Physical Activity and Safety From Crime Among Adults: A Systematic Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 663-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inacio C. M. da Silva ◽  
Valerie L. C. Payne ◽  
Adriano Akira Hino ◽  
Andrea Ramirez Varela ◽  
Rodrigo S. Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Prospective Studies ◽  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies

Background:The aim of this study was to review the evidence to date on the association between physical activity and safety from crime.Methods:Articles with adult populations of 500+ participants investigating the association between physical activity and safety from crime were included. A methodological quality assessment was conducted using an adapted version of the Downs and Black checklist.Results:The literature search identified 15,864 articles. After assessment of titles, abstracts and full-texts, 89 articles were included. Most articles (84.3%) were derived from high-income countries and only 3 prospective articles were identified. Articles presented high methodological quality. In 38 articles (42.7%), at least one statistically significant association in the expected direction was reported (ie, safety from crime was positively associated with physical activity). Nine articles (10.1%) found an association in the unexpected direction and 42 (47.2%) did not find statistically significant associations. The results did not change when we analyzed articles separately by sex, age, type of measurement, or domains of physical activity evaluated.Conclusions:The current evidence, mostly based on cross-sectional studies, suggests a lack of association between physical activity and safety from crime. Prospective studies and natural experiments are needed, particularly in areas with wide crime variability.

Unemployment among young people and mental health: A systematic review

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 544-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicky H. M. Bartelink ◽  
Kyaw Zay Ya ◽  
Karin Guldbrandsson ◽  
Sven Bremberg
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Young People ◽  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Text Reading ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies

Aim: The aim of this systematic review is to obtain a better understanding of the association between unemployment among young people and mental health. Methods: After screening the title and abstract of 794 articles drawn from four electronic databases, 52 articles remained for full-text reading. Of these, 20 studies met the inclusion criteria and were assessed on methodological quality. All steps were performed independently by two reviewers. Finally, a total of 17 articles were included in the systematic review. Results: Analysis of cross-sectional studies ( N = 5) showed an association between unemployment among young people and mental health. An effect of unemployment on mental health was found when considering cohort studies ( N = 12) that did not control for confounders (7/7). When controlling for confounders except mental health at baseline, this effect decreased in most studies leading to mixed results, although the majority (6/8) still found an effect. However, when taking mental health at baseline into account as one of the confounders, only a minority of studies (3/8) found a significant effect of unemployment on mental health. Conclusions: This systematic review showed an association between unemployment among young people and mental health. However, whether there is a causal relationship is less clear. More evidence from, for example, natural experiments and longitudinal studies that control for confounding variables, especially mental health at baseline, is required to better understand the association and potential causation between unemployment among young people and mental health.

scholarly journals Stone Prevalence in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 205435812093462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinusha Kalatharan ◽  
Gary Grewal ◽  
Danielle M Nash ◽  
Blayne Welk ◽  
Sisira Sarma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Stones ◽  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Autosomal Dominant ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Polycystic Kidney ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney

Background: It is uncertain how often patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) develop kidney stones. Objective: To review English-language studies reporting the incidence and prevalence of stones and stone interventions in adults with ADPKD. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Setting: Any country of origin. Patients: Adult patients with ADPKD. Measurements: Incidence or prevalence of kidney stones and stone interventions. Methods: We reviewed 1812 citations from bibliographic databases, abstracted data from 49 eligible studies, and assessed methodological quality in duplicate. In some studies, the proportion of adults with ADPKD with the outcome were compared to adults without ADPKD; for these studies, prevalence risk ratios were calculated and pooled using a random effects model. Results: We identified 49 articles that met our review criteria. The methodological quality of many studies was limited (scores ranging from 2 to 14 out of 22, with a higher score indicating higher quality). No study clearly reported stone incidence, and in the cross-sectional studies, the definition of stones was often unclear. The prevalence of stones ranged from 3% to 59%, and a prevalence of stone interventions ranged from 1% to 8%; the average patient age at the time of assessment ranged from 26 to 61 years across the studies. Two studies reported a nonstatistically significant higher stone prevalence in patients with ADPKD compared to unaffected family members. Compared to unaffected family members, patients with ADPKD had a higher prevalence of kidney stones (6 cross-sectional studies; unadjusted prevalence ratio: 1.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.3 to 2.6; P = .0007; test for heterogeneity: I2 = 0%, P = .8). Limitations: Studies were limited to articles published in English. Conclusions: The prevalence of kidney stones and stone interventions in adults with ADPKD remains uncertain. Future studies of higher methodological quality are needed to better characterize the incidence and prevalence of kidney stones in patients with ADPKD. Trial registration: We did not register the protocol for this systematic review.

