Identification of Sensitive Measures of Recovery After External Load From Football Match Play

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 969-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber E. Rowell ◽  
Robert J. Aughey ◽  
Will G. Hopkins ◽  
Andrew M. Stewart ◽  
Stuart J. Cormack
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
High Load ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Salivary Testosterone ◽  
Football Match ◽  
Change In Mean

Objective measures of recovery from football match play could be useful for assessing athletes’ readiness to train, if sensitive to preceding match load.Purpose:To identify the sensitivity of countermovement-jump (CMJ) performance and concentration of salivary testosterone and cortisol relative to elite football match load.Methods:CMJ performance and salivary hormones were measured in 18 elite football players before (27, 1 h) and after (0.5, 18, 42, 66, 90 h) 3 consecutive matches. Match load was determined via accelerometer-derived PlayerLoad and divided into tertiles. Sensitivity of CMJ performance and hormone concentrations to match load was quantified with t statistics and magnitude-based inferences (change in mean as % ± 90% confidence interval) derived with a linear mixed model.Results:Jump height was reduced in medium and high load at 0.5 h (10% ± 7% and 16% ± 8%) and 18 h (7% ± 4% and 9% ± 5%) postmatch. There was a 12% ± 7% reduction in ratio of flight time to contraction time (FT:CT) in high load at 0.5 h post, with reductions in medium and high load at 18 h. Reductions in FT:CT persisted at later postmatch time points than changes in jump height. Increased cortisol (range 55–165%) and testosterone (range 17–20%) were observed in all match loads at 0.5 h post, with individual variability thereafter.Conclusions:Measures of CMJ performance and hormonal concentrations were sensitive to levels of A League football match load. Although jump height was reduced immediately postmatch, FT:CT provided a more sensitive measure of recovery. Football match play induces an acute hormonal response with substantial individual variability thereafter.

scholarly journals Flywheel squats versus free weight high load squats for improving high velocity movements in football. A randomized controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edvard H. Sagelv ◽  
Sigurd Pedersen ◽  
Lars Petter R. Nilsen ◽  
Andrea Casolo ◽  
Boye Welde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
High Load ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Sprint Time ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Free Weight

Abstract Background High load (HL: > 85% of one repetition maximum (1RM)) squats with maximal intended velocity contractions (MIVC) combined with football sessions can be considered a relevant and time-efficient practice for maintaining and improving high velocity movements in football. Flywheel (FW) resistance exercise (RE) have recently emerged with promising results on physical parameters associated with football performance. Methods In this randomized controlled trial over 6 weeks, 38 recreationally active male football players randomly performed RE with MIVCs two times per week as either 1) FW squats (n = 13) or 2) barbell free weight (BFW) HL squats (n = 13), where a third group served as controls (n = 12). All three groups conducted 2–3 football sessions and one friendly match a week during the intervention period. Pre- to post changes in 10-m sprint, countermovement jump (CMJ) and 1RM partial squat were assessed with univariate analyses of variance. Results The FW and BFW group equally improved their 10-m sprint time (2 and 2%, respectively, within group: both p < 0.001) and jump height (9 and 8%, respectively, within group: both p < 0.001), which was superior to the control group’s change (between groups: both p < 0.001). The BFW group experienced a larger increase (46%) in maximal squat strength than the FW group (17%, between groups: p < 0.001), which both were higher than the control group’s change (both p < 0.001). Conclusion Squats carried out with FWs or BFWs where both are performed with MIVCs and combined with football sessions, were equally effective in improving sprint time and jump height in football players. The BFW group experienced a more than two-fold larger increase in maximal partial squat strength than the FW group in maximal partial squat strength. This presents FW RE as an alternative to BFW HL RE for improving high velocity movements in football. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04113031 (retrospectively registered, date: 02.10.2019).

