Development of a Comprehensive Performance-Testing Protocol for Competitive Surfers

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 490-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy M. Sheppard ◽  
Sophia Nimphius ◽  
Greg G. Haff ◽  
Tai T. Tran ◽  
Tania Spiteri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Testing Protocol ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Junior Group

Purpose:Appropriate and valid testing protocols for evaluating the physical performances of surfing athletes are not well refined. The purpose of this project was to develop, refine, and evaluate a testing protocol for use with elite surfers, including measures of anthropometry, strength and power, and endurance.Methods:After pilot testing and consultation with athletes, coaches, and sport scientists, a specific suite of tests was developed. Forty-four competitive junior surfers (16.2 ± 1.3 y, 166.3 ± 7.3 cm, 57.9 ± 8.5 kg) participated in this study involving a within-day repeated-measures analysis, using an elite junior group of 22 international competitors (EJG), to establish reliability of the measures. To reflect validity of the testing measures, a comparison of performance results was then undertaken between the EJG and an age-matched competitive junior group of 22 nationally competitive surfers (CJG).Results:Percent typical error of measurement (%TEM) for primary variables gained from the assessments ranged from 1.1% to 3.0%, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from .96 to .99. One-way analysis of variance revealed that the EJG had lower skinfolds (P = .005, d = 0.9) than the CJG, despite no difference in stature (P = .102) or body mass (P = .827). The EJG were faster in 15-m sprint-paddle velocity (P < .001, d = 1.3) and had higher lower-body isometric peak force (P = .04, d = 0.7) and superior endurance-paddling velocity (P = .008, d = 0.9).Conclusions:The relatively low %TEM of these tests in this population allows for high sensitivity to detect change. The results of this study suggest that competitively superior junior surfers are leaner and possess superior strength, paddling power, and paddling endurance.

scholarly journals The 10/5 Repeated Jumps Test: Are 10 Repetitions and Three Trials Necessary?

Biomechanics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Callum Stratford ◽  
Thomas Dos’Santos ◽  
John J. McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Strength Index ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Ground Contact Time

The purpose of this study was to identify whether ten repetitions and three trials were necessary to achieve stability in peak reactive strength index (RSI) during the 10/5 repeated jumps test (RJT). Twenty-five males, from multiple sports, performed three trials of the RJT on an in-ground force plate, with 90 seconds’ rest between trials. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC = 0.916–0.986) and coefficients of variation (CV ≤ 14.5%) were considered acceptable for all variables. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and Freidman’s tests revealed large and significant differences (p ≤ 0.006, η2 = 0.159–0.434, power ≥ 0.859) in ground contact time (GCT), jump height (JH), and subsequently RSI both between trials and repetitions. Pairwise comparisons revealed that repetitions 1–3 produced longer GCTs (p ≤ 0.05, d = 0.41–1.40), lower JHs (p ≤ 0.05, d = 0.31–0.56), and lower RSI values (p ≤ 0.05, d = 0.35–1.24). The shortest GCTs, greatest JHs and greater RSIs occurred between repetitions 7 and 10, with approximately 60% of peak RSIs occurring during these ranges. The sequential estimate technique revealed that seven repetitions were needed to attain stability in mean peak RSI. Non-significant (p = 0.554) and negligible differences (d ≤ 0.09) in the five best RSIs between trials were noted. One trial of the 10/5 RJT is sufficient to evaluate peak RSI in athletes and should reduce data collection time and fatigue.

scholarly journals Agreement between the Open Barbell and Tendo Linear Position Transducers for Monitoring Barbell Velocity during Resistance Exercise

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Adam M. Gonzalez ◽  
Gerald T. Mangine ◽  
Robert W. Spitz ◽  
Jamie J. Ghigiarelli ◽  
Katie M. Sell
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Standard Error Of Measurement

To determine the agreement between the Open Barbell (OB) and Tendo weightlifting analyzer (TWA) for measuring barbell velocity, eleven men (19.4 ± 1.0 y) performed one set of 2–3 repetitions at four sub-maximal percentage loads, [i.e., 30, 50, 70, and 90% one-repetition maximum (1RM)] in the back (BS) and front squat (FS) exercises. During each repetition, peak and mean barbell velocity were recorded by OB and TWA devices, and the average of the 2–3 repetitions was used for analyses. Although the repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significantly (p ≤ 0.005) greater peak and mean velocity scores from OB across all intensities, high intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,K = 0.790–0.998), low standard error of measurement (SEM2,K = 0.040–0.119 m·s−1), and coefficients of variation (CV = 2–4%) suggested consistency between devices. Positive (r = 0.491–0.949) Pearson correlations between averages and differences (between devices) in peak velocity, as well as associated Bland-Altman plots, showed greater differences occurred as the velocity increased, particularly at low-moderate intensity loads. OB consistently provides greater barbell velocity scores compared to TWA, and the differences between devices were more apparent as the peak velocity increased with low-to-moderate loads. Strength coaches and athletes may find better agreement between devices if the mean velocity scores are only considered.

