scholarly journals High Frequency of a Novel Filamentous Phage, VCYϕ, within an Environmental Vibrio cholerae Population

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Xue ◽  
Yan Xu ◽  
Yan Boucher ◽  
Martin F. Polz
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Filamentous Phage ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Environmental Biology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Filamentous Phages

ABSTRACTEnvironmentalVibrio choleraestrains isolated from a coastal brackish pond (Oyster Pond, Woods Hole, MA) carried a novel filamentous phage, VCYϕ, which can exist as a host genome integrative form (IF) and a plasmid-like replicative form (RF). Outside the cell, the phage displays a morphology typical ofInovirus, with filamentous particles ∼1.8 μm in length and 7 nm in width. Four independent RF isolates had identical genomes, except for 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms clustered in two regions. The overall genome size is 7,103 bp with 11 putative open reading frames organized into three functional modules (replication, structure and assembly, and regulation). VCYϕ shares sequence similarity with other filamentous phages (including cholera disease-associated CTX) in a highly mosaic manner, indicating evolution by horizontal gene transfer and recombination. VCYϕ integrates in the vicinity of the putative translation initiation factor Sui1 in chromosome II ofV. cholerae. A screen of 531 closely related host isolates showed that ∼40% harbored phages, with 27% and 13% carrying the IF and RF, respectively. The relative frequencies of the RF and IF differed among strains isolated from the pond or lagoon of Oyster Pond, suggesting that the host habitat influences intracellular phage biology. The overall high prevalence within the host population shows that filamentous phages can be an important component of the environmental biology ofV. cholerae.

scholarly journals Multilocus Sequence Typing and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis in Tilletia indica Isolates Inciting Karnal Bunt of Wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Malkhan Singh Gurjar ◽  
Rashmi Aggarwal ◽  
Shekhar Jain ◽  
Sapna Sharma ◽  
Jagmohan Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Karnal Bunt ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Tilletia Indica ◽  
Single Nucleotide

Karnal bunt of wheat is an internationally quarantined disease affecting trade, quality, and production of wheat. During 2015–2016, a severe outbreak of Karnal bunt disease occurred in north-western plain zone of India. The present study was undertaken to decipher genetic variations in Indian isolates of Tilletia indica collected from different locations. Seven multilocus sequence fragments were selected to differentiate and characterize these T. indica isolates. A phylogenetic tree constructed based on pooled sequences of actin-related protein 2 (ARP2), β-tubulin (TUB), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit A (EIF3A), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), histone 2B (H2B), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), and serine/threonine-protein kinase (STPK) showed that isolate KB-11 (Kaithal, Haryana) was highly conserved as it was located in cluster 1 and has the maximum sequence similarity with the reference strain. Other isolates in cluster 1 included KB-16 and KB-17, both from Uttar Pradesh, and KB-19 from Haryana. Isolates KB-07 (Jind, Haryana) and KB-18 (Mujaffar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh) were the most diverse and grouped in a subgroup of cluster 2. Maximum numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (675) were in the PGK gene across the T. indica isolates. The minimum numbers of SNPs (67) were in KB-11 (Kaithal, Haryana), while the maximum number of SNPs (165) was identified in KB-18, followed by 164 SNPs in KB-14. KB-18 isolate was found to be the most diverse amongst all T. indica isolates. This first study on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that the population of T. indica was highly diverse.

scholarly journals Pf Filamentous Phage Requires UvrD for Replication in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

mSphere ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eriel Martínez ◽  
Javier Campos-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Dna Repair ◽  
Dna Helicase ◽  
Filamentous Phage ◽  
Rolling Circle Replication ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rolling Circle ◽  
Initiator Protein ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
Filamentous Phages