Seasonal Analysis of Mucosal Immunological Function and Physical Demands in Professional Australian Rules Footballers

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 574-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Coad ◽  
Bon Gray ◽  
Christopher McLellan
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Immunological Function ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Monitoring Strategies ◽  
Australian Football League ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
Seasonal Analysis

Purpose:To assess match-to-match variations in salivary immunoglobulin A concentration ([s-IgA]) measured at 36 h postmatch throughout an Australian Football League (AFL) premiership season and to assess the trends between 36-h-postmatch [s-IgA] and match-play exercise workloads throughout the same season.Methods:Eighteen elite male AFL athletes (24 ± 4.2 y, 187.0 ± 7.1 cm, 87.0 ± 7.6 kg) were monitored on a weekly basis to determine total match-play exercise workloads and 36-h-postmatch [s-IgA] throughout 16 consecutive matches in an AFL premiership season. Global positioning systems (GPS) with integrated triaxial accelerometers were used to measure exercise workloads (PlayerLoad) during each AFL match. A linear mixed-model analyses was conducted for time-dependent changes in [s-IgA] and player load.Results:A significant main effect was found for longitudinal postmatch [s-IgA] data (F16,240 = 3.78, P < .01) and PlayerLoad data (F16,66 = 1.98, P = .03). For all matches after and including match 7, a substantial suppression trend in [s-IgA] 36-h-postmatch values was found compared with preseason baseline [s-IgA].Conclusion:The current study provides novel data regarding longitudinal trends in 36-h-postmatch [s-IgA] for AFL athletes. Results demonstrate that weekly in-season AFL match-play exercise workloads may result in delayed mucosal immunological recovery beyond 36 h postmatch. The inclusion of individual athlete-monitoring strategies of [s-IgA] may be advantageous in the detection of compromised postmatch mucosal immunological function for AFL athletes.

scholarly journals Education Research: Resident education through adult learning in neurology

Neurology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 234-238
Author(s):  
Hazem Shoirah ◽  
Achilles Ntranos ◽  
Rachel Brandstadter ◽  
Yangbo Liu ◽  
Elisha Medina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Learning ◽  
Residency Program ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Resident Education ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Medical Licensing ◽  
Service Training ◽  
Score Reports ◽  
Change In Mean

ObjectiveTo enhance residency education by implementing the 6 principles of adult learning theory (ALT) in a large academic neurology residency program.MethodsWe implemented a set of curricular interventions aimed at Resident Education through Adult Learning in Neurology (REAL Neurology), in a large, academic neurology residency program. Interventions included didactic reform, increasing resident-as-teacher activities, and enhancing residents' interaction. The primary outcome was the change in mean Residency In-service Training Examination (RITE) percentile between the preintervention and postintervention cohorts, adjusting for US Medical Licensing Examination step 1 and 2 score. Other analysis included evaluating the effect of the duration of intervention exposure on outcome and evaluating the intervention effect on the proportion of advanced performers.ResultsA total of 134 RITE score reports were evaluated (87 preintervention and 47 postintervention). The mean RITE score percentile postintervention was 11.7 points higher than preintervention (adjusted, longitudinal analysis: fit linear mixed model, p < 0.0001). Postgraduate year 3 learners who had 1 and 2 years of exposure scored 13.4 and 18.9 points higher than those with no exposure at all, respectively (analysis of covariance, p = 0.04). The adjusted odds of better performance with REAL Neurology was 5.77 (ordinal logistic regression, 95% confidence interval 2.37–14.07, p < 0.05).ConclusionThis study evaluated the efficacy and feasibility of an ALT-based curricular program in neurology education. The results show robust and sustainable benefit for residents in training without imposing a financial or logistical burden on programs. REAL Neurology could serve as a model for curricular reform in other programs across subspecialties.

scholarly journals Small-sided games do not replicate all external and internal loads of a football match-play during pre-season: A case study

2022 ◽  
pp. 174795412110699
Author(s):  
Guilherme de Sousa Pinheiro ◽  
Roberto Chiari Quintão ◽  
Vitor Bertoli Nascimento ◽  
João Gustavo Claudino ◽  
Adriano Lima Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Distance ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Football Match