scholarly journals Reliability of a standing isokinetic shoulder rotators strength test using a functional electromechanical dynamometer: effects of velocity

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9951
Author(s):  
Dario Martinez-Garcia ◽  
Angela Rodriguez-Perea ◽  
Paola Barboza ◽  
David Ulloa-Díaz ◽  
Daniel Jerez-Mayorga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Relative Reliability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Male Patients

Background The evaluation of the force in internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) of the shoulder is commonly used to diagnose possible pathologies or disorders in the glenohumeral joint and to assess patient’s status and progression over time. Currently, there is new technology of multiple joint isokinetic dynamometry that allows to evaluate the strength in the human being. The main purpose of this study was to determine the absolute and relative reliability of concentric and eccentric internal and external shoulder rotators with a functional electromechanical dynamometer (FEMD). Methods Thirty-two male individuals (21.46 ±  2.1 years) were examined of concentric and eccentric strength of shoulder internal and external rotation with a FEMD at velocities of 0.3 m s−1 and 0.6 m s−1. Relative reliability was determined by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Absolute reliability was quantified by standard error of measurement (SEM) and coefficient of variation (CV). Systematic differences across velocities testing circumstances, were analyzed with dependent t tests or repeated-measures analysis of variance in case of 2 or more than 2 conditions, respectively. Results Reliability was high to excellent for IR and ER on concentric and eccentric strength measurements, regardless of velocity used (ICC: 0.81–0.98, CV: 5.12–8.27% SEM: 4.06–15.04N). Concentric outcomes were more reliable than eccentric due to the possible familiarization of the population with the different stimuli. Conclusion All procedures examined showed high to excellent reliability for clinical use. However, a velocity of 0.60 m s−1 should be recommended for asymptomatic male patients because it demands less time for evaluation and patients find it more comfortable.

Test–Retest Reliability of the Standing Heel-Rise Test

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Ross ◽  
Elizabeth G. Fontenot
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Reliable Assessment ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Context:The standing heel-rise test has been recommended as a means of assessing calf-muscle performance. To the authors' knowledge, the reliability of the test using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) has not been reported.Objective:To determine the test-retest reliability of the standing heel-rise test.Design:Single-group repeated measures.Participants:Seventeen healthy subjects.Settings and Infevention:Each subject was asked to perform as many standing heel raises as possible during 2 testing sessions separated by 7 days.Main Outcome Measures:Reliability data for the standing heel-rise test were studied through a repeated-measures analysis of variance, ICC2, 1 and SEMs.Results:The ICC2,1 and SEM values for the standing heel-rise test were .96 and 2.07 repetitions, respectively.Conclusions:The standing heel-rise test offers clinicians a reliable assessment of calfmuscle performance. Further study is necessary to determine the ability of the standing heel-rise test to detect functional deficiencies in patients recovering from lower leg injury or surgery

scholarly journals Automatic 3D dense phenotyping provides reliable and accurate shape quantification of the human mandible

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter-Jan Verhelst ◽  
H. Matthews ◽  
L. Verstraete ◽  
F. Van der Cruyssen ◽  
D. Mulier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Surface Registration ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Centroid Size ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
Automatic Phenotyping

