Ecological Validity and Reliability of the Rugby Sevens Simulation Protocol

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 749-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Furlan ◽  
Mark Waldron ◽  
Mark Osborne ◽  
Adrian J. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Activity Profile ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Simulation Protocol

Purpose:To assess the ecological validity of the Rugby Sevens Simulation Protocol (R7SP) and to evaluate its interday reliability.Methods:Ten male participants (20 ± 2 y, 74 ± 11 kg) completed 2 trials of the R7SP, separated by 7 d. The R7SP comprised typical running and collision activities, based on data recorded during international rugby sevens match play. Heart rate (HR) was monitored continuously during the R7SP, and the participants’ movements were recorded through a 20-Hz global positioning system unit. Blood lactate and rating of perceived exertion were collected before and immediately after the 1st and 2nd halves of the R7SP.Results:The average activity profile was 117 ± 5 m/min, of which 27 ± 2 m/min was covered at high speed, with a calculated energetic demand of 1037 ± 581 J/kg, of which ~40% was expended at a rate above 19 W/kg. Mean HR was 88% ± 4% of maximal HR. Participants spent ~45% ± 27% of time above 90% of maximal HR (t >90%HRmax). There were no significant differences between trials, except for lactate between the halves of the R7SP. The majority of the measured variables demonstrated a between-trials coefficient of variation (CV%) lower than 5%. Blood lactate measurements (14–20% CV) and t >90%HRmax (26% CV) were less reliable variables. In most cases, the calculated moderate worthwhile change was higher than the CV%.Conclusions:The R7SP replicates the activity profile and HR responses of rugby sevens match play. It is a reliable simulation protocol that can be used in a research environment to detect systematic worthwhile changes in selected performance variables.

scholarly journals The Internal and External Responses to a Forward-Specific Rugby League Simulation Protocol Performed With and Without Physical Contact

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 746-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Mullen ◽  
Jamie Highton ◽  
Craig Twist
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Simulation Protocol ◽  
Rugby Players

It is important to understand the extent to which physical contact changes the internal and external load during rugby simulations that aim to replicate the demands of match play. Accordingly, this study examined the role of physical contact on the physiological and perceptual demands during and immediately after a simulated rugby league match. Nineteen male rugby players completed a contact (CON) and a noncontact (NCON) version of the rugby league match-simulation protocol in a randomized crossover design with 1 wk between trials. Relative distance covered (ES = 1.27; ±0.29), low-intensity activity (ES = 1.13; ±0.31), high-intensity running (ES = 0.49; ±0.34), heart rate (ES = 0.52; ±0.35), blood lactate concentration (ES = 0.78; ±0.34), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) (ES = 0.72; ±0.38), and session RPE (ES = 1.45; ±0.51) were all higher in the CON than in the NCON trial. However, peak speeds were lower in the CON trial (ES = −0.99; ±0.40) despite unclear reductions in knee-extensor (ES = 0.19; ±0.40) and -flexor (ES = 0.07; ±0.43) torque. Muscle soreness was also greater after CON than in the NCON trial (ES = 0.97; ±0.55). The addition of physical contact to the movement demands of a simulated rugby league match increases many of the external and internal demands but also results in players’ slowing their peak running speed during sprints. These findings highlight the importance of including contacts in simulation protocols and training practices designed to replicate the demands of real match play.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Training and Match-Play External and Internal Load of Elite Gaelic Football Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1756
Author(s):  
Shane Malone ◽  
Kieran Collins ◽  
Allistair McRobert ◽  
Dominic Doran
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
External Loading ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Total Distance