This study investigated the differences in external and internal load during pre-season training sessions carried out with different SSGs and a friendly match in top-class professional football players. The study was conducted over a full pre-season. Participants were 9 male top-class professional football players (25 ± 5 years; 74 ± 8 kg; 177 ± 8 cm). The following variables were measured: training session duration (min), average heart rate (bpm), total distance (m), distance covered per minute (m/min), the total number of accelerations > 2.5 m/s2, number of accelerations > 2.5 m/s2 per minute, average distance of accelerations (m), the average value of acceleration (m/s2). One-way ANOVA was performed to analyze the variance of all evaluated variables. No differences were found in the average accelerations (m/s2) (0.128) among all the training formats. Moderate differences were found in number of accelerations > 2.5 m/s2 per minute (η2 = 0.396, moderate effect) and average distance of accelerations (η2 = 0.545). Strong differences were found in HR (η2 = 0.788, large effect), total distance (η2 = 0.797, strong effect), distance per minute (η2 = 0.775 strong effect), total number of accelerations > 2.5 m/s2 (η2 = 0.699 strong effect). Significant correlations were found just for the number of accelerations > 2.5 m/s2 and the number of accelerations > 2.5 m/s2 per minute with the 4v4, 8v8 and the FM (r = 0.828–0.890, r2 = 69% – 79%; p < 0.01). External and internal loads differ across different SSGs and a FM during the pre-season training sessions.

scholarly journals Metformin in non-diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome and diastolic dysfunction: the MET-DIME randomized trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Ladeiras-Lopes ◽  
F Sampaio ◽  
S Leite ◽  
D Santos-Ferreira ◽  
E Vilela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Diastolic Dysfunction ◽  
Randomized Trial ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Western World ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Lifestyle Counseling ◽  
Change In Mean

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): Merck Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) affects one out of 3 adults in the western world and is associated with preclinical diastolic dysfunction that impairs functional capacity and quality of life (QoL). Purpose This randomized trial was designed to evaluate if the addition of metformin to the standard treatment of non-diabetic patients with MetS improves diastolic dysfunction. Methods Prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial. Fifty-four non-diabetic adults with MetS and diastolic dysfunction were randomized to lifestyle counseling or lifestyle counseling plus metformin (target dose 1000 mg bid). The primary endpoint was the change in mean e’ velocity (assessed at baseline, 6, 12 and 24 months). Secondary endpoints were improvements in insulin resistance, functional capacity and QoL. Linear mixed effects modelling was used for longitudinal data analysis using modified intention-to-treat (mITT) and per-protocol (PP) approaches. Results Forty-nine patients were included in the mITT analysis (mean age = 51.8 ± 6.4; 55% males). Metformin treatment was associated with a significant decrease in HOMA-IR. There was a significantly different mean change in e’ velocity during the study period between trial arms, both in the mITT (at 24 months, change of +0.67 ± 1.90cm/s in metformin arm vs. -0.33 ± 1.50cm/s in control arm) and PP populations (+0.80 ± 1.99cm/s in metformin arm vs. -0.37 ± 1.52cm/s in control arm), using a random intercept linear mixed model. There were no significant differences in peak oxygen uptake and SF-36 scores between trial arms. Conclusion Treatment with metformin of non-diabetic MetS patients with diastolic dysfunction, on top of lifestyle counseling, is associated with improved diastolic function. Abstract Figure.

scholarly journals The Effects of Pre-Game Carbohydrate Intake on Running Performance and Substrate Utilisation during Simulated Gaelic Football Match Play

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1392
Author(s):  
Luke O’Brien ◽  
Kieran Collins ◽  
Richard Webb ◽  
Ian Davies ◽  
Dominic Doran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Glycerol Concentration ◽  
Half Time ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Football Match

