scholarly journals Occurrence, Source, and Human Infection Potential of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in Source and Tap Water in Shanghai, China

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 3609-3616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaoyu Feng ◽  
Xukun Zhao ◽  
Jiaxu Chen ◽  
Wei Jin ◽  
Xiaonong Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Sample ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Method 1623

ABSTRACTGenotyping studies on the source and human infection potential ofCryptosporidiumoocysts in water have been almost exclusively conducted in industrialized nations. In this study, 50 source water samples and 30 tap water samples were collected in Shanghai, China, and analyzed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 1623. To find a cost-effective method to replace the filtration procedure, the water samples were also concentrated by calcium carbonate flocculation (CCF). Of the 50 source water samples, 32% were positive forCryptosporidiumand 18% forGiardiaby Method 1623, whereas 22% were positive forCryptosporidiumand 10% forGiardiaby microscopy of CCF concentrates. When CCF was combined with PCR for detection, the occurrence ofCryptosporidium(28%) was similar to that obtained by Method 1623. Genotyping ofCryptosporidiumin 17 water samples identified the presence ofC. andersoniin 14 water samples,C. suisin 7 water samples,C. baileyiin 2 water samples,C. meleagridisin 1 water sample, andC. hominisin 1 water sample. Therefore, farm animals, especially cattle and pigs, were the major sources of water contamination in Shanghai source water, and most oocysts found in source water in the area were not infectious to humans.Cryptosporidiumoocysts were found in 2 of 30 tap water samples. The combined use of CCF for concentration and PCR for detection and genotyping provides a less expensive alternative to filtration and fluorescence microscopy for accurate assessment ofCryptosporidiumcontamination in water, although the results from this method are semiquantitative.

scholarly journals Behavioural Toxicology of Midge Larvae Chironomous sp. after Acute In Situ Exposure of Different Industrial Effluents and Drinking Water

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Debika Bhunia ◽  
Subhodeep Sarkar ◽  
Kushal Banerjee ◽  
Abantika Nandy ◽  
Soumendra Nath Talapatra
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Sample ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Behavioral Activities ◽  
Behavioural Toxicology ◽  
Lead Acid

Behavioural activities in relation to toxicological aspects involve behavioural changes of aquatic organisms under the exposure of a contaminant. The present study aims to know behavioural activities of midge larvae Chironomus sp. at the in-situ acute exposure of different chemicals containing wastewater viz. lead-acid battery industrial effluent, mixed industrial effluent and fresh tap water (chlorinated) as drinking water in comparison to control (dechlorinated) water sample (aged tap water). The Chironomus larvae were kept in three different experimental chambers (perforated wall test vessels) with the exposure of different water samples. These samples were made with no dilution, 50 % dilution, 2.5 % dilution and control water sample. The behavioral activities for larvae of Chironomus sp. were measured at 0h, 2h, 24h and 48 h in in-situ condition. The behavioral activities viz. crawling, looping, ventilation, paralyses and subsequently death of the larvae were recorded in the field condition. A significant differences (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P< 0.001) were observed with increasing time of exposure while in few cases the data were increased without significance level. It was recorded that after exhibiting behavioural activities viz. crawling, looping, ventilation and paralyses finally all species were died 100 % of the population in lead acid battery effluent following both 24h and 48hr exposure. In addition, death of larvae were 70 % in mixed industrial effluent and 50 % in fresh tap water (chlorinated) after 48h exposure as compared to control sample water. In conclusion, the present results indicate that the larvae of Chironomous sp. are suitable indicators in the evaluation of the effluent quality in the studied stream, potential to know by behavioural toxicological study for heavy metals and organic pollution. Although it is a preliminary observation by assessing behavioural toxicology but future study in relation to biochemical and genetic damage of Chironomous larvae with the exposure of toxic water samples will provide bigger view.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Analysis of Cryptosporidium Species/Genotypes and Relationships with Other Zoonotic Pathogens in Surface Water from Mixed-Use Watersheds

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Wilkes ◽  
Norma J. Ruecker ◽  
Norman F. Neumann ◽  
Victor P. J. Gannon ◽  
Cassandra Jokinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Regression Tree ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Classification And Regression Tree ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogens

