Marketing Objectives of Professional and University Sport Organizations

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hal Hansen ◽  
Roger Gauthier
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Sport Organizations ◽  
Ticket Price ◽  
Sport Team ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Marketing Team ◽  
Entertainment Value

The heads of marketing and promotion for major professional and university sport organizations were asked to rate the relative importance of 19 marketing objectives on a 5-point Likert scale; 164 responded. Factor analysis resulted in the creation of six factors: player quality, community image of team, entertainment value of sport, team marketing, team as a contender, and attractiveness of game location. ANOVA, Tukey, and student t tests used on the data resulted in significant differences between leagues for the two factors of community image of team and entertainment value of sport. Professional teams favored 5 of 6 objectives over university teams: value of ticket price, entertainment value of the sport, image of the team, community-oriented nature of the team, and availability of athletes for community events.

scholarly journals Validation of the Japanese Version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale—Revised: A Preliminary Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Hirohito Tsuboi ◽  
Yui Takakura ◽  
Hiromasa Tsujiguchi ◽  
Sakae Miyagi ◽  
Keita Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Japanese Version ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Study Population

To make the Japanese version of the CESD-R—a revised version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression scale (CES-D)—in the assessment of depressive symptoms in a general population. The English version of CESD-R was translated into Japanese, and back-translated into English by three native speakers of Japanese and English; then, we selected the version most completely consistent with the original items. The CESD-R was applied to 398 community-dwelling people (191 men: 48.0%, and 207 women: 52.0%) who were over 40 years old. The Japanese version of the CES-D was also carried out in the same population. Factor analysis was performed. Additionally, the correlations between the CESD-R and CES-D results were identified. The CESD-R scores showed a significantly positive correlation with CES-D scores (r = 0.74, p < 0.0005). Analysis of the CESD-R yielded a Cronbach’s alpha result of 0.90. Factor analysis revealed one principal factor in the CESD-R, whereas the original CES-D had two factors because of reversed items. The Japanese version of the CESD-R appears to have the reliability to be applicable for assessing depressive symptoms in population-based samples. However, because the Japanese expressions for some items might be unusual, our study population was also limited; further studies on other populations and on incorporating improved Japanese terminology will be needed.

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the 11-Item de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale in Iranian Older Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 016327872110157
Author(s):  
Reza Hosseinabadi ◽  
Mahshid Foroughan ◽  
Gholamreza Ghaedamini Harouni ◽  
Mohammad-Sajjad Lotfi ◽  
Yadollah Pournia
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Content Validity ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Persian Version ◽  
Loneliness Scale ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Back Translation ◽  
The Face

Loneliness is usually a chronic condition which may lead to physical and psychological undesirable consequences, and requires measurement and intervention. This study was conducted with the aim of preparing a Persian version of the 11-item de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale and evaluating its psychometric properties among the Iranian older adults. After applying the translation-back translation method, the prepared script was subjected to the face and content validity evaluations and a Persian version of the scale was prepared. Factor analysis, concurrent validity, internal consistency, and test-retest methods were used to validate the scale. The Persian version of the 11-item de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale showed acceptable content validity. The negative and significant correlations between the loneliness scores and the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale indicated that the questionnaire had acceptable concurrent validity. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed two factors for the scale. Also, the results of the intra-class correlation coefficient and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient demonstrated that the scale had acceptable reliability. The Persian version of the 11-item de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale is an appropriate tool for measuring loneliness in the Iranian older adults.