The current investigation quantified the training and match-play load of elite Gaelic football players across a two-season period using global positioning system technology (GPS), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and sessional rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Total weekly workload variables were collected across GPS, RPE, and sRPE across thirty-six elite Gaelic footballers (mean ± SD, age: 26 ± 5 years; height: 177 ± 8 cm; mass: 81 ± 7 kg) from one elite squad during a two-season observational period. External training load variables included: Total distance (m), High speed running (m; ≥ 17.1 km·h−1), Sprint distance (m; 22 km·h−1), Accelerations (n), Average metabolic power (W·kg−1), High-power distance (m; ≥ 25 W·kg−1). Internal load variables included: sRPE and RPE. Repeated measures ANOVA were used to understand the differences in loading patterns across phases, position, and week types when significant main effects were observed a Tukey’s post hoc test was applied and standardized effect sizes were calculated to understand the practical meaning of these differences. When total weekly loading across phases was considered total load was significantly greater in club 1 and provincial 1 with these phases showing the highest loading for players when compared to all other phases (p ≤ 0.001; ES: 2.95–7.22; very large). Furthermore, in-season 1 was greater for total loading when compared to in-season 2 and both championship phases (p ≤ 0.05; ES: 0.47–0.54; small). Total distance in training was greater during preseason 1 when compared to all other phases of the season (p ≤ 0.001; ES: 2.95–7.22; very large). During the in-season period, training based total distance was higher during provincial 1 when compared to other phases with similar trends across all measures (p ≤ 0.005). Finally, a positional profile for load measures was observed, with weekly context (match or non-match) having an impact on the internal and external loading players experienced across phases. The current data provide useful information for practitioners on the training periodization currently present within the elite Gaelic football training process. Specifically, the data provide positional profiles of loading across weekly and segmented phased of an elite Gaelic football season. These data can increase understanding as to the periods of increased and decreased loading across different phases of an elite Gaelic football season, while providing a framework for future analysis concerning Gaelic football periodization.

scholarly journals Workload, Fatigue, and Muscle Damage in an Under-20 Rugby Union Team Over an Intensified International Tournament

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1059-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Lacome ◽  
Christopher Carling ◽  
Jean-Philippe Hager ◽  
Gerard Dine ◽  
Julien Piscione
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Exposure Group ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Match Play

Purpose:To examine the effects of an intensified tournament on workload, perceptual and neuromuscular fatigue, and muscle-damage responses in an international under-20 rugby union team.Methods:Players were subdivided into a high-exposure group (HEG, n = 13) and a low-exposure group (LEG, n = 11) according to match-play exposure time. Measures monitored over the 19-d period included training session (n = 10) and match (n = 5) workload determined via global positioning systems and session rating of perceived exertion. Well-being scores, countermovement jump height performance, and blood creatine kinase concentrations were collected at various time points.Results:Analysis of workload cumulated across the tournament entirety for training and match play combined showed that high-speed running distance was similar between groups, while a very likely larger session rating of perceived exertion load was reported in HEG vs LEG. In HEG, high-speed activity fluctuated across the 5 successive matches, albeit with no clear trend for a progressive decrease. No clear tendency for a progressive decrease in well-being scores prior to or following matches was observed in either group. In HEG, trivial to possibly small reductions in postmatch countermovement jump performance were observed, while unclear to most likely moderate increases in prematch blood creatine kinase concentrations occurred until prior to match 4.Conclusions:The magnitude of match-to-match changes in external workload, perceptual and neuromuscular fatigue, and muscle damage was generally unclear or small. These results suggest that irrespective of exposure time to match play players generally maintained performance and readiness to play across the intensified tournament. These findings support the need for holistic systematic player-monitoring programs.

scholarly journals The Reproducibility and External Validity of a Modified Rugby League Movement-Simulation Protocol for Interchange Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Norris ◽  
Jamie Highton ◽  
Craig Twist
Keyword(s):  
External Validity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Audio Signal ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Simulation Protocol ◽  
Moderate Change ◽  
Movement Simulation

