Effects of Moderate Exercise and Circadian Rhythms on Human Memory

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Potter ◽  
Denis Keeling
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Peak Performance ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Repeated Measures Design

The effects of exercise and circadian rhythms on memory function were explored in a group of shift workers (mean age 32 yrs). A variant of the Auditory-Verbal Learning Test was used to test memory for word lists at 9:30 a.m. and 12:30, 3:30, and 6:30 p.m. in a repeated-measures design. Without exercise there was clear evidence of a circadian rhythm in memory performance, with peak performance occurring at 12:30 and poorest performance at 3:30. A brisk 10-min walk followed by a 15- to 30-min recovery period resulted in significant improvement in memory recall at all time periods except 12:30. The results of the AVLT task suggest an improvement in both working memory and long-term memory performance. Rhythmic changes in serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine levels all affect cortical arousal and cognitive function. Exercise may have resulted in altered levels of these neurotransmitters, increased glucose, oxygen, or nutrient levels, or from temporary changes in growth hormone or brain-derived neurotropic factor levels resulting in increased synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. The physiological basis of this temporary improvement in memory remains to be determined, but this simple behavioral intervention may have widespread application in improving memory function in all sections of the population including children and the elderly.

The Effects of 48 Hours Total Sleep Deprivation on Human Physiology, Mood, and Memory

1989 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 625-629
Author(s):  
Mary L. Rankin ◽  
Georgia Latham ◽  
Robert D. Peters ◽  
David M. Penetar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Human Physiology ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Previous research regarding the effects of sleep deprivation (SD) on human physiology and mood has yielded conflicting results. These findings may in part be due to the use of small sample sizes and the failure to separate out the pure effects of SD from those of circadian rhythms during data analysis. One purpose of this study was to clearly identify the effects of 48 hours of SD on blood pressure, temperature, heart rate, and mood by overcoming the limitations of previous research. A second purpose was to evaluate the effects of SD on recognition memory. A repeated measures design was employed to collect physiological, mood, and memory data over a 48 hour period. While strong circadian rhythms were observed for most of the physiological and mood variables, recognition memory was unaffected by 48 hours of SD.

scholarly journals Within-session verbal learning slope is predictive of lifespan delayed recall, hippocampal volume, and memory training benefit, and is heritable

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine B. Walhovd ◽  
Anne Cecilie Sjøli Bråthen ◽  
Matthew S. Panizzon ◽  
Athanasia M. Mowinckel ◽  
Øystein Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Memory Training ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Human Lifespan ◽  
Significant Heritability ◽  
Mri Scans

AbstractMemory performance results from plasticity, the ability to change with experience. We show that benefit from practice over a few trials, learning slope, is predictive of long-term recall and hippocampal volume across a broad age range and a long period of time, relates to memory training benefit, and is heritable. First, in a healthy lifespan sample (n = 1825, age 4–93 years), comprising 3483 occasions of combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and memory tests over a period of up to 11 years, learning slope across 5 trials was uniquely related to performance on a delayed free recall test, as well as hippocampal volume, independent from first trial memory or total memory performance across the five learning trials. Second, learning slope was predictive of benefit from memory training across ten weeks in an experimental subsample of adults (n = 155). Finally, in an independent sample of male twins (n = 1240, age 51–50 years), learning slope showed significant heritability. Within-session learning slope may be a useful marker beyond performance per se, being heritable and having unique predictive value for long-term memory function, hippocampal volume and training benefit across the human lifespan.

