scholarly journals Characterization of VCC-1, a Novel Ambler Class A Carbapenemase from Vibrio cholerae Isolated from Imported Retail Shrimp Sold in Canada

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 1819-1825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chand S. Mangat ◽  
David Boyd ◽  
Nicol Janecko ◽  
Sarah-Lynn Martz ◽  
Andrea Desruisseau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Large Chromosome ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Class A

One of the core goals of the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) is to monitor major meat commodities for antimicrobial resistance. Targeted studies with methodologies based on core surveillance protocols are used to examine other foods, e.g., seafood, for antimicrobial resistance to detect resistances of concern to public health. Here we report the discovery of a novel Ambler class A carbapenemase that was identified in a nontoxigenic strain ofVibrio cholerae(N14-02106) isolated from shrimp that was sold for human consumption in Canada.V. choleraeN14-02106 was resistant to penicillins, carbapenems, and monobactam antibiotics; however, PCR did not detect common β-lactamases. Bioinformatic analysis of the whole-genome sequence ofV. choleraeN14-02106 revealed on the large chromosome a novel carbapenemase (referred to here as VCC-1, forVibriocholeraecarbapenemase1) with sequence similarity to class A enzymes. Two copies ofblaVCC-1separated and flanked by ISVch9(i.e., 3 copies of ISVch9) were found in an acquired 8.5-kb region inserted into a VrgG family protein gene. ClonedblaVCC-1conferred a β-lactam resistance profile similar to that inV. choleraeN14-02106 when it was transformed into a susceptible laboratory strain ofEscherichia coli. Purified VCC-1 was found to hydrolyze penicillins, 1st-generation cephalosporins, aztreonam, and carbapenems, whereas 2nd- and 3rd-generation cephalosporins were poor substrates. Using nitrocefin as a reporter substrate, VCC-1 was moderately inhibited by clavulanic acid and tazobactam but not EDTA. In this report, we present the discovery of a novel class A carbapenemase from the food supply.

scholarly journals High Frequency of a Novel Filamentous Phage, VCYϕ, within an Environmental Vibrio cholerae Population

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Xue ◽  
Yan Xu ◽  
Yan Boucher ◽  
Martin F. Polz
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Filamentous Phage ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Environmental Biology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Filamentous Phages

ABSTRACTEnvironmentalVibrio choleraestrains isolated from a coastal brackish pond (Oyster Pond, Woods Hole, MA) carried a novel filamentous phage, VCYϕ, which can exist as a host genome integrative form (IF) and a plasmid-like replicative form (RF). Outside the cell, the phage displays a morphology typical ofInovirus, with filamentous particles ∼1.8 μm in length and 7 nm in width. Four independent RF isolates had identical genomes, except for 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms clustered in two regions. The overall genome size is 7,103 bp with 11 putative open reading frames organized into three functional modules (replication, structure and assembly, and regulation). VCYϕ shares sequence similarity with other filamentous phages (including cholera disease-associated CTX) in a highly mosaic manner, indicating evolution by horizontal gene transfer and recombination. VCYϕ integrates in the vicinity of the putative translation initiation factor Sui1 in chromosome II ofV. cholerae. A screen of 531 closely related host isolates showed that ∼40% harbored phages, with 27% and 13% carrying the IF and RF, respectively. The relative frequencies of the RF and IF differed among strains isolated from the pond or lagoon of Oyster Pond, suggesting that the host habitat influences intracellular phage biology. The overall high prevalence within the host population shows that filamentous phages can be an important component of the environmental biology ofV. cholerae.

Molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates obtained from outbreaks in the Philippines, 2015–2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Philip Bugayong ◽  
Hidemasa Izumiya ◽  
Josie M. Bilar ◽  
Masatomo Morita ◽  
Eiji Arakawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Large Chromosome ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Mlva Type ◽  
El Tor