ABSTRACT Biofilm development is a key component of the ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to evade host immune defenses and resist multiple drugs. Induction of the filamentous phage Pf, which usually is lysogenized in clinical and environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa, plays an important role in biofilm assembly, maturation, and dispersal. Despite the clinical relevance of Pf, the molecular biology of this phage is largely unknown. In this study, we found that rolling circle replication of Pf depends on UvrD, a DNA helicase normally involved in DNA repair. We also identified the initiator protein of Pf and found that it shares structural similarity with that of Vibrio cholerae phages CTXφ and VGJφ, which also use UvrD for replication. Our results reveal that, in addition to DNA repair, UvrD plays an essential role in rolling circle replication of filamentous phages among diverse bacteria genera, adding a new, previously unrecognized function of this accessory helicase. Pf is a lysogenic filamentous phage that promotes biofilm development in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pf replicates by a rolling circle replication system which depends on a phage-encoded initiator protein and host factors usually involved in chromosome replication. Rep, an accessory replicative DNA helicase, is crucial for replication of filamentous phages in Escherichia coli. In contrast, here we show that, instead of depending on Rep, Pf replication depends on UvrD, an accessory helicase implicated in DNA repair. In this study, we also identified the initiator protein of Pf and found that it shares similarities with that of Vibrio phages CTXφ and VGJφ, which also depend on UvrD for replication. A structural comparative analysis of the initiator proteins of most known filamentous phages described thus far suggested that UvrD, known as a nonreplicative helicase, is involved in rolling circle replication of filamentous phages in diverse bacteria genera. This report consolidates knowledge on the new role of UvrD in filamentous phage replication, a function previously thought to be exclusive of Rep helicase. IMPORTANCE Biofilm development is a key component of the ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to evade host immune defenses and resist multiple drugs. Induction of the filamentous phage Pf, which usually is lysogenized in clinical and environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa, plays an important role in biofilm assembly, maturation, and dispersal. Despite the clinical relevance of Pf, the molecular biology of this phage is largely unknown. In this study, we found that rolling circle replication of Pf depends on UvrD, a DNA helicase normally involved in DNA repair. We also identified the initiator protein of Pf and found that it shares structural similarity with that of Vibrio cholerae phages CTXφ and VGJφ, which also use UvrD for replication. Our results reveal that, in addition to DNA repair, UvrD plays an essential role in rolling circle replication of filamentous phages among diverse bacteria genera, adding a new, previously unrecognized function of this accessory helicase.

scholarly journals Mammalian ECD Protein Is a Novel Negative Regulator of the PERK Arm of the Unfolded Protein Response

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Appolinaire A. Olou ◽  
Aniruddha Sarkar ◽  
Aditya Bele ◽  
C. B. Gurumurthy ◽  
Riyaz A. Mir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Er Stress ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Produce Cell ◽  
Stress Induction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
The Unfolded Protein Response

ABSTRACT Mammalian Ecdysoneless (ECD) is a highly conserved ortholog of the Drosophila Ecd gene product whose mutations impair the synthesis of Ecdysone and produce cell-autonomous survival defects, but the mechanisms by which ECD functions are largely unknown. Here we present evidence that ECD regulates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. ER stress induction led to a reduced ECD protein level, but this effect was not seen in PKR-like ER kinase knockout (PERK-KO) or phosphodeficient eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs); moreover, ECD mRNA levels were increased, suggesting impaired ECD translation as the mechanism for reduced protein levels. ECD colocalizes and coimmunoprecipitates with PERK and GRP78. ECD depletion increased the levels of both phospho-PERK (p-PERK) and p-eIF2α, and these effects were enhanced upon ER stress induction. Reciprocally, overexpression of ECD led to marked decreases in p-PERK, p-eIF2α, and ATF4 levels but robust increases in GRP78 protein levels. However, GRP78 mRNA levels were unchanged, suggesting a posttranscriptional event. Knockdown of GRP78 reversed the attenuating effect of ECD overexpression on PERK signaling. Significantly, overexpression of ECD provided a survival advantage to cells upon ER stress induction. Taken together, our data demonstrate that ECD promotes survival upon ER stress by increasing GRP78 protein levels to enhance the adaptive folding protein in the ER to attenuate PERK signaling.

scholarly journals Emergence of a Competence-Reducing Filamentous Phage from the Genome of Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1

2016 ◽  
Vol 198 (23) ◽  
pp. 3209-3219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Renda ◽  
Cindy Chan ◽  
Kristin N. Parent ◽  
Jeffrey E. Barrick
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Filamentous Phage ◽  
Acinetobacter Baylyi ◽  
Laboratory Evolution ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Evolution Experiment