Verbal Memory Function in Intellectually Well-Functioning Adults With ADHD: Relations to Working Memory and Response Inhibition

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1188-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astri J. Lundervold ◽  
Helene Barone Halleland ◽  
Erlend Joramo Brevik ◽  
Jan Haavik ◽  
Lin Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Immediate Memory

Objective: To investigate verbal memory function with relation to working memory (WM) and response inhibition (RI) in adults with ADHD. Method: Verbal memory function was assessed by the California Verbal Learning Test–Second Edition (CVLT-II), WM by the Paced Serial Addition Test, and RI by the Color-Word Interference Test from Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System in a sample of adults with normal to high intellectual function (IQ). Results: The ADHD group ( n = 74) obtained lower scores than controls on measures of learning, recall, and immediate memory (CVLT-II). WM and RI explained a substantial part of verbal memory performance in both groups. A group to executive function (EF) interaction effect was identified for the total number of intrusions and false positive responses on the CVLT-II recognition trial. Conclusion: Verbal memory performance only partially overlaps with EF in intellectually well-functioning adults with ADHD. Both EF and verbal memory function should be assessed as part of a neuropsychological evaluation of adults with ADHD. (J. of Att. Dis. XXXX; XX(X) XX-XX)

scholarly journals The effect of disagreement on children's source memory performance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Mahr ◽  
Olivier Mascaro ◽  
Hugo Mercier ◽  
Gergely Csibra
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Communicative Context

AbstractSource representations play a role both in the formation of individual beliefs as well as in the social transmission of such beliefs. Both of these functions suggest that source information should be particularly useful in the context of interpersonal disagreement. Three experiments with an identical design (one original study and two replications) with 3- to 4-year-old-children (N = 100) assessed whether children’s source memory performance would improve in the face of disagreement and whether such an effect interacts with different types of sources (first- vs. second-hand). In a 2 x 2 repeated-measures design, children found out about the contents of a container either by looking inside or being told (IV1). Then they were questioned about the contents of the container by an interlocutor puppet who either agreed or disagreed with their answer (IV2). We measured children’s source memory performance in response to a free recall question (DV1) followed by a forced-choice question (DV2). Four-year-olds (but not three-year-olds) performed better in response to the free recall source memory question (but not the forced-choice question) when their interlocutor had disagreed with them compared to when it had agreed with them. Children were also better at recalling ‘having been told’ than ‘having seen’. These results demonstrate that source memory capacities become sensitive to the communicative context of assertions over development.

scholarly journals Smoking Impairs Womens Verbal Learning and Memory Performance More than Mens: An International Web-Cohort Study of 70,000 Participants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace Lewis ◽  
Joshua Siegfried Talboom ◽  
Matt D De Both ◽  
Annie M Schmidt ◽  
Marcus A Naymik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Permutation Testing ◽  
The Impact

Background: Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) include structural and functional blood vessel injuries linked to poor neurocognitive outcomes. Smoking might indirectly increase the likelihood of cognitive impairment by exacerbating the risks associated with underlying vascular disease. Sex disparities in VCID have been reported, however, few studies have assessed the sex-specific impact of smoking on cognitive function and with contradictory results. This is an important topic since smoking and cardiovascular disease negatively impact health and possibly women have the greater lifetime risk of stroke and dementia than men. In this study, we sought to investigate the effect-modification of sex on the relationship between smoking, cardiovascular disease and verbal learning and memory function. Methods: Using MindCrowd, a web-based cohort of over 70,000 people aged 18 - 85, we investigated whether sex modifies the impact of smoking and cardiovascular disease on verbal memory performance on a paired-associate learning task using both multiple regression and propensity matching approaches. Artificial error introduction and permutation testing underscored the stability of our results. To demonstrate the necessity of large sample sizes to detect an interaction of sex and smoking, we performed down sampling analyses. Findings: We found significant interactions in that smoking impacts verbal learning performance more in women and cardiovascular disease more in men across a wide age range. Interpretation: These results suggest that smoking and cardiovascular disease impact verbal learning and memory throughout adulthood. Smoking particularly affects learning and memory in women and cardiovascular disease has a larger effect in men. Although the reasons for these sex-modification effects are not entirely understood, our findings highlight the importance of considering biological sex in VCID.

scholarly journals The effect of disagreement on children’s source memory performance

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249958
Author(s):  
Johannes B. Mahr ◽  
Olivier Mascaro ◽  
Hugo Mercier ◽  
Gergely Csibra
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Face ◽  
Communicative Context

