Wafer-scale heterostructured piezoelectric bio-organic thin films

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 373 (6552) ◽  
pp. 337-342
Author(s):  
Fan Yang ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Yin Long ◽  
Ziyi Zhang ◽  
Linfeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Organic Thin Films ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Wafer Scale ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Piezoelectric Phase ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Piezoelectric biomaterials are intrinsically suitable for coupling mechanical and electrical energy in biological systems to achieve in vivo real-time sensing, actuation, and electricity generation. However, the inability to synthesize and align the piezoelectric phase at a large scale remains a roadblock toward practical applications. We present a wafer-scale approach to creating piezoelectric biomaterial thin films based on γ-glycine crystals. The thin film has a sandwich structure, where a crystalline glycine layer self-assembles and automatically aligns between two polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) thin films. The heterostructured glycine-PVA films exhibit piezoelectric coefficients of 5.3 picocoulombs per newton or 157.5 × 10−3 volt meters per newton and nearly an order of magnitude enhancement of the mechanical flexibility compared with pure glycine crystals. With its natural compatibility and degradability in physiological environments, glycine-PVA films may enable the development of transient implantable electromechanical devices.

scholarly journals Engineering of self-rectifying filamentary resistive switching in LiNbO3 single crystalline thin film via strain doping

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiangui You ◽  
Kai Huang ◽  
Xiaomeng Zhao ◽  
Ailun Yi ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Resistive Switching ◽  
Schottky Contact ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Single Crystalline ◽  
Wafer Scale ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Crystalline Oxide ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Switching Characteristics

AbstractThe abilities to fabricate wafer scale single crystalline oxide thin films on metallic substrates and to locally engineer their resistive switching characteristics not only contribute to the fundamental investigations of the resistive switching mechanism but also promote the practical applications of resistive switching devices. Here, wafer scale LiNbO3 (LNO) single crystalline thin films are fabricated on Pt/SiO2/LNO substrates by ion slicing with wafer bonding. The lattice strain of the LNO single crystalline thin films can be tuned by He implantation as indicated by XRD measurements. After He implantation, the LNO single crystalline thin films show self-rectifying filamentary resistive switching behaviors, which is interpreted by a model that the local conductive filaments only connect/disconnect with the bottom interface while the top interface maintains the Schottky contact. Thanks to the homogeneous distribution of defects in single crystalline thin films, highly reproducible and uniform self-rectifying resistive switching with large on/off ratio over four order of magnitude was achieved. Multilevel resistive switching can be obtained by varying the compliance current or by using different magnitude of writing voltage.

scholarly journals An Overview of the Photocatalytic Water Splitting over Suspended Particles

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Muhammad Amtiaz Nadeem ◽  
Mohd Adnan Khan ◽  
Ahmed Abdeslam Ziani ◽  
Hicham Idriss
Keyword(s):  
Water Splitting ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Co Catalysts ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

The conversion of solar to chemical energy is one of the central processes considered in the emerging renewable energy economy. Hydrogen production from water splitting over particulate semiconductor catalysts has often been proposed as a simple and a cost-effective method for large-scale production. In this review, we summarize the basic concepts of the overall water splitting (in the absence of sacrificial agents) using particulate photocatalysts, with a focus on their synthetic methods and the role of the so-called “co-catalysts”. Then, a focus is then given on improving light absorption in which the Z-scheme concept and the overall system efficiency are discussed. A section on reactor design and cost of the overall technology is given, where the possibility of the different technologies to be deployed at a commercial scale and the considerable challenges ahead are discussed. To date, the highest reported efficiency of any of these systems is at least one order of magnitude lower than that deserving consideration for practical applications.

Stress Measurements in Thin Films Deposited on Single Crystal Substrates Through X-ray Topography Techniques

1976 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Hearn
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Double Crystal ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Polycrystalline Silicon Films

The application of x-ray topographic techniques to the measurement of stress in thin, films is discussed. Quantitative measurements of stresses in thin films deposited on semiconductor substrates, such as silicon, are also discussed. Double crystal and single crystal techniques are used for such measurements. Both techniques are applied to the measurements of stress in silicon oxide, silicon nitride and polycrystalline silicon films on silicon. The doubly crystal technique is useful for measurements of stresses as low as 109 dynes/cm2 in films only 1000A thick. The single crystal technique is less sensitive by one order of magnitude. The advantage of the single crystal technique is its simplicity and speed. It is useful for large scale measurements as encountered in the manufacture of silicon integrated circuit.