AbstractAutomatic craniomaxillofacial (CMF) three dimensional (3D) dense phenotyping promises quantification of the complete CMF shape compared to the limiting use of sparse landmarks in classical phenotyping. This study assesses the accuracy and reliability of this new approach on the human mandible. Classic and automatic phenotyping techniques were applied on 30 unaltered and 20 operated human mandibles. Seven observers indicated 26 anatomical landmarks on each mandible three times. All mandibles were subjected to three rounds of automatic phenotyping using Meshmonk. The toolbox performed non-rigid surface registration of a template mandibular mesh consisting of 17,415 quasi landmarks on each target mandible and the quasi landmarks corresponding to the 26 anatomical locations of interest were identified. Repeated-measures reliability was assessed using root mean square (RMS) distances of repeated landmark indications to their centroid. Automatic phenotyping showed very low RMS distances confirming excellent repeated-measures reliability. The average Euclidean distance between manual and corresponding automatic landmarks was 1.40 mm for the unaltered and 1.76 mm for the operated sample. Centroid sizes from the automatic and manual shape configurations were highly similar with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of > 0.99. Reproducibility coefficients for centroid size were < 2 mm, accounting for < 1% of the total variability of the centroid size of the mandibles in this sample. ICC’s for the multivariate set of 325 interlandmark distances were all > 0.90 indicating again high similarity between shapes quantified by classic or automatic phenotyping. Combined, these findings established high accuracy and repeated-measures reliability of the automatic approach. 3D dense CMF phenotyping of the human mandible using the Meshmonk toolbox introduces a novel improvement in quantifying CMF shape.

Comparing Counts of Park Users With a Wearable Video Device and an Unmanned Aerial System

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Richard R. Suminski ◽  
Gregory M. Dominick ◽  
Matthew Saponaro
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Park Use ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Absolute Agreement ◽  
Aerial Systems

Evidence suggests that video captured with a wearable video device (WVD) may augment or supplant traditional methods for assessing park use. Unmanned aerial systems (UASs) are used to assess human activity, but research employing them for park assessments is sparse. Therefore, this study compared park user counts between a WVD and UAS. A diverse set of 33 amenities (e.g., playground) in three parks were videoed simultaneously by one researcher wearing a WVD and another operating the UAS. Assessments were done at 12 p.m. and 7 p.m. on weekends, with one park evaluated on two occasions 7 days apart. Two investigators independently reviewed videos and reached consensus on the counts of individuals at each amenity. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to determine intra- and interrater reliabilities. A total of 404 (M = 4.7; SD = 9.6) and 389 (M = 4.5; SD = 9.0) individuals were counted in the UAS and WVD videos, respectively. Absolute agreement was 86% (74/86) and 100% when no individuals were using the amenity. Whether using all 86 videos or only videos having people (48 videos), ICCs indicated excellent reliability (ICC = .99; p < .001). The totals seen for the repeated measures were UAS = 146 and WVD = 136 for Day 1 and UAS = 169 and WVD = 161 for Day 2. Intrarater reliability was excellent for the UAS (ICC = .92; p < .001) and good for the WVD (ICC = .89; p < .001). Disagreement was mainly due to obstructions—people behind or under structures. This study provides support for the use of UASs for counting park users and future research examining the potential benefits of video analysis for assessing park use.

Dynamic Footprint Measurement Collection Technique and Intrarater Reliability

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanna M. Fascione ◽  
Ryan T. Crews ◽  
James S. Wrobel
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Intrarater Reliability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Foot Posture ◽  
Arch Index ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Dynamic Footprint

Background: Identifying the variability of footprint measurement collection techniques and the reliability of footprint measurements would assist with appropriate clinical foot posture appraisal. We sought to identify relationships between these measures in a healthy population. Methods: On 30 healthy participants, midgait dynamic footprint measurements were collected using an ink mat, paper pedography, and electronic pedography. The footprints were then digitized, and the following footprint indices were calculated with photo digital planimetry software: footprint index, arch index, truncated arch index, Chippaux-Smirak Index, and Staheli Index. Differences between techniques were identified with repeated-measures analysis of variance with post hoc test of Scheffe. In addition, to assess practical similarities between the different methods, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated. To assess intrarater reliability, footprint indices were calculated twice on 10 randomly selected ink mat footprint measurements, and the ICC was calculated. Results: Dynamic footprint measurements collected with an ink mat significantly differed from those collected with paper pedography (ICC, 0.85–0.96) and electronic pedography (ICC, 0.29–0.79), regardless of the practical similarities noted with ICC values (P = .00). Intrarater reliability for dynamic ink mat footprint measurements was high for the footprint index, arch index, truncated arch index, Chippaux-Smirak Index, and Staheli Index (ICC, 0.74–0.99). Conclusions: Footprint measurements collected with various techniques demonstrate differences. Interchangeable use of exact values without adjustment is not advised. Intrarater reliability of a single method (ink mat) was found to be high. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 102(2): 130–138, 2012)

The Reliability and Convergent Validity of Field Tests of Body Composition in Young Adolescents