The effect of psychological distress on health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaughn Barry ◽  
Mary E Stout ◽  
Mary Ellen Lynch ◽  
Shanna Mattis ◽  
Duc Q Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Outcome ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Prospective Studies ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies

Distress effects are widely examined in cross-sectional studies with less known about effects on future health. This review summarizes distress impacts on health among adults in prospective studies and describes available distress measurement tools. Four inter-disciplinary databases were searched. Effects of distress on mortality and other outcomes were reviewed and estimated in a meta-analysis. A total of 19 studies were assessed which incorporated 10 distress tools. Distress had a detrimental effect on health regardless of the population studied, distress tool used, and health outcome examined. There was an increased mortality risk among those reporting high versus low distress (pooled hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) = 1.29 (1.15–1.46)).

Effect of Physical Activity on Quality of Life as Perceived by Endometrial Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1727-1740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwole Adeyemi Babatunde ◽  
Swann A. Adams ◽  
Olubunmi Orekoya ◽  
Karen Basen-Engquist ◽  
Susan E. Steck
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies

PurposeA combination of the relatively high prevalence among gynecologic cancers, high survival, and the myriads of factors that negatively impact the quality of life (QoL) among endometrial cancer (EC) survivors underscores the potential benefits of meeting guideline physical activity (PA) guidelines of 150 minutes per week among EC survivors. The objective of the present systematic review was to collate and critically evaluate the currently available literature on the effects of PA on QoL among EC survivors.MethodsMedline and Web of Science databases were searched for articles on EC, QoL, and PA. We also inspected bibliographies of relevant publications to identify related articles. Our search criteria yielded 70 studies, 7 of which met the inclusion criteria.ResultsOf the 7 studies examined, 2 of them were intervention studies, whereas 5 were cross-sectional studies. Meeting guideline PA was significantly associated with better QoL score in 4 of the 5 cross-sectional studies.ConclusionsResults from the cross-sectional studies suggest that EC survivors’ inactivity is significantly correlated with poorer QoL. This correlation was worse among obese survivors compared with normal weight survivors. Endometrial cancer survivors may benefit from interventions that incorporate PA. More randomized intervention studies among EC survivors are needed to add to this body of evidence.

scholarly journals The effects of physical activity on human gut microbiota composition: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Dorelli ◽  
M Iachini ◽  
M Zaccarin ◽  
J Preziosi Standoli ◽  
F Galle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Background Gut microbiota development and composition can be influenced by an existing dynamic balance between host physiology and lifestyle. This systematic review aims to assess the impact of physical activity on human gut microbiota. Methods PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched until May 2019. Full-text in English were recruited if focused on gut microbiota in healthy athletes or active people, without age or gender restrictions, collected on faecal samples and analysed with genome sequencing of rRNA 16S. All types of study design were included as long as they performed a comparison with a sedentary control group. No specific time frame for the publication date was applied. Quality assessment was performed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross Sectional Studies (2017) and Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Controlled Trials. Results The analysis yielded 7/985 articles: five cross-sectional studies and two clinical trials, published from 2014 to 2019. The overall methodological assessment was of fair quality. Types of exercise included in the studies were: rugby, running, aerobic exercise, bodybuilding. More in detail, regarding the exercise load, some studies were conducted on elite professional athletes, such as rugby players, marathon runners or bodybuilders, with rigorous training, while other studies included a few weeks of aerobic and resistance training at a moderate intensity. Shannon diversity index increased in three studies. Concerning phyla, Firmicutes were increased in five studies and three studies described a significant decrease in Bacteroides. Conclusions This systematic review confirms the direct correlation between microbiota composition and physical activity, but further studies are needed to establish the possible presence of a causal link between the two factors. Key messages Exercise can play an important role as an environmental factor in determining gut microbiota composition. Further studies are needed to gain robust evidence of physical activity influence on gut microbiota variability.