scholarly journals Triboelectric Nanogenerator Enabled Smart Shoes for Wearable Electricity Generation

Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Yongjiu Zou ◽  
Alberto Libanori ◽  
Jing Xu ◽  
Ardo Nashalian ◽  
Jun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Coupling Effect ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Triboelectric Nanogenerator ◽  
Wearable Electronics ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
And Performance

The parallel evolution of wearable electronics, artificial intelligence, and fifth-generation wireless technology has created a technological paradigm with the potential to change our lives profoundly. Despite this, addressing limitations linked to continuous, sustainable, and pervasive powering of wearable electronics remains a bottleneck to overcome in order to maximize the exponential benefit that these technologies can bring once synergized. A recent groundbreaking discovery has demonstrated that by using the coupling effect of contact electrification and electrostatic induction, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can efficiently convert irregular and low-frequency passive biomechanical energy from body movements into electrical energy, providing an infinite and sustainable power source for wearable electronics. A number of human motions have been exploited to properly and efficiently harness this energy potential, including human ambulation. Shoes are an indispensable component of daily wearing and can be leveraged as an excellent platform to exploit such kinetic energy. In this article, the latest representative achievements of TENG-based smart electricity-generating shoes are comprehensively reviewed. We summarize ways in which not only can biomechanical energy be scavenged via ambulatory motion, but also biomonitoring of health parameters via tracking of rhythm and strength of pace can be implemented to aid in theranostic fields. This work provides a systematical review of the rational structural design, practical applications, scenario analysis, and performance evaluation of TENG-based smart shoes for wearable electricity generation. In addition, the perspective for future development of smart electricity-generation shoes as a sustainable and pervasive energy solution towards the upcoming era of the Internet of Things is discussed.

Purification of the Antihemophilic Factor by Gel Filtration on Agarose

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (03) ◽  
pp. 577-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M.P Paulssen ◽  
A.C.M.G.B Wouterlood ◽  
H.L.M.A Scheffers
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Large Scale Preparation ◽  
Scale Preparation ◽  
Antihemophilic Factor

SummaryFactor VIII can be isolated from plasma proteins, including fibrinogen by chromatography on agarose. The best results were obtained with Sepharose 6B. Large scale preparation is also possible when cryoprecipitate is separated by chromatography. In most fractions containing factor VIII a turbidity is observed which may be due to the presence of chylomicrons.The purified factor VIII was active in vivo as well as in vitro.

The Effect of Active Site-inhibited Factor VIIa on Tissue Factor-initiated Coagulation Using Platelets before and after Aspirin Administration

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (04) ◽  
pp. 1202-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Kjalke ◽  
Julie A Oliver ◽  
Dougald M Monroe ◽  
Maureane Hoffman ◽  
Mirella Ezban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Factor ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Thrombin Generation ◽  
Factor Viia ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Antithrombotic Agent ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ic50 Values

SummaryActive site-inactivated factor VIIa has potential as an antithrombotic agent. The effects of D-Phe-L-Phe-L-Arg-chloromethyl ketone-treated factor VIla (FFR-FVIIa) were evaluated in a cell-based system mimicking in vivo initiation of coagulation. FFR-FVIIa inhibited platelet activation (as measured by expression of P-selectin) and subsequent large-scale thrombin generation in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 1.4 ± 0.8 nM (n = 8) and 0.9 ± 0.7 nM (n = 7), respectively. Kd for factor VIIa binding to monocytes ki for FFR-FVIIa competing with factor VIIa were similar (11.4 ± 0.8 pM and 10.6 ± 1.1 pM, respectively), showing that FFR-FVIIa binds to tissue factor in the tenase complex with the same affinity as factor VIIa. Using platelets from volunteers before and after ingestion of aspirin (1.3 g), there were no significant differences in the IC50 values of FFR-FVIIa [after aspirin ingestion, the IC50 values were 1.7 ± 0.9 nM (n = 8) for P-selectin expression, p = 0.37, and 1.4 ± 1.3 nM (n = 7) for thrombin generation, p = 0.38]. This shows that aspirin treatment of platelets does not influence the inhibition of tissue factor-initiated coagulation by FFR-FVIIa, probably because thrombin activation of platelets is not entirely dependent upon expression of thromboxane A2.

