scholarly journals How Embodied Cognitions Affect Judgments: Height-Related Attribution Bias in Football Foul Calls

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels van Quaquebeke ◽  
Steffen R. Giessner

Many fouls committed in football (called soccer in some countries) are ambiguous, and there is no objective way of determining who is the “true” perpetrator or the “true” victim. Consequently, fans as well as referees often rely on a variety of decision cues when judging such foul situations. Based on embodiment research, which links perceptions of height to concepts of strength, power, and aggression, we argue that height is going to be one of the decision cues used. As a result, people are more likely to attribute a foul in an ambiguous tackle situation to the taller of two players. We find consistent support for our hypothesis, not only in field data spanning the last seven UEFA Champions League and German Bundesliga seasons, as well as the last three FIFA World Cups, but also in two experimental studies. The resulting dilemma for refereeing in practice is discussed.

Author(s):  
Karina Chevil ◽  
Weixing Chen ◽  
Greg Van Boven ◽  
Richard Kania ◽  
Jenny Been

Coating disbondment on pipelines is a common phenomenon that leads to exposure of the pipeline metal to ground water solutions, promoting a corrosive environment which is associated with stress corrosion cracking (SCC). This investigation aims to understand the corrosion behavior and rate of pipeline steel under coating disbondments of varying sizes based on field data and experimental studies. In the analysis of the field data, dig reports provided by a Canadian gas transportation company were analyzed for cases of anaerobic corrosion under tape coatings. The analyzed field data provided a correlation between the tape coating disbondment size and corrosion rate found under the coating. The experimental studies aimed to understand the field findings. The analyses were performed on X-65 pipeline steel coupons placed in a vertical coupon holder with a PMMA shielding. To imitate the variation in the disbondment size, the gap size between the metal coupons and the shielding was varied (2 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm, and infinite). The general corrosion rates were obtained through weight loss calculations. The experimental results were compared and correlated with dig-report data from the field for a development of cathodic protection and pipeline mitigation strategies.


2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Rendell ◽  
Hal Whitehead

Although the majority of commentators implicitly or explicitly accept that field data allow us to ascribe culture to whales, dolphins, and other nonhumans, there is no consensus. While we define culture as information or behaviour shared by a population or subpopulation which is acquired from conspecifics through some form of social learning, some commentators suggest restricting this by requiring imitation/teaching, human analogy, adaptiveness, stability across generations, progressive evolution (ratchetting), or specific functions. Such restrictions fall down because they either preclude the attribution of culture to nonhumans using currently available methods, or exclude parts of human culture. The evidence for cetacean culture is strong in some cases, but weak in others. The commentaries provide important information on the social learning abilities of bottlenose dolphins and some interesting speculation about the evolution of cetacean cultures and differences between the cultures of different taxa. We maintain that some attributes of cetacean culture are currently unknown outside humans. While experimental studies, both in the laboratory and in the wild, have an important role in the study of culture in whales and dolphins (for instance in determining whether dolphins have a Theory-of-Mind), the real treasures will be uncovered by long-term observational studies at sea using new approaches and technologies.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Aleksey A. SUVOROV ◽  
◽  
Alexander S. GUSEV ◽  
Mikhail V. ANDREEV ◽  
Alisher B. ASKAROV ◽  
...  

The transient stability is the main condition for reliability and survivability operation of electric power system. The transient stability analysis is an extremely complex problem. It uses the results of numerical integration of differential equations that form a mathematical model of the power system. However, the mathematical model of a large-scale power system contains a rigid nonlinear system of extremely high-order differential equations. Such system cannot be solved analytically. The simplifications and limitations are used for improving the conditionality of the power system mathematical model in time-domain simulation. It decreases the reliability and accuracy of the simulation results. In this regard, it becomes necessary to validate them. The most reliable way of validation is to compare simulation results with field data. However, it is not always possible to receive the necessary amount of field data due to many power system states and a large amount of disturbances leading to instability. The paper proposes an alternative approach for validation: using an adequate model standard instead of field data. The prototype of Hybrid Real Time Power System Simulator having the necessary properties and capabilities has been used as the reference model. The appropriate sequence of actions has been developed for validation. The adequacy of proposed approach is illustrated by the fragments of the experimental studies


Author(s):  
A. V. Uvarova ◽  
I. A. Komarov ◽  
V. S. Isaev ◽  
A. I. Tyurin ◽  
M. M. Bolotuk

The paper presents methods and results of experimental studies of the dynamic of the temperature regime, the thickness of active layer and rock heave deformation over a five-year field observations period, as well as the results of predictive modeling of these processes on the Moscow State University Zvenigorod Biological station. The results of comparison of field data with the calculated characteristics based on numerical modelling of heave process are presents.