Purpose: To assess the reliability and external validity of a rugby league movement-simulation protocol for interchange players (RLMSP-i) that was adapted to include physical contact between participants. Methods: A total of 18 rugby players performed 2 trials of a modified RLMSP-i, 7 d apart. The simulation was conducted outdoors on artificial turf with movement speeds controlled using an audio signal. Microtechnology was used to measure locomotive and accelerometer (ie, PlayerLoad™) metrics for both bouts (∼23 min each) alongside heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Results: Reported for each bout, total distance (102 [3] m·min−1 and 101 [3] m·min−1), low-speed distance (77 [3] m·min−1 and 79 [4] m·min−1), high-speed distance (25 [3] m·min−1 and 22 [4] m·min−1), PlayerLoad (10 [1] AU·min−1 and 10 [1] AU·min−1), PlayerLoad slow (3.2 [0.6] AU·min−1 and 3.2 [0.6] AU·min−1), 2-dimensional PlayerLoad (6.0 [0.9] AU·min−1 and 5.7 [0.8] AU·min−1), and HR (86 [5]%HRmax and 84 [6]%HRmax) were similar to match play. The coefficient of variation (CV%) for locomotive metrics ranged from 1.3% to 14.4%, accelerometer CV% 4.4% to 10.0%, and internal load 4.8% to 13.7%. All variables presented a CV% less than the calculated moderate change during 1 or both bouts of the simulation except high-speed distance, percentage of the participant’s peak HR, and RPE. Conclusion: The modified RLMSP-i offers a reliable simulation to investigate influences of training and nutrition interventions on the movement and collision activities of rugby league interchange players.

Within-Subject Correlation Between Salivary IgA and Measures of Training Load in Elite Football Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 847-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Figueiredo ◽  
George P. Nassis ◽  
João Brito
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
External Training ◽  
Salivary Secretory Immunoglobulin A

Purpose: To quantify the association between salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and training load in elite football players. Methods: Data were obtained on 4 consecutive days during the preparation camp for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Saliva samples of 18 elite male football players were collected prior to breakfast. The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and external training-load metrics from global positioning systems (GPS) were recorded. Within-subject correlation coefficients between training load and sIgA concentration, and magnitude of relationships, were calculated. Results: sIgA presented moderate to large negative correlations with s-RPE (r = −.39), total distance covered (r = −.55), accelerations (r = −.52), and decelerations (r = −.48). Trivial to small associations were detected between sIgA and distance covered per minute (r = .01), high-speed distance (r = −.23), and number of sprints (r = −.18). sIgA displayed a likely moderate decrease from day 1 to day 2 (d = −0.7) but increased on day 3 (d = 0.6). The training-load variables had moderate to very large rises from day 1 to day 2 (d = 0.7 to 3.2) but lowered from day 2 to day 3 (d = −5.0 to −0.4), except for distance per minute (d = 0.8) and sprints (unclear). On day 3, all training-load variables had small to large increments compared with day 1 (d = 0.4 to 1.5), except for accelerations (d = −0.8) and decelerations (unclear). Conclusions: In elite football, sIgA might be more responsive to training volume than to intensity. External load such as GPS-derived variables presented stronger association with sIgA than with s-RPE. sIgA can be used as an additional objective tool in monitoring football players.

scholarly journals Is Rating of Perceived Exertion a Valuable Tool for Monitoring Exercise Intensity During Steady-State Conditions in Elite Endurance Athletes?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Thomas Losnegard ◽  
Sondre Skarli ◽  
Joar Hansen ◽  
Stian Roterud ◽  
Ida S. Svendsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Exercise Mode

Purpose: Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a widely used tool to assess subjective perception of effort during exercise. The authors investigated between-subject variation and effect of exercise mode and sex on Borg RPE (6–20) in relation to heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), and capillary blood lactate concentrations. Methods: A total of 160 elite endurance athletes performed a submaximal and maximal test protocol either during cycling (n = 84, 37 women) or running (n = 76, 32 women). The submaximal test consisted of 4 to 7 progressive 5-minute steps within ∼50% to 85% of maximal VO2. For each step, steady-state HR, VO2, and capillary blood lactate concentrations were assessed and RPE reported. An incremental protocol to exhaustion was used to determine maximal VO2 and peak HR to provide relative (%) HR and VO2 values at submaximal work rates. Results: A strong relationship was found between RPE and %HR, %VO2, and capillary blood lactate concentrations (r = .80–.82, all Ps < .05). The between-subject coefficient of variation (SD/mean) for %HR and %VO2 decreased linearly with increased RPE, from ∼10% to 15% at RPE 8 to ∼5% at RPE 17. Compared with cycling, running induced a systematically higher %HR and %VO2 (∼2% and 5%, respectively, P < .05) with these differences being greater at lower intensities (RPE < 13). At the same RPE, women showed a trivial, but significantly higher %HR and %VO2 than men (<1%, P < .05). Conclusions: Among elite endurance athletes, exercise mode influenced RPE at a given %HR and %VO2, with greater differences at lower exercise intensities. Athletes should manage different tools to evaluate training based on intensity and duration of workouts.