Diagnostics of metal samples using the results of experimental and theoretical study of positively charged microparticles formed upon sample destruction

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
D. A. Golentsov ◽  
A. G. Gulin ◽  
Vladimir A. Likhter ◽  
K. E. Ulybyshev
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Total Charge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Mechanical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Using Data

Destruction of bodies is accompanied by formation of both large and microscopic fragments. Numerous experiments on the rupture of different samples show that those fragments carry a positive electric charge. his phenomenon is of interest from the viewpoint of its potential application to contactless diagnostics of the early stage of destruction of the elements in various technical devices. However, the lack of understanding the nature of this phenomenon restricts the possibility of its practical applications. Experimental studies were carried out using an apparatus that allowed direct measurements of the total charge of the microparticles formed upon sample rupture and determination of their size and quantity. The results of rupture tests of duralumin and electrical steel showed that the size of microparticles is several tens of microns, the particle charge per particle is on the order of 10–14 C, and their amount can be estimated as the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the sample at the point of discontinuity to the square of the microparticle size. A model of charge formation on the microparticles is developed proceeding from the experimental data and current concept of the electron gas in metals. The model makes it possible to determine the charge of the microparticle using data on the particle size and mechanical and electrical properties of the material. Model estimates of the total charge of particles show order-of-magnitude agreement with the experimental data.

The effects of metallic contacts on the lasing characteristics of organic thin films

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 866-872
Author(s):  
HAO Ya-ru ◽  
◽  
◽  
DENG Zhao-qi
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Organic Thin Films ◽  
Metallic Contacts

Naphthoquinones and derivatives for chemotherapy: perspectives and limitations of their anti-trypanosomatids activities

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luíza Dantas-Pereira ◽  
Edézio F. Cunha-Junior ◽  
Valter V. Andrade-Neto ◽  
John F. Bower ◽  
Guilherme A. M. Jardim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Leishmania Species ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Mechanistic Analysis ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
Nanomolar Range

: Chagas disease, Sleeping sickness and Leishmaniasis, caused by trypanosomatids Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania spp., respectively, are considered neglected tropical diseases, and they especially affect impoverished populations in the developing world. The available chemotherapies are very limited and a search for alternatives is still necessary. In folk medicine, natural naphthoquinones have been employed for the treatment of a great variety of illnesses, including parasitic infections. This review is focused on the anti-trypanosomatid activity and mechanistic analysis of naphthoquinones and derivatives. Among all the series of derivatives tested in vitro, naphthoquinone-derived 1,2,3-triazoles were very active on T. cruzi infective forms in blood bank conditions, as well as in amastigotes of Leishmania spp. naphthoquinones containing a CF3 on a phenyl amine ring inhibited T. brucei proliferation in the nanomolar range, and naphthopterocarpanquinones stood out for their activity on a range of Leishmania species. Some of these compounds showed a promising selectivity index (SI) (30 to 1900), supporting further analysis in animal models. Indeed, high toxicity to the host and inactivation by blood components are crucial obstacles to be overcome to use naphthoquinones and/or their derivatives for chemotherapy. Multidisciplinary initiatives embracing medicinal chemistry, bioinformatics, biochemistry, and molecular and cellular biology need to be encouraged to allow the optimization of these compounds. Large scale automated tests are pivotal for the efficiency of the screening step, and subsequent evaluation of both the mechanism of action in vitro and pharmacokinetics in vivo are essential for the development of a novel, specific and safe derivative, minimizing adverse effects.

Bullying, School Violence, and Climate in Evolving Contexts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Avi Astor ◽  
Rami Benbenisthty
Keyword(s):  
School Violence ◽  
School Safety ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Teacher Student ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
New Research

Since 2005, the bullying, school violence, and school safety literatures have expanded dramatically in content, disciplines, and empirical studies. However, with this massive expansion of research, there is also a surprising lack of theoretical and empirical direction to guide efforts on how to advance our basic science and practical applications of this growing scientific area of interest. Parallel to this surge in interest, cultural norms, media coverage, and policies to address school safety and bullying have evolved at a remarkably quick pace over the past 13 years. For example, behaviors and populations that just a decade ago were not included in the school violence, bullying, and school safety discourse are now accepted areas of inquiry. These include, for instance, cyberbullying, sexting, social media shaming, teacher–student and student–teacher bullying, sexual harassment and assault, homicide, and suicide. Populations in schools not previously explored, such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer students and educators and military- and veteran-connected students, become the foci of new research, policies, and programs. As a result, all US states and most industrialized countries now have a complex quilt of new school safety and bullying legislation and policies. Large-scale research and intervention funding programs are often linked to these policies. This book suggests an empirically driven unifying model that brings together these previously distinct literatures. This book presents an ecological model of school violence, bullying, and safety in evolving contexts that integrates all we have learned in the 13 years, and suggests ways to move forward.

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