Background: Previous research has reported that elite Gaelic football players’ carbohydrate (CHO) intakes are sub-optimal, especially, in the lead up to competitive matches. Despite clear decrements in running performance across elite Gaelic football matches, there are no studies that have investigated nutrition interventions on match-related Gaelic football performance. The aim of this study was to determine whether a higher-CHO diet in line with sports nutrition guidelines can improve Gaelic football-related performance compared to lower CHO intakes previously observed in Gaelic footballers. Methods: Twelve Gaelic football players completed a Gaelic football simulation protocol (GFSP) on two occasions after consuming a high-CHO diet (7 g·kg−1) (HCHO) or an energy-matched lower-CHO diet (3.5 g·kg−1) (L-CHO) for 48 h. Movement demands and heart rate were measured using portable global positioning systems devices. Countermovement jump height (CMJ) and repeated-sprint ability (RSA) were measured throughout each trial. Expired respiratory gases were collected throughout the trial using a portable gas analyser. Blood samples were taken at rest, half-time, and post-simulation. Results: There was no significant difference in total distance (p = 0.811; η2 = 0.005) or high-speed running distance (HSRD) covered between both trials. However, in the second half of the HCHO trial, HSRD was significantly greater compared to the second half of the LCHO trial (p = 0.015). Sprint distance covered during GFSP was significantly greater in HCHO (8.1 ± 3.5 m·min−1) compared with LCHO (6.4 ± 3.2 m·min−1) (p = 0.011; η2 = 0.445). RSA performance (p < 0.0001; η2 = 0.735) and lower body power (CMJ) (p < 0.0001; η2 = 0.683) were significantly greater during the HCHO trial compared to LCHO. Overall CHO oxidation rates were significantly greater under HCHO conditions compared to LCHO (3.3 ± 0.5 vs. 2.7 ± 0.6 g·min−1) (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.798). Blood lactate concentrations were significantly higher during HCHO trial versus LCHO (p = 0.026; η2 = 0.375). There were no significant differences in plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and glycerol concentration between trials. In both trials, all blood metabolites were significantly elevated at half-time and post-trial compared to pre-trial. Conclusion: These findings indicate that a higher-CHO diet can reduce declines in physical performance during simulated Gaelic football match play.

scholarly journals No Influence of Prematch Subjective Wellness Ratings on External Load During Elite Australian Football Match Play

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 801-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip M. Bellinger ◽  
Cameron Ferguson ◽  
Tim Newans ◽  
Clare L. Minahan
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Perceived Wellness ◽  
Football Match ◽  
Australian Football

Purpose: To determine whether there is an association between external match load and contextual factors on subjective wellness in the days before and after Australian Rules football match play. Methods: A total of 34 elite male Australian football players completed a subjective wellness questionnaire in the days leading into the match (–3, –2, and –1 d), the day of (match day), and the days after each match (+3, +2, and +1 d). Players subjectively rated each item (mood, energy, stress, leg heaviness, muscle soreness, sleep quality, hours slept, and total wellness [a sum of the total response score]) on a visual analog scale ranging from 1 to 10, with 1 representing the negative end of the continuum. External load during competitive matches was quantified using accelerometer-derived PlayerLoad, and running activity was quantified using global positioning system technology across 2 competitive seasons. The relationships between perceptions of wellness (within-individual z score), external match load, and contextual factors (match result, match location, and between-matches recovery duration) were analyzed using linear mixed models. Results: Mixed-effect linear models revealed trivial effects of match-day wellness z score on subsequent external match load metrics. Match result (win) and PlayerLoad in the anteroposterior vector (au·min−1) were associated with an increased (estimate ± SE: 0.30 ± 0.13 z score) and reduced subjective wellness (−0.15 ± 0.06 z score), respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that prematch perceived wellness does not relate to external match load in elite Australian football players. The between-matches microcycle length appears to be sufficient to restore perceived wellness to values that do not affect the subsequent external match loads.

Seasonal Monitoring of Sprint and Jump Performance in a Soccer Youth Academy

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A. Williams ◽  
Jon L. Oliver ◽  
James Faulkner
Keyword(s):  
Individual Variability ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Youth Football ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Yearly Rate

Purpose:The aim of the study was to longitudinally assess speed and jump performance characteristics of youth football players over a 3 y period.Methods:Two hundred players across five age squads (U12–U16) from an English Football League academy participated. Sprint performance (10 and 30 m) and countermove-ment jump height were assessed at 6 mo intervals. Pairwise analyses determined the level of change in performance between consecutive intervals.Results:Sprint performance changes tended to be greatest during the early teenage years, with observed changes exceeding the smallest worthwhile effect (1.0% for 10 and 30 m sprints). Changes in jump performance were above the smallest worthwhile effect of 1.8% for all but one interval. Large individual variability in the magnitude of change in sprint and jump performance, perhaps due to the confounding effect of growth and maturation, revealed few significant differences across the 6 mo intervals. Cumulative changes in performance demonstrated strong linear relationships, with a yearly rate of change of 6.9% for jump height, and 3.1 and 2.7% for 10 m and 30 m sprint time respectively. The magnitude of change in performance tended not to differ from one interval to another.Conclusions:The results of this study may primarily be used to monitor and predict the rate of progression of youth football players. In addition, these results may be used as a benchmark to evaluate the effectiveness of a current training program.