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (s2) ◽  
pp. S67-S77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Ihmels ◽  
Gregory J. Welk ◽  
James J. McClain ◽  
Jodee Schaben
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Young Adolescents ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Classification Agreement

Background:Advances in BIA offer practical alternative approaches to assessing body composition in young adolescents and have not been studied for comparability.Methods:This study compared reliability and convergent validity of three field tests (2-site skinfold, Omron and Tanita BIA devices) on young adolescents. Reliability was determined using intraclass correlation coefficients, convergent validity was examined by computing correlations among the three estimates, differences in estimated body fat values were evaluated using repeated-measures ANOVA, and classification agreement was computed for achieving FITNESSGRAM® Healthy Fitness Zone.Results:ICC values of all three measures exceeded .97. Correlations ranged from .74 to .81 for males and .79 to .91 for females. Classification agreement values ranged from 82.8% to 92.6%.Conclusions:Results suggest general agreement among the selected methods of body composition assessments in both boys and girls with the exception that percent body fat in boys by Tanita BIA is significantly lower than skinfold estimation.

scholarly journals Development of a Fitness Test Battery for Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) Operators—A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7992
Author(s):  
Megan Sax van der Weyden ◽  
Christopher D. Black ◽  
Daniel Larson ◽  
Brian Rollberg ◽  
Jason A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Fitness Test ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Body Drag ◽  
Testing Measure ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Reliable Testing

This investigation examined relationships between a Special Weapons and Tactics-specific fitness test (SORT) and an obstacle course (OC) used for qualification in fourteen male SWAT members from three local, regional police departments. The SORT included: squat, pushup, and lunge in 60 s; pullup hold; sled drag; and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test L1. The obstacle course included: 25 m sprint (repeated); window ascent; scale under a wall; 25 m serpentine run (repeated), body drag (20 m, repeated). Pearson coefficients examined SORT and OC relationships (p ≤ 0.05); intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1) assessed agreement of SORT trials. Repeated measures ANOVA evaluated differences in SORT metrics across time. Coefficients of variation (COV) examined SORT scoring consistency. The YoYo test was related to all SORT assessments (r = −0.803–0.894), except sled drag. The remaining SORT metrics were related to ≥two tests. SORT COVs ranged from 0.77–13.26% for trials 1–2 but decreased between trials 2–3 (0.95–8.97%). The OC was associated with YoYo, lunges, squats and sled drag (r = −0.790, −0.730, −0.766, and 0.802, respectively). No differences (p > 0.05) existed across SORT trials for event scores. The SORT battery appears to be a valid and reliable testing measure to assess SWAT occupational specific fitness.

Reliability of Submaximal Yo-Yo Tests in 9- to 16-Year-Old Untrained Schoolchildren

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Cristina Araújo Póvoas ◽  
Peter Krustrup ◽  
Carlo Castagna ◽  
Pedro Miguel Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Percentage Of Body Fat ◽  
Maximal Distance ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

Purpose: To examine the reliability of age-adapted submaximal Yo-Yo (Yo-Yosubmax) intermittent tests in untrained schoolchildren aged 9–16 years (n = 139; 72 boys and 67 girls) and within children with high and low percentage of body fat (%BF). Methods: Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 children’s (YYIR1C), Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 1 (YYIE1), and Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 2 (YYIE2) tests were performed 7 days apart by 9- to 11-, 12- to 13-, and 14- to 16-year-old children, respectively. Reliability was tested for Yo-Yosubmax heart rate (HRsubmax), peak HR, and maximal distance. Results: HRsubmax typical errors of measurement (TEM) in YYIR1C, YYIE1, and YYIE2 were 2.2% (1.7%–2.9%), 2.4% (1.9%–3.3%), 1.9% (1.6%–2.5%) and 2.4% (1.9%–3.3%), 2.4% (1.9%–3.2%), 1.9% (1.5%–2.4%) for girls and boys, respectively. HRsubmax intraclass correlation coefficient values were good to excellent (.62–.87) in all age groups and in schoolchildren of different %BF. TEM for HRsubmax ranged from 2.1% to 2.3% in high and low %BF groups. Maximal distance intraclass correlation coefficients were excellent and TEM values ranged from 11% to 12% in both %BF groups. HRsubmax was moderately to largely associated (r = −.46 to −.64; P < .002) with Yo-Yo maximal distance across the age groups. Conclusion: Yo-Yosubmax tests are a reliable tool providing useful and sustainable aerobic performance testing in physical education, irrespective of individual %BF.

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