Benin Groundnut Producers’ Perceptions, Awareness and Action about Aflatoxin

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-87
Author(s):  
C.M. Jolly ◽  
S. Vodouhe ◽  
B. Bayard ◽  
P.E. Jolly ◽  
J.T. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Health Beliefs ◽  
Health Belief ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Economic Threat ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Belief Model

ABSTRACT Aflatoxin (AF) contamination of groundnut poses a serious health and economic threat to Benin market participants. However, most farmers are unaware of the problem. A study of 182 farmers was conducted in 2002 using a Health Belief Model (HBM) to examine Benin farmers’ health beliefs, perception constructs of awareness, susceptibility, seriousness of the problem, barriers, and benefits derived from reducing AF levels. Exploratory Factor Analysis was employed to evaluate the HBM model constructs. The average age of farmers was 40.4 years with a Standard Deviation (SD) of 10.8, and farmers had an average of 18.32 years of farming experience. Approximately 93% of farmers stated that sorting of groundnuts was important or very important, while 77% thought that they were sure or definitely sure of the negative effects of AF on human health. The exploratory factor analysis revealed that two factors embodied the susceptibility, barrier and benefit constructs. The study results indicated that the reduction of AF in groundnuts was multidimensional and required policy intervention to increase awareness of the health risks, and to manipulate the factors that influenced the constructs at the farm and policy level.

Use of the Perceived Physical Competence Scale with Adolescents with Disabilities

1995 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taru Lintunen ◽  
Pilvikki Heikinaro-Johansson ◽  
Claudine Sherrill
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Principal Component Factor Analysis ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Varimax Rotation ◽  
Physical Competence ◽  
Related Literature ◽  
Competence Scale ◽  
Two Factors

The construct validity and reliability of the 1987 Perceived Physical Competence Scale of Lintunen were examined to assess the applicability of the instrument for use with adolescents with disabilities. Subjects were 51 girls and 34 boys ( M age = 15.1 yr.) from several schools in central Finland. Principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation yielded the same two factors for adolescents with disabilities as reported for nondisabled adolescents in the related literature. Cronbach alphas for the two factors were .89 and .56. It was concluded that the scale is an appropriate measure for adolescents with disabilities. Statistical analysis indicated no gender differences for adolescents with disabilities. When compared with nondisabled groups in the related literature, these adolescents had perceived fitness similar to nondisabled peers but significantly lower than that of athletes without disabilities.

Construction and Validation of a Self-Efficacy Scale for Latex Barrier Use

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Morell-Mengual ◽  
María Dolores Gil-Llario ◽  
Jesús Castro-Calvo
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Condom Use ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Preventive Methods ◽  
Negative Expectations

AbstractSome studies have concluded there is a relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behaviors that prevent HIV transmission. This paper presents the construction and validation of the latex barrier use self-efficacy scale (LBSS), which 480 participants filled out. Exploratory factor analysis yielded two components: positive expectations of self-efficacy (ES-POS) and negative expectations of self-efficacy (ES-NEG), which together accounted for 65.59% of total variance. That structure was later verified through confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency was .80 for the total scale, and .78 for each of the two factors. Moreover, the instrument had adequate convergent validity and was positively related with condom use self-efficacy, attitudes toward condom and latex barrier use, and ability to refuse sex if the partner refuses to use preventive methods. In conclusion, this instrument is a useful measure of self-efficacy in latex barrier use.

Two Factors of Creativity

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur G. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Random Sample ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Comparable Sample ◽  
Grade 11

This research was designed to inquire into factors in creativity. In Study 1, a battery of eight creativity measures was administered to a random sample of 275 Jamaican middle-class 16-yr.-olds (73 boys and 202 girls) drawn from the Grade 11 population of high schools in Kingston. Study 2 mounted two years later was a replication involving a comparable sample of 320 subjects (101 boys and 219 girls). Factor analysis of the creativity scores collected in Study 1 indicated the presence of two factors of creativity, a verbal factor and a nonverbal factor. Similar confirming findings also emerged in Study 2.