scholarly journals Gaelic Football Match-Play: Performance Attenuation and Timeline of Recovery

Sports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Lorcan S. Daly ◽  
Ciarán Ó Catháin ◽  
David T. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Drop Jump ◽  
Strength Index ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Football Match

This study investigated acute changes in markers of fatigue and performance attenuation during and following a competitive senior club-level Gaelic football match. Forty-one players were tested immediately pre-match, at half-time, full-time, 24 h post-match and 48 h post-match. Creatine kinase, drop jump height and contact-time, reactive strength index, countermovement jump height and perceptual responses were assessed at the aforementioned time-points. 18 Hz global positioning system devices were used to record players in-game workload measures. Compared to pre-match, perceptual responses (−27.6%) and countermovement jump height (−3.9%) were significantly reduced at full-time (p < 0.05). Drop jump height (−8.8%), perceptual responses (−27.6%), reactive strength index (−15.6%) and countermovement jump height (−8.6%) were significantly lower 24 h post-match (p < 0.05). Pre-match creatine kinase was significantly increased (+16.2% to +159.9%) when compared to all other time-points (p < 0.05). Total distance, total accelerations, total sprints, sprint distance and average heart rate were all correlated to changes in perceptual responses (r = 0.34 to 0.56, p < 0.05). Additionally, maximum speed achieved (r = 0.34) and sprint distance (r = 0.31) were significantly related to countermovement jump changes (p < 0.05), while impacts (r = 0.36) were correlated to creatine kinase increases (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that Gaelic football match-play elicits substantial neuromuscular, biochemical and perceptual disturbances.

scholarly journals Women's Rugby League: Positional Groups and Peak Locomotor Demands

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cloe Cummins ◽  
Glen Charlton ◽  
David Paul ◽  
Kath Shorter ◽  
Simon Buxton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Statistical Computing ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Average Acceleration ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Global Navigational Satellite System

The aims of this study were to (a) use a data-based approach to identify positional groups within National Rugby League Women's (NRLW) match-play and (b) quantify the peak locomotor demands of NRLW match-play by positional groups. Microtechnology (Global Navigational Satellite System [GNSS] and integrated inertial sensors; n = 142 files; n = 76 players) and match statistics (n = 238 files; n = 80 players) were collected from all NRLW teams across the 2019 season. Data-based clustering of match statistics was utilized to identify positional clusters through classifying individual playing positions into distinct positional groups. Moving averages (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 min) of peak running and average acceleration/deceleration demands were calculated via microtechnology data for each player per match. All analysis was undertaken in R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing) with positional differences determined via a linear mixed model and effect sizes (ES). Data-based clustering suggested that, when informed by match statistics, individual playing positions can be clustered into one of three positional groups. Based on the clustering of the individual positions, these groups could be broadly defined as backs (fullback, wing, and center), adjustables (halfback, five-eighth, and hooker), and forwards (prop, second-row, and lock). Backs and adjustables demonstrated greater running (backs: ES 0.51–1.00; p &lt; 0.05; adjustables: ES 0.51–0.74, p &lt; 0.05) and average acceleration/deceleration (backs: ES 0.48–0.87; p &lt; 0.05; adjustables: ES 0.60–0.85, p &lt; 0.05) demands than forwards across all durations. Smaller differences (small to trivial) were noted between backs and adjustables across peak running and average acceleration/deceleration demands. Such findings suggest an emerging need to delineate training programs in situations in which individual playing positions train in positional group based settings. Collectively, this work informs the positional groupings that could be applied when examining NRLW data and supports the development of a framework for specifically training female rugby league players for the demands of the NRLW competition.

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