Source representations play a role both in the formation of individual beliefs as well as in the social transmission of such beliefs. Both of these functions suggest that source information should be particularly useful in the context of interpersonal disagreement. Three experiments with an identical design (one original study and two replications) with 3- to 4-year-old-children (N = 100) assessed whether children’s source memory performance would improve in the face of disagreement and whether such an effect interacts with different types of sources (first- vs. second-hand). In a 2 x 2 repeated-measures design, children found out about the contents of a container either by looking inside or being told (IV1). Then they were questioned about the contents of the container by an interlocutor puppet who either agreed or disagreed with their answer (IV2). We measured children’s source memory performance in response to a free recall question (DV1) followed by a forced-choice question (DV2). Four-year-olds (but not three-year-olds) performed better in response to the free recall source memory question (but not the forced-choice question) when their interlocutor had disagreed with them compared to when it had agreed with them. Children were also better at recalling ‘having been told’ than ‘having seen’. These results demonstrate that by four years of age, source memory capacities are sensitive to the communicative context of assertions and serve social functions.

The Effect of Adding Caffeine to Postexercise Carbohydrate Feeding on Subsequent High-Intensity Interval-Running Capacity Compared With Carbohydrate Alone

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 410-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor Taylor ◽  
Daniel Higham ◽  
Graeme L. Close ◽  
James P. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Test List ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Volitional Exhaustion ◽  
Carbohydrate Feeding ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
High Intensity Interval

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that adding caffeine to postexercise carbohydrate (CHO) feedings improves subsequent high-intensity interval-running capacity compared with CHO alone. In a repeated-measures design, 6 men performed a glycogen-depleting exercise protocol until volitional exhaustion in the morning. Immediately after and at 1, 2, and 3 hr postexercise, participants consumed 1.2 g/kg body mass CHO of a 15% CHO solution, a similar CHO solution but with addition of 8 mg/kg body mass of caffeine (CHO+CAFF), or an equivalent volume of flavored water only (WAT). After the 4-hr recovery period, participants performed the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) to volitional exhaustion as a measure of high-intensity interval-running capacity. Average blood glucose values during the 4-hr recovery period were higher in the CHO conditions (p < .005) than in the WAT trial (4.6 ± 0.3 mmol/L), although there was no difference (p = .46) between CHO (6.2 ± 0.8 mmol/L) and CHO+CAFF (6.7 ± 1.0 mmol/L). Exercise capacity during the LIST was significantly longer in the CHO+CAFF trial (48 ± 15 min) than in the CHO (32 ± 15 min, p = .04) and WAT conditions (19 ± 6 min, p = .001). All 6 participants improved performance in CHO+CAFF compared with CHO (95% CI for mean difference = 1–32 min). The study provides novel data by demonstrating that adding caffeine to postexercise CHO feeding improves subsequent high-intensity interval-running capacity, a finding that may be related to higher rates of postexercise muscle glycogen resynthesis previously observed under similar feeding conditions.

scholarly journals The Promise of Intergenerational Choir for Improving Psychosocial and Cognitive Health for those with Dementia: The Voices in Motion Project

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-82
Author(s):  
Nicholas Tamburri ◽  
Michaella Trites ◽  
Debra Sheets ◽  
Andre Smith ◽  
Stuart MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Word Recall ◽  
Repeated Measures Design

Rates of dementia continue to increase along with life expectancy. As neither dementia’s causenor its cure is well understood from the perspective of medical science, further investigations ofcomplementary lifestyle and non-pharmaceutical interventions are imperative. Although arts-basedtherapies have been explored selectively, the significance of these interventions for persons withdementia (PwD) remains undervalued in both the general population and scientific literature. Thisstudy aims to examine one promising lifestyle intervention, the effect of intergenerational choirparticipation, on psychosocial and cognitive function for PwD. Participants (n = 32), in partnershipwith their family caregivers and local high school students, participated in an intergenerational choirfor as many as three choir seasons spanning up to 18 months of follow-up. Participants underwent anexpansive assessment of psychosocial, physiological, and cognitive function every four to six weeksas part of an intensive repeated measures design. Here, the potential benefits of choir for PwD wereexplored in relation to change for select cognitive (Mini-Mental State Examination: MMSE; TrailMaking Task A: TMT-A; Word Recall) and psychosocial (Patient Health Questionnaire: PHQ-9)indicators. Multilevel modelling was used to index initial levels (at baseline) and change (spanningup to eight follow-up assessments) in function for measures of global cognition, executive functioning,episodic memory, and depressive symptoms. Notably, no significant declines were observed for MMSEor TMT-A tasks. As expected, episodic memory function continued to decline, with a significantlessening of depressive symptoms and signs observed for the PHQ-9. These results suggest thatdespite the progressive nature of underlying neuropathology for dementia subtypes like Alzheimer’sDisease, preservation of select cognitive functions as well as mitigation of psychosocial comorbidities(depressive symptoms) is possible through participation in an intergenerational choir.