ABSTRACTBacterial genomes commonly contain prophage sequences as a result of past infections with lysogenic phages. Many of these integrated viral sequences are believed to be cryptic, but prophage genes are sometimes coopted by the host, and some prophages may be reactivated to form infectious particles when cells are stressed or mutate. We found that a previously uncharacterized filamentous phage emerged from the genome ofAcinetobacter baylyiADP1 during a laboratory evolution experiment. This phage has a genetic organization similar to that of theVibrio choleraeCTXϕ phage. The emergence of the ADP1 phage was associated with the evolution of reduced transformability in our experimental populations, so we named it thecompetence-reducingacinetobacter phage (CRAϕ). Knocking out ADP1 genes required for competence leads to resistance to CRAϕ infection. Although filamentous bacteriophages are known to target type IV pili, this is the first report of a phage that apparently uses a competence pilus as a receptor.A. baylyimay be especially susceptible to this route of infection because every cell is competent during normal growth, whereas competence is induced only under certain environmental conditions or in a subpopulation of cells in other bacterial species. It is possible that CRAϕ-like phages restrict horizontal gene transfer in nature by inhibiting the growth of naturally transformable strains. We also found that prophages with homology to CRAϕ exist in several strains ofAcinetobacter baumannii. These CRAϕ-likeA. baumanniiprophages encode toxins similar to CTXϕ that might contribute to the virulence of this opportunistic multidrug-resistant pathogen.IMPORTANCEWe observed the emergence of a novel filamentous phage (CRAϕ) from the genome ofAcinetobacter baylyiADP1 during a long-term laboratory evolution experiment. CRAϕ is the first bacteriophage reported to require the molecular machinery involved in the uptake of environmental DNA for infection. Reactivation and evolution of CRAϕ reduced the potential for horizontal transfer of genes via natural transformation in our experiment. Risk of infection by similar phages may limit the expression and maintenance of bacterial competence in nature. The closest studied relative of CRAϕ is theVibrio choleraeCTXϕ phage. Variants of CRAϕ are found in the genomes ofAcinetobacter baumanniistrains, and it is possible that phage-encoded toxins contribute to the virulence of this opportunistic multidrug-resistant pathogen.

scholarly journals Population Genetics of Vibrio cholerae from Nepal in 2010: Evidence on the Origin of the Haitian Outbreak

mBio ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rene S. Hendriksen ◽  
Lance B. Price ◽  
James M. Schupp ◽  
John D. Gillece ◽  
Rolf S. Kaas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The One ◽  
Epidemiological Link

ABSTRACT Cholera continues to be an important cause of human infections, and outbreaks are often observed after natural disasters, such as the one following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Once the cholera outbreak was confirmed, rumors spread that the disease was brought to Haiti by a battalion of Nepalese soldiers serving as United Nations peacekeepers. This possible connection has never been confirmed. We used whole-genome sequence typing (WGST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to characterize 24 recent Vibrio cholerae isolates from Nepal and evaluate the suggested epidemiological link with the Haitian outbreak. The isolates were obtained from 30 July to 1 November 2010 from five different districts in Nepal. We compared the 24 genomes to 10 previously sequenced V. cholerae isolates, including 3 from the Haitian outbreak (began July 2010). Antimicrobial susceptibility and PFGE patterns were consistent with an epidemiological link between the isolates from Nepal and Haiti. WGST showed that all 24 V. cholerae isolates from Nepal belonged to a single monophyletic group that also contained isolates from Bangladesh and Haiti. The Nepalese isolates were divided into four closely related clusters. One cluster contained three Nepalese isolates and three Haitian isolates that were almost identical, with only 1- or 2-bp differences. Results in this study are consistent with Nepal as the origin of the Haitian outbreak. This highlights how rapidly infectious diseases might be transmitted globally through international travel and how public health officials need advanced molecular tools along with standard epidemiological analyses to quickly determine the sources of outbreaks. IMPORTANCE Cholera is one of the ancient classical diseases and particularly prone to cause major outbreaks following major natural disasters, such as earthquakes and hurricanes, where the normal separation between sewage and drinking water is destroyed. This was the case following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Rumors spread that the disease was brought to Haiti by a battalion of Nepalese soldiers serving as United Nations peacekeepers. This possible connection has never been confirmed. Sequencing the genomes of bacteria can give detailed information on whether isolates from different sites share a common origin. We used this technology to sequence isolates of Vibrio cholerae from Nepal, identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and compare these high-resolution genotypes to the complete genome sequences of isolates from the Haiti outbreak. We provide support for the hypothesis that the isolates were brought to Haiti from Nepal.