The Effects of an Associative, Dissociative, Internal, and External Focus of Attention on Running Economy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Mahin Aghdaei ◽  
Alireza Farsi ◽  
Maryam Khalaji ◽  
Jared Porter
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Blood Lactate Level ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
External Focus ◽  
Lower Blood

Much research has been executed to investigate how altering focus of attention impacts performance and feelings of fatigue. Using a within-participant design, the present study examined how an associative and dissociative attentional in addition to an internal and external attentional dimension influenced the running economy of nonprofessional runners. Twelve women (aged 18–30 years old) ran on a treadmill at 70% of their predetermined maximum velocity. Participants ran in four counterbalanced conditions (dissociative-external, dissociative-internal, associative-external, and associative-internal). Average oxygen volume, respiration volume and breathing frequency, heart rate, blood lactate level, and Borg rating of perceived exertion were measured. Our findings revealed when participants adopted a dissociative-external focus of attention, they consumed less oxygen, had lower blood lactate, and a lower rating of perceived exertion compared with trials completed using an associative attention strategy. The findings of this study demonstrate that running economy is improved and feelings of fatigue are lowest when using a combination of a dissociative-external focus of attention.

Physiological Responses and Perceived Exertion During International Taekwondo Competition

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A. Bridge ◽  
Michelle A. Jones ◽  
Barry Drust
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
International Level ◽  
Combat Training ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Purpose:To investigate the physiological responses and perceived exertion during international Taekwondo competition.Methods:Eight male Taekwondo black belts (mean ± SD, age 22 ± 4 y, body mass 69.4 ± 13.4 kg, height 1.82 ± 0.10 m, competition experience 9 ± 5 y) took part in an international-level Taekwondo competition. Each combat included three 2-min rounds with 30 s of recovery between each round. Heart rate (HR) was recorded at 5-s intervals during each combat. Capillary blood lactate samples were taken from the fingertip 1 min before competition, directly after each round and 1 min after competition. Competitors’ rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded for each round using Borg’s 6-to-20 scale.Results:HR (round 1: 175 ± 15 to round 3: 187 ± 8 beats·min−1; P < .05), percentage of HR maximum (round 1: 89 ± 8 to round 3: 96 ± 5% HRmax; P < .05), blood lactate (round 1: 7.5 ± 1.6 to round 3: 11.9 ± 2.1 mmol·L-1; P < .05) and RPE (round 1: 11 ± 2 to round 3: 14 ± 2; P < .05; mean ± SD) increased significantly across rounds.Conclusions:International-level Taekwondo competition elicited near-maximal cardiovascular responses, high blood lactate concentrations, and increases in competitors' RPE across combat. Training should therefore include exercise bouts that sufficiently stimulate both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.

scholarly journals We know they train, but what do they do? Implications for coaches working with adolescent rugby union players

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padraic J Phibbs ◽  
Ben Jones ◽  
Gregory AB Roe ◽  
Dale B Read ◽  
Joshua Darrall-Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
School Club

Limited information is available regarding the training loads of adolescent rugby union players. One-hundred and seventy male players (age 16.1 ± 1.0 years) were recruited from 10 teams representing two age categories (under-16 and under-18) and three playing standards (school, club and academy). Global positioning systems, accelerometers, heart rate and session-rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) methods were used to quantify mean session training loads. Session demands differed between age categories and playing standards. Under-18 academy players were exposed to the highest session training loads in terms of s-RPE (236 ± 42 AU), total distance (4176 ± 433 m), high speed running (1270 ± 288 m) and PlayerLoad™ (424 ± 56 AU). Schools players had the lowest session training loads in both respective age categories. Training loads and intensities increased with age and playing standard. Individual monitoring of training load is key to enable coaches to maximise player development and minimise injury risk.

Initial Validity and Reliability of the Portuguese Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion 6-20 Scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luana L. Cabral ◽  
Fábio Y. Nakamura ◽  
Joice M. F. Stefanello ◽  
Luiz C. V. Pessoa ◽  
Bruno P. C. Smirmaul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Validity And Reliability
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