Introduction. The Philippines, comprising three island groups, namely, Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao, experienced an increase in cholera outbreaks in 2016. Previous studies have shown that Vibrio cholerae isolates obtained from the Philippines are novel hybrid El Tor strains that have evolved in the country and are clearly distinct from those found in Mozambique and Cameroon. Gap statement. The characterization of the strains isolated from outbreaks has been limited to phenotypic characteristics, such as biochemical and serological characteristics, in most previous studies. Aim. We performed multilocus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) for V. cholerae isolates obtained from 2015 to 2016 to further characterize and understand the emergence and dissemination of the strains in the Philippines. Methodology. A total of 139 V . cholerae O1 Ogawa biotype El Tor isolates were obtained from the Philippines during diarrhoeal outbreaks in 18 provinces between 2015 and 2016. VNTR data were analysed to classify the MLVA profiles where the large-chromosome types (LCTs) were applied for grouping. Results. We identified 50 MLVA types among 139 isolates originating from 18 provinces, and 14 LCTs. The distribution of the LCTs was variable, and a few were located in specific areas or even in specific provinces. Based on eBURST analysis, 99 isolates with 7 LCTs and 32 MLVA types belonged to 1 group, suggesting that they were related to each other. LCT A was predominant (n=67) and was isolated from Luzon and Visayas. LCT A had 14 MLVA types; however, it mostly emerged during a single quarter of a year. Eight clusters were identified, each of which involved specific MLVA type(s). The largest cluster involved 23 isolates showing 3 MLVA types, 21 of which were MLVA type A-14 isolated from Negros Occidental during quarter 4 of 2016. Comparative analysis showed that almost all isolates from the Philippines were distinct from those in other countries. Conclusions. The genotypic relationship of the V. cholerae isolates obtained during outbreaks in the Philippines was studied, and their emergence and dissemination were elucidated. MLVA revealed the short-term dynamics of V. cholerae genotypes in the Philippines.

scholarly journals Novel Carbapenemases FLC-1 and IMI-2 Encoded by an Enterobacter cloacae Complex Isolated from Food Products

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. M. Brouwer ◽  
Kamaleddin H. M. E. Tehrani ◽  
Michel Rapallini ◽  
Yvon Geurts ◽  
Arie Kant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Hydrolytic Activity ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Class A ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae Complex

ABSTRACT Food for human consumption is screened widely for the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to assess the potential for transfer of resistant bacteria to the general population. Here, we describe an Enterobacter cloacae complex isolated from imported seafood that encodes two carbapenemases on two distinct plasmids. Both enzymes belong to Ambler class A β-lactamases, the previously described IMI-2 and a novel family designated FLC-1. The hydrolytic activity of the novel enzyme against aminopenicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems was determined.

scholarly journals Reciprocal Regulation of Resistance-Nodulation-Division Efflux Systems and the Cpx Two-Component System in Vibrio cholerae

2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (7) ◽  
pp. 2980-2991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn L. Taylor ◽  
X. Renee Bina ◽  
Leyla Slamti ◽  
Matthew K. Waldor ◽  
James E. Bina
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Two Component System ◽  
Reciprocal Regulation ◽  
Component System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Resistance Nodulation Division

ABSTRACTThe Cpx two-component regulatory system has been shown inEscherichia colito alleviate stress caused by misfolded cell envelope proteins. TheVibrio choleraeCpx system was previously found to respond to cues distinct from those in theE. colisystem, suggesting that this system fulfills a different physiological role in the cholera pathogen. Here, we used microarrays to identify genes that were regulated by theV. choleraeCpx system. Our observations suggest that the activation of theV. choleraeCpx system does not induce expression of genes involved in the mitigation of stress generated by misfolded cell envelope proteins but promotes expression of genes involved in antimicrobial resistance. In particular, activation of the Cpx system induced expression of the genes encoding the VexAB and VexGH resistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux systems and their cognate outer membrane pore protein TolC. The promoters for these loci contained putative CpxR consensus binding sites, and ectopiccpxRexpression activated transcription from the promoters for the RND efflux systems. CpxR was not required for intrinsic antimicrobial resistance, but CpxR activation enhanced resistance to antimicrobial substrates of VexAB and VexGH. Mutations that inactivated VexAB or VexGH efflux activity resulted in the activation of the Cpx response, suggesting thatvexABandvexGHand thecpxP-cpxRAsystem are reciprocally regulated. We speculate that the reciprocal regulation of theV. choleraeRND efflux systems and the Cpx two-component system is mediated by the intracellular accumulation of an endogenously produced metabolic by-product that is normally extruded from the cell by the RND efflux systems.