scholarly journals Effect of LexA on Chromosomal Integration of CTXϕ in Vibrio cholerae

2015 ◽  
Vol 198 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archana Pant ◽  
D Anbumani ◽  
Satyabrata Bag ◽  
Ojasvi Mehta ◽  
Pawan Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cholera Toxin ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Filamentous Phage ◽  
Chromosomal Integration ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ssdna Binding ◽  
Tyrosine Recombinases ◽  
Reporter Strains ◽  
In Cells

ABSTRACTThe genesis of toxigenicVibrio choleraeinvolves acquisition of CTXϕ, a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) filamentous phage that encodes cholera toxin (CT). The phage exploits host-encoded tyrosine recombinases (XerC and XerD) for chromosomal integration and lysogenic conversion. The replicative genome of CTXϕ produces ssDNA by rolling-circle replication, which may be used either for virion production or for integration into host chromosome. Fine-tuning of different ssDNA binding protein (Ssb) levels in the host cell is crucial for cellular functioning and important for CTXϕ integration. In this study, we mutated the master regulator gene of SOS induction,lexA, ofV. choleraebecause of its known role in controlling levels of Ssb proteins in other bacteria. CTXϕ integration decreased in cells with a ΔlexAmutation and increased in cells with an SOS-noninducing mutation,lexA(Ind−). We also observed that overexpression of host-encoded Ssb (VC0397) decreased integration of CTXϕ. We propose that LexA helps CTXϕ integration, possibly by fine-tuning levels of host- and phage-encoded Ssbs.IMPORTANCECholera toxin is the principal virulence factor responsible for the acute diarrheal disease cholera. CT is encoded in the genome of a lysogenic filamentous phage, CTXϕ.Vibrio choleraehas a bipartite genome and harbors single or multiple copies of CTXϕ prophage in one or both chromosomes. Two host-encoded tyrosine recombinases (XerC and XerD) recognize the folded ssDNA genome of CTXϕ and catalyze its integration at the dimer resolution site of either one or both chromosomes. Fine-tuning of ssDNA binding proteins in host cells is crucial for CTXϕ integration. We engineered theV. choleraegenome and created several reporter strains carrying ΔlexAorlexA(Ind−) alleles. Using the reporter strains, the importance of LexA control of Ssb expression in the integration efficiency of CTXϕ was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Repression of ferritin light chain translation by human eIF3

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mia C. Pulos-Holmes ◽  
Daniel N. Srole ◽  
Amy S. Y. Lee ◽  
Maria G. Juarez ◽  
David T. McSwiggen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Chain ◽  
Translational Control ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Direct Role

AbstractA central problem in human biology remains the discovery of causal molecular links between mutations identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and their corresponding disease traits. This challenge is magnified for variants residing in non-coding regions of the genome. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5’ untranslated region (5’-UTR) of the ferritin light chain (FTL) gene that cause hyperferritinemia are thought to disrupt translation repression by altering iron regulatory protein (IRP) interactions with theFTLmRNA 5’-UTR. Here, we show that human eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) acts as a distinct repressor ofFTLmRNA translation, and eIF3-mediatedFTLrepression is disrupted by a subset of SNPs inFTLthat cause hyperferritinemia. These results identify a direct role for eIF3-mediated translational control in a specific human disease.

scholarly journals Characterization of VCC-1, a Novel Ambler Class A Carbapenemase from Vibrio cholerae Isolated from Imported Retail Shrimp Sold in Canada

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 1819-1825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chand S. Mangat ◽  
David Boyd ◽  
Nicol Janecko ◽  
Sarah-Lynn Martz ◽  
Andrea Desruisseau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Large Chromosome ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Class A