1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1420-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Pybus ◽  
L. S. Uhazy ◽  
R. C. Anderson

Field data from two populations of Lampetra lamottenii (Lesueur, 1827) in Ontario, combined with informattion from experimental studies, have provided the following explanation of the transmission of Truttaedacnitis stelmioides (Vessichelli, 1910). Eggs hatch on the stream bed in spring and early summer. Newly hatched larvae are ingested by filter-feeding ammocoetes and remain in the intestine throughout the summer. After developing to the third stage, larvae migrate via the bile duct to cystic ducts of the liver where they remain in a state of arrested development for up to 4 years. During transformation of the host, third-stage larvae apparently moult at least once in the liver, reenter the intestine, and develop to maturity in transformers and adult lampreys. Eggs are released into the lamprey intestine and eventually passed from the anus. Transmission occurs mainly in early summer. Truttaedacnitis stelmioides never becomes encapsulated in the gut wall of L. lamottenii although it may in other lamprey species. Lampetra lamottenii may be the most suitable host among the lampreys. The biology of the parasite is closely linked to the metamorphosis and maturation of the lamprey. Other cucullanids may have a similar relationship with their hosts. Possibly the cucullanids are basically heteroxenous in that they use the immature stage of the host (e.g. the ammocoete) as an intermediate host.


2021 ◽  
Vol 264 ◽  
pp. 03017
Author(s):  
Kenesbay Baimanov ◽  
Gulmurat Shaniyazov ◽  
Torebek Uzakov ◽  
Ruslan Baimanov

The results of some existing theoretical and experimental studies of hydraulic resistances of open flows in moving channels are considered. Possible reasons for the inconsistency of the results of various studies of hydraulic resistance in open channels with increased roughness are indicated. The analysis of mass field data on the Darcy (Shezi) coefficient of canals in alluvial soils and a sandy mobile bed is carried out. It was confirmed that the channels of these categories are characterized by a mixed zone of hydraulic resistance, and regularities were revealed that take into account the features of the real resistance zone of earthen channels. Based on the analysis of the smoothly varying flow of open flows and the corresponding theory of the boundary layer and the law of the logarithmic distribution of velocities, the calculated dependencies are obtained, making it possible to determine the resistance of open flows concerning natural conditions.


Author(s):  
Т. В. Гиоргобиани ◽  
Д.П. Закарая

В статье рассмотрен вопрос о механизме образования складчатости Большого Кавказа, который до сих пор является дискуссионным. В настоящее время условия формирования главной (допозднеорогенной) структуры региона объясняются большинством исследователей мобилисткими поддвиговими и придвиговыми механизмами складкообразования, установленными анализом полевых материалов. Однако, для решения этого вопроса, необходимо провести экспериментальные ис- следования возможностей этих механизмов, чтобы убедиться в их достоверности. Цель работы. Экспериментальное исследование поддвиговых и придвиговых механизмов формирования складчатой структуры, для установления подобия, полученной с помощью моделирования складчатости и структуры Большого Кавказа. Методика исследований заключалась в проведении экспериментального моделирования процессов складкогенеза. Модели, имитирующие осадочные толщи Большого Кавказа, состояли из пачек чередования горизонтальных слоев петролатума, которые помещались между двумя деревянными бру- сками. При моделировании поддвигового механизма складчатости, давящий брусок имел клинообразную форму, чем имитировались сколовые пологие разломы. В опытах придвигового механизма деформации активный брусок имел крутую грань, чем воспроизводился субвертикальный наклон краевого разлома. Исходные модели помещались в специальный прибор, где они подвергались односторонней тангенциальной деформации. Результаты. При моделировании поддвигового механизма образования складчатости в процессе косого сжатия в слоистой толще наблюдались надвиговые (поддвиговые) смещения вдоль пологой поверхности сколового разлома почти недеформированных слоев. За ними в условиях горизонтального сжатия в слоистой пачке возникла субвертикальная мелкая сильносжатая складчатость. В процессе моделирования придвигового механизма складкогенеза бруски с крутыми гранями прижимались к слоевой пачке. Во время параллельной к слоистости деформации модели, вблизи давящего блока, возникла зональная субвертикальная тесносжатая складчатость. Ее напряженность уменьшалась в сторону пассивного бруска, где она переходила в моноклинальную структуру. В процессе моделирования в поддвиговых опытах образовалась зональная складчатость, интенсивность которой возрастала с удалением от места давления. Такая морфология складчатости не характерна региону, что противоречит гипотезе о поддвиговом механизме его складкообразования. В придвиговых экспериментах также образовалась асимметричная зональная структура, но ее напряженность уменьшалась в обратном направлении. Аналогичная зональность складчатой структуры развита в пределах Большого Кавказа, что подтверждает возможность ее формирования придвиговым механизмом тектогенеза. In the article is discussed the mechanism of folding of the Greater Caucasus, which is still controversial. At present, the conditions for the formation of the main (pre-late orogenic) structure of the region, by most researchers in the result of analysis of the field data are considered as mobile underthrusting and thrusting mechanisms of folding. However, to resolve this issue, it is necessary to conduct experimental studies of the capabilities of these mechanisms to ensure their reliability. Aim. Experimental study of the underthrusting and thrusting mechanisms of the formation of a folded structure, to establish the similarity of the folding obtained by modeling and structure of the Greater Caucasus. The research methodology consisted in carrying out experimental modeling of fold genesis processes. Models imitating sedimentary strata of the Greater Caucasus consisted of packs of alternating horizontal layers of petrolatum, which were placed between two wooden blocks. When modeling the underthrusting mechanism of folding, the pressing bar had a wedge shape, which simulated gently sloping shear faults. In experiments with the thrusting mechanism of deformation, the active bars had steep edges, which produced the subvertical inclination of the edge fault. The original models were placed in a special device, where they were subjected to one-sided tangential deformation. Results. During modeling the underthrusting mechanism of folding in the process of oblique compression in the layered strata, overthrust (underthrust) displacements were observed along the gently-dipping surface of the shear fault of the almost undeformed layers. Behind them, under horizontal compression in the layered pack, subvertical highly compressed small scaled folding has developed. In the process of modeling the thrusting mechanism of folding genesis, bars with steep edges were pressed against the layered stack. During the deformation of the model parallel to the bedding, a zonal subvertical tightly compressed folding appeared near the pressing block. Its strength decreased towards the passive bar, where it passed into a monoclinal structure. In the course of modeling in underthrusting experiments, zonal folding was formed, the intensity of which increased with distance from the place of pressure. This folding morphology is not typical for the region, which contradicts the hypothesis of the underthrusting mechanism of its folding. In thrust experiments, an asymmetric zonal structure was also formed, but its tension decreased in the opposite direction. A similar zoning of the folded structure is developed within the Greater Caucasus, which confirms the possibility of its formation by the thrust mechanism of tectogenesis