scholarly journals Use of artificial intelligence for image analysis in breast cancer screening programmes: systematic review of test accuracy

BMJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. n1872
Author(s):  
Karoline Freeman ◽  
Julia Geppert ◽  
Chris Stinton ◽  
Daniel Todkill ◽  
Samantha Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Breast Cancer Screening ◽  
Prospective Studies ◽  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Screening Practice

Abstract Objective To examine the accuracy of artificial intelligence (AI) for the detection of breast cancer in mammography screening practice. Design Systematic review of test accuracy studies. Data sources Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from 1 January 2010 to 17 May 2021. Eligibility criteria Studies reporting test accuracy of AI algorithms, alone or in combination with radiologists, to detect cancer in women’s digital mammograms in screening practice, or in test sets. Reference standard was biopsy with histology or follow-up (for screen negative women). Outcomes included test accuracy and cancer type detected. Study selection and synthesis Two reviewers independently assessed articles for inclusion and assessed the methodological quality of included studies using the QUality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool. A single reviewer extracted data, which were checked by a second reviewer. Narrative data synthesis was performed. Results Twelve studies totalling 131 822 screened women were included. No prospective studies measuring test accuracy of AI in screening practice were found. Studies were of poor methodological quality. Three retrospective studies compared AI systems with the clinical decisions of the original radiologist, including 79 910 women, of whom 1878 had screen detected cancer or interval cancer within 12 months of screening. Thirty four (94%) of 36 AI systems evaluated in these studies were less accurate than a single radiologist, and all were less accurate than consensus of two or more radiologists. Five smaller studies (1086 women, 520 cancers) at high risk of bias and low generalisability to the clinical context reported that all five evaluated AI systems (as standalone to replace radiologist or as a reader aid) were more accurate than a single radiologist reading a test set in the laboratory. In three studies, AI used for triage screened out 53%, 45%, and 50% of women at low risk but also 10%, 4%, and 0% of cancers detected by radiologists. Conclusions Current evidence for AI does not yet allow judgement of its accuracy in breast cancer screening programmes, and it is unclear where on the clinical pathway AI might be of most benefit. AI systems are not sufficiently specific to replace radiologist double reading in screening programmes. Promising results in smaller studies are not replicated in larger studies. Prospective studies are required to measure the effect of AI in clinical practice. Such studies will require clear stopping rules to ensure that AI does not reduce programme specificity. Study registration Protocol registered as PROSPERO CRD42020213590.

scholarly journals The Impact of Pain Assessment on Critically Ill Patients’ Outcomes: A Systematic Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evanthia Georgiou ◽  
Maria Hadjibalassi ◽  
Ekaterini Lambrinou ◽  
Panayiota Andreou ◽  
Elizabeth D. E. Papathanassoglou
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Pain Management ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Pain Assessment ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
The Impact

In critically ill patients, pain is a major problem. Efficient pain management depends on a systematic, comprehensive assessment of pain. We aimed to review and synthesize current evidence on the impact of a systematic approach to pain assessment on critically ill patients’ outcomes. A systematic review of published studies (CINAHL, PUBMED, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and COCHRANE databases) with predetermined eligibility criteria was undertaken. Methodological quality was assessed by the EPHPP quality assessment tool. A total of 10 eligible studies were identified. Due to big heterogeneity, quantitative synthesis was not feasible. Most studies indicated the frequency, duration of pain assessment, and types of pain assessment tools. Methodological quality assessment yielded “strong” ratings for 5/10 and “weak” ratings for 3/10 studies. Implementation of systematic approaches to pain assessment appears to associate with more frequent documented reports of pain and more efficient decisions for pain management. There was evidence of favorable effects on pain intensity, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay, mortality, adverse events, and complications. This systematic review demonstrates a link between systematic pain assessment and outcome in critical illness. However, the current level of evidence is insufficient to draw firm conclusions. More high quality randomized clinical studies are needed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document