scholarly journals Visual, Verbal and Everyday Memory 2 Years After Bariatric Surgery: Poorer Memory Performance at 1-Year Follow-Up

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gro Walø-Syversen ◽  
Ingela L. Kvalem ◽  
Jon Kristinsson ◽  
Inger L. Eribe ◽  
Øyvind Rø ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Everyday Memory ◽  
Somatic Comorbidity ◽  
Baseline Levels

Severe obesity has been associated with reduced performance on tests of verbal memory in bariatric surgery candidates. There is also some evidence that bariatric surgery leads to improved verbal memory, yet these findings need further elucidation. Little is known regarding postoperative memory changes in the visual domain and how patients subjectively experience their everyday memory after surgery. The aim of the current study was to repeat and extend prior findings on postoperative memory by investigating visual, verbal, and self-reported everyday memory following surgery, and to examine whether weight loss and somatic comorbidity predict memory performance. The study was a prospective, observational study in which participants (n = 48) underwent cognitive testing at baseline, 1 and 2 years after bariatric surgery. Repeated measures analyses of variance revealed significantly poorer visual and verbal memory performance at the 1-year follow-up, with performance subsequently returning to baseline levels after 2 years. Verbal learning and self-reported everyday memory did not show significant postoperative changes. Memory performance at 1 year was not significantly predicted by weight loss, changes in C-reactive protein levels or postoperative somatic comorbidity (Type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, and hypertension). The study demonstrated poorer visual and verbal memory performance at 1-year follow-up that returned to baseline levels after 2 years. These findings are in contrast to most previous studies and require further replication, however, the results indicate that postoperative memory improvements following bariatric surgery are not universal. Findings suggest that treatment providers should also be aware of patients potentially having poorer memory at 1 year following surgery.

scholarly journals Hippocampal-dependent learning requires a functional circadian system

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (40) ◽  
pp. 15593-15598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman F. Ruby ◽  
Calvin E. Hwang ◽  
Colin Wessells ◽  
Fabian Fernandez ◽  
Pei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Circadian System ◽  
Surgical Ablation ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Dependent Learning

Decades of studies have shown that eliminating circadian rhythms of mammals does not compromise their health or longevity in the laboratory in any obvious way. These observations have raised questions about the functional significance of the mammalian circadian system, but have been difficult to address for lack of an appropriate animal model. Surgical ablation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and clock gene knockouts eliminate rhythms, but also damage adjacent brain regions or cause developmental effects that may impair cognitive or other physiological functions. We developed a method that avoids these problems and eliminates rhythms by noninvasive means in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). The present study evaluated cognitive function in arrhythmic animals by using a hippocampal-dependent learning task. Control hamsters exhibited normal circadian modulation of performance in a delayed novel-object recognition task. By contrast, arrhythmic animals could not discriminate a novel object from a familiar one only 20 or 60 min after training. Memory performance was not related to prior sleep history as sleep manipulations had no effect on performance. The GABA antagonist pentylenetetrazol restored learning without restoring circadian rhythms. We conclude that the circadian system is involved in memory function in a manner that is independent of sleep. Circadian influence on learning may be exerted via cyclic GABA output from the SCN to target sites involved in learning. Arrhythmic hamsters may have failed to perform this task because of chronic inhibitory signaling from the SCN that interfered with the plastic mechanisms that encode learning in the hippocampus.

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