2003 ◽  
Vol 75 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1933-1948 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. de Voogt ◽  
B. van Hattum

Multimedia transport, partitioning, and degradation pathways are key processes in the probability of a substance to interact with target organisms. Biotic factors such as toxicokinetics, biotransformation capacity, and behavioral and life-cycle aspects of the organisms are determinants for final concentrations at target organs. The role of metabolites in endocrine disruption can be quite different from those of the parent compounds, and often this requires separate toxicokinetic evaluation. The exposure assessment of endocrine active substances (EASs) suffers from a huge lack of reliable data, of both values that are used as input parameters in exposure models, and field data that are needed for validation purposes. In general, for the more classic EASs, such as PCBs, p,p'-DDE, chlorinated dioxins, some pesticides, and organotins, reliable data are sufficiently available, but careful evaluation of the quality of databases is necessary. Several data quality evaluation systems have been proposed. For the "newer" compounds, only few data have been gathered so far. The latter compounds include alkylphenols, bisphenol A, brominated flame retardants, phytoestrogens, and in particular natural and synthetic hormones, which in view of their high estrogenic potency could be the most important compounds in terms of risk. The suitability of current exposure assessment models for EASs at this moment seems to be restricted to the persistent compounds such as PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs. Especially for the compounds subject to biodegradation and biotransformation, the lack of experimental data to derive model-input parameters and perform validation studies at this moment is one of the main obstacles for the further application of generic exposure models to other EASs. Most of the current models do not allow life stage-specific predictions. Although the mechanisms of endocrine disruption involve different types of action, the principle of additivity, based on the equivalent toxicity approach (using estrogen equivalent potencies relative to 17β-estradiol) seems promising for the design of integrated exposure and effect models for EASs. Research programs aimed at the endocrine disruption issue must focus on promoting experimental studies for generation of reliable, high-quality parameter data on the one hand, and surveys or monitoring campaigns for collection of representative field data on the other. The non-specificity of possible effects caused through endocrine mechanisms implies that in order to reveal dose-response relationships all potentially active agents, or at least as many as feasible, need be included in the risk assessments. Current regulatory monitoring programs should further be evaluated and harmonized with validation requirements of models used in exposure assessment.


Author(s):  
Kent McDonald ◽  
David Mastronarde ◽  
Rubai Ding ◽  
Eileen O'Toole ◽  
J. Richard McIntosh

Mammalian spindles are generally large and may contain over a thousand microtubules (MTs). For this reason they are difficult to reconstruct in three dimensions and many researchers have chosen to study the smaller and simpler spindles of lower eukaryotes. Nevertheless, the mammalian spindle is used for many experimental studies and it would be useful to know its detailed structure.We have been using serial cross sections and computer reconstruction methods to analyze MT distributions in mitotic spindles of PtK cells, a mammalian tissue culture line. Images from EM negatives are digtized on a light box by a Dage MTI video camera containing a black and white Saticon tube. The signal is digitized by a Parallax 1280 graphics device in a MicroVax III computer. Microtubules are digitized at a magnification such that each is 10-12 pixels in diameter.


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