration Reflex ◽  
Stretch Reflexes ◽  
Persistent Inward Currents ◽  
Inward Currents ◽  
Hemiparetic Stroke ◽  
Chronic Hemiparetic Stroke

Despite the prevalence of hyperactive stretch reflexes in the paretic limbs of individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke, the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for their expression remain poorly understood. This study tests whether the manifestation of hyperactive stretch reflexes following stroke is related to the development of persistent inward currents (PICs) leading to hyperexcitability of motoneurons innervating the paretic limbs. Because repetitive volleys of 1a afferent feedback can elicit PICs, this investigation assessed motoneuronal excitability by evoking the tonic vibration reflex (TVR) of the biceps muscle in 10 awake individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke and measuring the joint torque and electromyographic (EMG) responses of the upper limbs. Elbow joint torque and the EMG activity of biceps, brachioradialis, and the long and lateral heads of triceps brachii were recorded during 8 s of 112-Hz biceps vibration (evoking the TVR) and for 5 s after cessation of stimulation. Repeated-measures ANOVA tests revealed significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) greater increases in elbow flexion torque and EMG activity in the paretic as compared with the nonparetic limbs, both during and up to 5 s following biceps vibration. The finding of these augmentations exclusively in the paretic limb suggests that contralesional motoneurons may become hyperexcitable and readily invoke PICs following stroke. An enhanced tendency to evoke PICs may be due to an increased subthreshold depolarization of motoneurons, an increased monoaminergic input from the brain stem, or both.

scholarly journals Small Step Frequency Changes Due to Footwear Condition Have No Effect on Running Economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. E41-E45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Warne ◽  
Kieran Moran ◽  
Giles Warrington
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Small Step ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Cohen’S D ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Frequency Changes ◽  
Cohen's D

AbstractThe aim of this study is to examine if small increases to step frequency associated with minimal footwear can influence Running Economy (RE). Twelve club-level runners with eight weeks of minimal footwear experience were recruited (age, 41±9 years; stature, 177.2±10.4 cm; body mass, 72.6±10.2 kg; V˙O2max, 52.1±7.5 mL·min−1·kg−1). Two 6-min RE tests, one in minimal footwear and one in conventional running shoes were performed at 11 km·h−1. Two more 6-min tests were completed during which step frequency was controlled using a metronome at the cadence of the opposite footwear condition (RErevSF). Comparisons were completed between the same footwear using repeated measures ANCOVA. The increase in step frequency for minimal footwear vs. conventional running shoes was 7.3±2.3 steps per minute (3.9% difference; 95% CI of difference [5.87 to 8.80 steps/min]; p≤0.001; Cohen’s d=0.70). No significant differences were identified between RE and RErevSF for minimal footwear (40.72±4.08 vs. 41.09±4.19 mL·min−1·kg−1; 95% CI of difference [–1.71 to 0.97]; p=0.55; Cohen’s d=0.09), or conventional running shoes (42.04±4.68 vs. 41.74±5.09 mL·min−1·kg−1; 95% CI of difference [–0.78 to 1.37]; p=0.55; Cohen’s d=0.06). Small changes in step frequency (~4%) did not have any significant impact on RE.

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