scholarly journals Population Genetics of Vibrio cholerae from Nepal in 2010: Evidence on the Origin of the Haitian Outbreak

mBio ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rene S. Hendriksen ◽  
Lance B. Price ◽  
James M. Schupp ◽  
John D. Gillece ◽  
Rolf S. Kaas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The One ◽  
Epidemiological Link

ABSTRACT Cholera continues to be an important cause of human infections, and outbreaks are often observed after natural disasters, such as the one following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Once the cholera outbreak was confirmed, rumors spread that the disease was brought to Haiti by a battalion of Nepalese soldiers serving as United Nations peacekeepers. This possible connection has never been confirmed. We used whole-genome sequence typing (WGST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to characterize 24 recent Vibrio cholerae isolates from Nepal and evaluate the suggested epidemiological link with the Haitian outbreak. The isolates were obtained from 30 July to 1 November 2010 from five different districts in Nepal. We compared the 24 genomes to 10 previously sequenced V. cholerae isolates, including 3 from the Haitian outbreak (began July 2010). Antimicrobial susceptibility and PFGE patterns were consistent with an epidemiological link between the isolates from Nepal and Haiti. WGST showed that all 24 V. cholerae isolates from Nepal belonged to a single monophyletic group that also contained isolates from Bangladesh and Haiti. The Nepalese isolates were divided into four closely related clusters. One cluster contained three Nepalese isolates and three Haitian isolates that were almost identical, with only 1- or 2-bp differences. Results in this study are consistent with Nepal as the origin of the Haitian outbreak. This highlights how rapidly infectious diseases might be transmitted globally through international travel and how public health officials need advanced molecular tools along with standard epidemiological analyses to quickly determine the sources of outbreaks. IMPORTANCE Cholera is one of the ancient classical diseases and particularly prone to cause major outbreaks following major natural disasters, such as earthquakes and hurricanes, where the normal separation between sewage and drinking water is destroyed. This was the case following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Rumors spread that the disease was brought to Haiti by a battalion of Nepalese soldiers serving as United Nations peacekeepers. This possible connection has never been confirmed. Sequencing the genomes of bacteria can give detailed information on whether isolates from different sites share a common origin. We used this technology to sequence isolates of Vibrio cholerae from Nepal, identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and compare these high-resolution genotypes to the complete genome sequences of isolates from the Haiti outbreak. We provide support for the hypothesis that the isolates were brought to Haiti from Nepal.

scholarly journals Genomic Epidemiology of the Haitian Cholera Outbreak: a Single Introduction Followed by Rapid, Extensive, and Continued Spread Characterized the Onset of the Epidemic

mBio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Eppinger ◽  
Talima Pearson ◽  
Sara S. K. Koenig ◽  
Ofori Pearson ◽  
Nathan Hicks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Cholera Outbreak ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genomic Epidemiology ◽  
Southern Asia ◽  
Strain Collection

ABSTRACT For centuries, cholera has been one of the most feared diseases. The causative agent Vibrio cholerae is a waterborne Gram-negative enteric pathogen eliciting a severe watery diarrheal disease. In October 2010, the seventh pandemic reached Haiti, a country that had not experienced cholera for more than a century. By using whole-genome sequence typing and mapping strategies of 116 serotype O1 strains from global sources, including 44 Haitian genomes, we present a detailed reconstructed evolutionary history of the seventh pandemic with a focus on the Haitian outbreak. We catalogued subtle genomic alterations at the nucleotide level in the genome core and architectural rearrangements from whole-genome map comparisons. Isolates closely related to the Haitian isolates caused several recent outbreaks in southern Asia. This study provides evidence for a single-source introduction of cholera from Nepal into Haiti followed by rapid, extensive, and continued clonal expansion. The phylogeographic patterns in both southern Asia and Haiti argue for the rapid dissemination of V. cholerae across the landscape necessitating real-time surveillance efforts to complement the whole-genome epidemiological analysis. As eradication efforts move forward, phylogeographic knowledge will be important for identifying persistent sources and monitoring success at regional levels. The results of molecular and epidemiological analyses of this outbreak suggest that an indigenous Haitian source of V. cholerae is unlikely and that an indigenous source has not contributed to the genomic evolution of this clade. IMPORTANCE In this genomic epidemiology study, we have applied high-resolution whole-genome-based sequence typing methodologies on a comprehensive set of genome sequences that have become available in the aftermath of the Haitian cholera epidemic. These sequence resources enabled us to reassess the degree of genomic heterogeneity within the Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype and to refine boundaries and evolutionary relationships. The established phylogenomic framework showed how outbreak isolates fit into the global phylogeographic patterns compared to a comprehensive globally and temporally diverse strain collection and provides strong molecular evidence that points to a nonindigenous source of the 2010 Haitian cholera outbreak and refines epidemiological standards used in outbreak investigations for outbreak inclusion/exclusion following the concept of genomic epidemiology. The generated phylogenomic data have major public health relevance in translating sequence-based information to assist in future diagnostic, epidemiological, surveillance, and forensic studies of cholera.