Decoding and designing massive open online courses (MOOCs)

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Archana Shrivastava ◽  
Ashish Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Online Education ◽  
Product Design ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Massive Open Online Courses ◽  
Purchase Decision ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Massive Open Online ◽  
Content Type

Purpose This study aims to investigate the attributes of the online programme that are considered and compute their relative importance in the purchase decision. This study aims to identify the most lucrative bundling of these attributes and their levels that can be used by online education companies to craft their product design strategy to attract customers with the most attractive offering. Design/methodology/approach This research paper endeavours to identify the attributes of online education, which customers consider for making a purchase decision. Exploratory factor analysis followed by confirmatory factor analysis was used to identify the key attributes of online education programmes. This paper uses the conjoint analysis technique to identify the most preferred bundling of attributes, which online education companies can package to attract customers. Findings Based on various attributes and their respective levels, it is evident the most lucrative design for attracting customers to buy online education programmes is to provide certification from a reputed international university, which requires an investment to the tune of 3,000–5,000. The duration of four weeks with asynchronous pedagogy and access to course material vial uniform resource locator (URL) is a preferred feature. Access via a mobile application is more preferred over Web access. A phone application is known to be optimised, and most people are using mobile phones to access the internet. Online certification or degrees that are considered as valid employment qualifications were most preferred over other reasons. Originality/value There is a dearth of studies on massive open online courses (MOOCs) from a product design perspective. There is a gap in the context of the features to be included in the MOOCs package so that the customer can find more value in it, and the companies can benefit by expanding their customer base. The research question which this study endeavours to explore is what attributes consumers of MOOCs consider when making a purchase decision. This study will also find the relative importance of these attributes.

Examining the Construct Validity of the V-RQOL in Speakers Who Use Alaryngeal Voice

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine C. Bornbaum ◽  
Adam M. B. Day ◽  
Philip C. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Total Laryngectomy ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Scoring Algorithm ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
The Voice

Purpose The construct validity of the Voice-Related Quality of Life (V-RQOL; Hogikyan & Sethuraman, 1999) measure was evaluated in a sample of 109 individuals who have undergone total laryngectomy. Method A principal components factor analysis was performed on participant responses to the 10-question V-RQOL measure. Results Factor analysis of the V-RQOL in our alaryngeal sample confirmed the presence of two factors (physical and social–emotional), which is consistent with the identified domains in the current V-RQOL. However, the current data indicate that some of the questions proposed by the original authors of the V-RQOL (Questions 7 and 9) do not align with their proposed domains in this postlaryngectomy sample. Conclusion The results indicate that some V-RQOL questions do not align with their proposed domains. Consequently, an alternative scoring algorithm may be warranted for alaryngeal populations, and the authors make suggestions for this change that are simple and efficient. Based on the findings of the present factor analysis, use of this modified scoring procedure may serve to increase the sensitivity of the V-RQOL for those who are laryngectomized and use alaryngeal methods of voice and speech. Consequently, the value and application of the V-RQOL may be expanded in the clinical setting.

Evidence for a Third Factor on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule in a College Student Sample

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Scott Killgore
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis ◽  
College Student Sample ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Affect Factor ◽  
Three Factor

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was originally developed to measure two orthogonal dimensions of affect. The present study examined the factor structure of the PANAS in a sample of 302 undergraduates. Maximum Likelihood factor analysis was used to compare two- and three-factor solutions to self-rated affect. The two-factor solution resulted in confirmation of the two factors of Positive and Negative Affect hypothesized to underlie the schedule. When, however, a three-factor solution was specified, the Positive Affect factor was retained, while the Negative Affect factor split into two lower-order factors generally consistent with the Upset and Afraid factors described by Mehrabian in 1997. These findings highlight the need for research to consider the possible influence of a third affective dimension, such as Dominance–Submissiveness on self-rated affective experience.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing on E-Banking Practices: Evidence from Sri Lanka

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anusiga Gunaratnam ◽  
Konalingam Kajenthiran ◽  
Umanakenan Ratnam ◽  
Achchuthan Sivapalan
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Total Variance ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Unique Model

The purpose of this paper is to explore the influencing factors of e-banking practices in Sri Lanka. A questionnaire with seven-point Likert scale is applied to 388 usable responses. The study was exploratory in nature and employed factor analysis to identify the important factors of e-banking practices. Results indicate that mainly four factors are significant with respect to the e-banking practices. Privacy & convenience, content & website layout, speed of delivery, and accessibility are the critical factors influencing the e-banking practices. In addition, factors extracted from the analysis accounted for 53.704% of the total variance. This study expected to provide a unique model in the realm of e-banking.

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