One of the core goals of the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) is to monitor major meat commodities for antimicrobial resistance. Targeted studies with methodologies based on core surveillance protocols are used to examine other foods, e.g., seafood, for antimicrobial resistance to detect resistances of concern to public health. Here we report the discovery of a novel Ambler class A carbapenemase that was identified in a nontoxigenic strain ofVibrio cholerae(N14-02106) isolated from shrimp that was sold for human consumption in Canada.V. choleraeN14-02106 was resistant to penicillins, carbapenems, and monobactam antibiotics; however, PCR did not detect common β-lactamases. Bioinformatic analysis of the whole-genome sequence ofV. choleraeN14-02106 revealed on the large chromosome a novel carbapenemase (referred to here as VCC-1, forVibriocholeraecarbapenemase1) with sequence similarity to class A enzymes. Two copies ofblaVCC-1separated and flanked by ISVch9(i.e., 3 copies of ISVch9) were found in an acquired 8.5-kb region inserted into a VrgG family protein gene. ClonedblaVCC-1conferred a β-lactam resistance profile similar to that inV. choleraeN14-02106 when it was transformed into a susceptible laboratory strain ofEscherichia coli. Purified VCC-1 was found to hydrolyze penicillins, 1st-generation cephalosporins, aztreonam, and carbapenems, whereas 2nd- and 3rd-generation cephalosporins were poor substrates. Using nitrocefin as a reporter substrate, VCC-1 was moderately inhibited by clavulanic acid and tazobactam but not EDTA. In this report, we present the discovery of a novel class A carbapenemase from the food supply.

scholarly journals Phosphorylation of Translation Initiation Factor 2-Alpha in Leishmania donovani under Stress Is Necessary for Parasite Survival

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumar Abhishek ◽  
Abul Hasan Sardar ◽  
Sushmita Das ◽  
Ashish Kumar ◽  
Ayan Kumar Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Initiation Factor 2 ◽  
Parasite Viability ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor 2

ABSTRACTThe transformation ofLeishmania donovanifrom a promastigote to an amastigote during mammalian host infection displays the immense adaptability of the parasite to survival under stress. Induction of translation initiation factor 2-alpha (eIF2α) phosphorylation by stress-specific eIF2α kinases is the basic stress-perceiving signal in eukaryotes to counter stress. Here, we demonstrate that elevated temperature and acidic pH induce the phosphorylation ofLeishmania donovanieIF2α (LdeIF2α).In vitroinhibition experiments suggest that interference of LdeIF2α phosphorylation under conditions of elevated temperature and acidic pH debilitates parasite differentiation and reduces parasite viability (P< 0.05). Furthermore, inhibition of LdeIF2α phosphorylation significantly reduced the infection rate (P< 0.05), emphasizing its deciding role in successful invasion and infection establishment. Notably, our findings suggested the phosphorylation of LdeIF2α under H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Inhibition of H2O2-induced LdeIF2α phosphorylation hampered antioxidant balance by impaired redox homeostasis gene expression, resulting in increased reactive oxygen species accumulation (P< 0.05) and finally leading to decreased parasite viability (P< 0.05). Interestingly, exposure to sodium antimony glucamate and amphotericin B induces LdeIF2α phosphorylation, indicating its possible contribution to protection against antileishmanial drugs in common use. Overall, the results strongly suggest that stress-induced LdeIF2α phosphorylation is a necessary event for the parasite life cycle under stressed conditions for survival.

scholarly journals Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of the W2 domain ofDrosophila melanogastereukaryotic translation initiation factor 5C domain-containing protein

2012 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 1315-1317
Author(s):  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
Huihui Liu ◽  
Maikun Teng ◽  
Xu Li
Keyword(s):  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Basic Leucine Zipper ◽  
Eukaryotic Translation ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Eukaryotic Translation Initiation

TheDrosophila melanogastereukaryotic translation initiation factor 5C domain-containing protein (ECP) is composed of two independently folded domains which belong to the basic leucine-zipper and W2 domain-containing protein (BZW) family. Based on the sequence similarity between the C-terminal W2 domain of ECP and some eukaryotic translation initiation factors (such as eIF2B∊, eIF4γ, eIF5etc.), ECP has been speculated to participate in the translation initiation process. Structural information on the C-terminal W2 domain of ECP would be helpful in understanding the specific cellular function of this protein. Here, the W2 domain of ECP was expressed and crystallized. Crystals grown by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method diffracted to 2.70 Å resolution and belonged to space groupI4, with unit-cell parametersa = b = 81.05,c= 57.44 Å. The Matthews coefficient suggested that there was one molecule per asymmetric unit in the crystal.

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