scholarly journals Whole genome sequence analysis of Shigella from Malawi identifies fluoroquinolone resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Stenhouse ◽  
Khuzwayo C. Jere ◽  
Chikondi Peno ◽  
Rebecca J. Bengtsson ◽  
End Chinyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Genome Sequence Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Global Priority

Increasing antimicrobial resistance and limited alternative treatments have led to fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella strain inclusion on the WHO global priority pathogens list. In this study we characterized multiple Shigella isolates from Malawi with whole genome sequence analysis, identifying the acquirable fluoroquinolone resistance determinant qnrS1.

scholarly journals Whole-genome sequence analysis of Vibrio cholerae from three outbreaks in Uganda, 2014 - 2016

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1340
Author(s):  
Dickson Aruhomukama ◽  
Ivan Sserwadda ◽  
Gerald Mboowa
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Pathogenicity Islands ◽  
Type Vi Secretion System ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Background: Cholera remains a serious public health problem in Uganda and Africa. The aim of this study was to provide the complete array of antimicrobial resistance genes, integrative and conjugative elements, virulence genes, pathogenicity islands, plasmids, and insertion sequences in the strains. In addition, this study also aimed to provide a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based phylogenetic analysis of the strains. Methods: In the analysis, both Linux and web-based bioinformatics approaches were used to analyze the study sequences. Databases used included; FastQC, MultiQC, Snippy, PANTHER, PATRIC, Unicycler, ISFinder, Center for Genomic Epidemiology pipelines (i.e. MLST, PlasmidFinder, MyDbFinder, and ResFinder), MashTree and IcyTree.  Results: The 10 sequenced strains of Vibrio cholerae were found to carry virulence-associated genes including MakA, ctxA, ctxB, carA, carB, trpB, clpB, ace, toxR, zot, rtxA, ompW, ompR, gmhA, fur, hlyA, and rstR. Also identified were: genes of the Type VI secretion system including vasA-L, vgrG-2, vgrG-3, vipA/mglA, and vipB/mglB; alsD (VC1589), involved in the synthesis of 2,3-butanediol; alsR, involved in the acetate-responsive LysR-type regulation; makA, the flagella-mediated cytotoxin gene; Type VI pilus genes including tcpA-F, tcpH-J, tcpN, tcpP-T, and icmF/vasK; adherence genes acfA-D and IlpA; and quorum sensing system genes luxS and cqsA. Pathogenicity islands identified comprised of VSP-1 and VSP-2, as well as VPI-1 and VPI-2. In addition, strA and B, APH(3'')-I, APH(3'')-Ib, APH(6)-Id, APH(6)-Ic, murA, pare, dfrA1, floR, catB, and catB9 were among the antimicrobial resistance genes found in the sequences. Analysis for SNPs shared among the sequences showed that the sequenced strains shared 218 SNPs and of these, 98 SNPs were missense. Gene enrichment analysis of these SNPs showed enrichment in genes that mediate transmembrane-signaling receptor activity, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, and phosphor-relay response regulator activity. Conclusions: This study applied bioinformatics approaches to provide comprehensive genomic analysis of V. cholerae genomes obtained from Uganda.

scholarly journals Aeromonas Isolates from Fish and Patients in Tainan City, Taiwan: Genotypic and Phenotypic Characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Jung Wu ◽  
Wen-Chien Ko ◽  
Nan-Yao Lee ◽  
Shu-Li Su ◽  
Chia-Wen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
C2c12 Cell ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Predominant Genotype ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
Tainan City ◽  
Principal Species

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to isolate Aeromonas from fish sold in the markets as well as in sushi and seafood shops and compare their virulence factors and antimicrobial characteristics with those of clinical isolates. Among the 128 fish isolates and 47 clinical isolates, Aeromonas caviae, A. dhakensis, and A. veronii were the principal species. A. dhakensis isolates carried at least 5 virulence genes, more than other Aeromonas species. The predominant genotype of virulence genes was hlyA lip alt col ela in both A. dhakensis and A. hydrophila isolates, alt col ela in A. caviae isolates, and act in A. veronii isolates. A. dhakensis, A. hydrophila, and A. veronii isolates more often exhibited hemolytic and proteolytic activity and showed greater virulence than A. caviae isolates in Caenorhabditis elegans and the C2C12 cell line. However, the link between the genotypes and phenotypes of the studied virulence genes in Aeromonas species was not evident. Among the four major clinical Aeromonas species, nearly all (99.0%) A. dhakensis, A. hydrophila, and A. veronii isolates harbored blaCphA, which encodes a carbapenemase, but only a minority (6.7%, 7/104) were nonsusceptible to carbapenem. Regarding AmpC β-lactamase genes, blaAQU-1 was exclusively found in A. dhakensis isolates, and blaMOX3 was found only in A. caviae isolates, but only 7.6% (n = 6) of the 79 Aeromonas isolates carrying blaAQU-1 or blaMOX3 exhibited a cefotaxime resistance phenotype. In conclusion, fish Aeromonas isolates carry a variety of combinations of virulence and β-lactamase resistance genes and exhibit virulence phenotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles similar to those of clinical isolates. IMPORTANCE Aeromonas species can cause severe infections in immunocompromised individuals upon exposure to virulent pathogens in the environment, but the characteristics of environmental Aeromonas species remain unclear. Our study showed that several pathogenic Aeromonas species possessing virulence traits and antimicrobial resistance similar to those of Aeromonas isolates causing clinical diseases were present in fish intended for human consumption in Tainan City, Taiwan.

scholarly journals Phenotypic, Genotypic, and Antimicrobial Characteristics of Streptococcus halichoeri Isolates from Humans, Proposal To Rename Streptococcus halichoeri as Streptococcus halichoeri subsp. halichoeri, and Description of Streptococcus halichoeri subsp. hominis subsp. nov., a Bacterium Associated with Human Clinical Infections

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 739-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Shewmaker ◽  
A. M. Whitney ◽  
B. W. Humrighouse
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Whole Genome Analysis ◽  
Content Type

Phenotypic, genotypic, and antimicrobial characteristics of six phenotypically distinct human clinical isolates that most closely resembled the type strain ofStreptococcus halichoeriisolated from a seal are presented. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA,rpoB,sodA, andrecNgenes; comparative whole-genome analysis; conventional biochemical and Rapid ID 32 Strep identification methods; and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed on the human isolates, the type strain ofS.halichoeri, and type strains of closely related species. The six human clinical isolates were biochemically indistinguishable from each other and showed 100% 16S rRNA,rpoB,sodA, andrecNgene sequence similarity. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed 98.6% similarity toS. halichoeriCCUG 48324T, 97.9% similarity toS. canisATCC 43496T, and 97.8% similarity toS. ictaluriATCC BAA-1300T. A 3,530-bp fragment of therpoBgene was 98.8% similar to theS. halichoeritype strain, 84.6% to theS. canistype strain, and 83.8% to theS.ictaluritype strain. TheS. halichoeritype strain and the human clinical isolates were susceptible to the antimicrobials tested based on CLSI guidelines forStreptococcusspecies viridans group with the exception of tetracycline and erythromycin. The human isolates were phenotypically distinct from the type strain isolated from a seal; comparative whole-genome sequence analysis confirmed that the human isolates wereS. halichoeri. On the basis of these results, a novel subspecies,Streptococcushalichoerisubsp.hominis, is proposed for the human isolates andStreptococcus halichoerisubsp.halichoeriis proposed for the gray seal isolates. The type strain of the novel subspecies is SS1844T= CCUG 67100T= LMG 28801T.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document