ABSTRACTNearly 690 raw surface water samples were collected during a 6-year period from multiple watersheds in the South Nation River basin, Ontario, Canada.Cryptosporidiumoocysts in water samples were enumerated, sequenced, and genotyped by detailed phylogenetic analysis. The resulting species and genotypes were assigned to broad, known host and human infection risk classes. Wildlife/unknown, livestock, avian, and human host classes occurred in 21, 13, 3, and <1% of sampled surface waters, respectively.Cryptosporidium andersoniwas the most commonly detected livestock species, while muskrat I and II genotypes were the most dominant wildlife genotypes. The presence ofGiardiaspp.,Salmonellaspp.,Campylobacterspp., andEscherichia coliO157:H7 was evaluated in all water samples. The greatest significant odds ratios (odds of pathogen presence when host class is present/odds of pathogen presence when host class is absent) forGiardiaspp.,Campylobacterspp., andSalmonellaspp. in water were associated, respectively, with livestock (odds ratio of 3.1), avian (4.3), and livestock (9.3) host classes. Classification and regression tree analyses (CART) were used to group generalized host and human infection risk classes on the basis of a broad range of environmental and land use variables while tracking cooccurrence of zoonotic pathogens in these groupings. The occurrence of livestock-associatedCryptosporidiumwas most strongly related to agricultural water pollution in the fall (conditions also associated with elevated odds ratios of other zoonotic pathogens occurring in water in relation to all sampling conditions), whereas wildlife/unknown sources ofCryptosporidiumwere geospatially associated with smaller watercourses where urban/rural development was relatively lower. Conditions that support wildlife may not necessarily increase overall human infection risks associated withCryptosporidiumsince mostCryptosporidiumgenotypes classed as wildlife in this study (e.g., muskrat I and II genotype) do not pose significant infection risks to humans. Consequently, from a human health perspective, land use practices in agricultural watersheds that create opportunities for wildlife to flourish should not be rejected solely on the basis of their potential to increase relative proportions of wildlife fecal contamination in surface water. The present study suggests that mitigating livestock fecal pollution in surface water in this region would likely reduce human infection risks associated withCryptosporidiumand other zoonotic pathogens.

scholarly journals Assessment of waterborne protozoan passage through conventional drinking water treatment process in Venezuela

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Q. Betancourt ◽  
Kristina D. Mena
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Treatment Process ◽  
Monitoring Strategies

Three drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) differing in source water and treatment capacity were investigated for the potential passage of waterborne protozoan (oo)cysts through conventional processing. DWTP I (15,000 L/s), DWTP II (7,500 L/s) and DWTP III (4,300 L/s) provide drinking water for approximately 2.7 million inhabitants of the Metropolitan District of Caracas (Venezuela). The US Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623 for detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia was used to analyze raw water and finished drinking water samples collected from the three plants. (Oo)cyst recovery efficiencies varied between 23 and 84%. The concentration of confirmed (oo)cysts detected in raw water samples ranged between 1 and 100 per 100 L. (Oo)cyst levels in finished water samples ranged from 2 to 25 per 100 L. These data indicated that the conventional treatment process to produce finished water at two filtration plants was not effective in preventing the passage of protozoan (oo)cysts. Monitoring strategies that include multiple microbial indicators and waterborne pathogens are strongly recommended for accurate source water characterization and for verification of the effectiveness of treatment process barriers to microbial breakthrough in the finished water.

scholarly journals Modifications to United States Environmental Protection Agency Methods 1622 and 1623 for Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia Cysts in Water

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randi M. McCuin ◽  
Jennifer L. Clancy
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Epa Methods ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACT Collaborative and in-house laboratory trials were conducted to evaluate Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst recoveries from source and finished-water samples by utilizing the Filta-Max system and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methods 1622 and 1623. Collaborative trials with the Filta-Max system were conducted in accordance with manufacturer protocols for sample collection and processing. The mean oocyst recovery from seeded, filtered tap water was 48.4% ± 11.8%, while the mean cyst recovery was 57.1% ± 10.9%. Recovery percentages from raw source water samples ranged from 19.5 to 54.5% for oocysts and from 46.7 to 70.0% for cysts. When modifications were made in the elution and concentration steps to streamline the Filta-Max procedure, the mean percentages of recovery from filtered tap water were 40.2% ± 16.3% for oocysts and 49.4% ± 12.3% for cysts by the modified procedures, while matrix spike oocyst recovery percentages ranged from 2.1 to 36.5% and cyst recovery percentages ranged from 22.7 to 68.3%. Blinded matrix spike samples were analyzed quarterly as part of voluntary participation in the U.S. EPA protozoan performance evaluation program. A total of 15 blind samples were analyzed by using the Filta-Max system. The mean oocyst recovery percentages was 50.2% ± 13.8%, while the mean cyst recovery percentages was 41.2% ± 9.9%. As part of the quality assurance objectives of methods 1622 and 1623, reagent water samples were seeded with a predetermined number of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. Mean recovery percentages of 45.4% ± 11.1% and 61.3% ± 3.8% were obtained for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts, respectively. These studies demonstrated that the Filta-Max system meets the acceptance criteria described in U.S. EPA methods 1622 and 1623.

scholarly journals Evaluating trihalomethanes in tap water and swimming pool water at Ho Chi Minh city

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-245
Author(s):  
Phu Ly Sy Nguyen ◽  
Tien Hoang Thuy Le ◽  
Long Chau Kim ◽  
Hien Thi To
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are byproducts of the process of disinfecting water with chlorine, in which, 4 compounds are most interested such as chloroform (CF), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform (BF). These DBPs even at very low concentrations pose harmful health effects. These health risks may include cancers, reproductive disorders, birth defects and miscarriage. This study evaluates the 4 THMs in water supplied at 6 districts of Ho Chi Minh City and in swimming pool water at Tan Binh district. All samples were extracted by using liquid- liquid extraction method with n-hexane: diisopropylether (1:1) before analyzing by GC-ECD. The results showed that 4/4 THMs were found in water samples and 2/4 THMs (chloroform and bromodichloromethane) were found in swimming pool water samples. The results showed that there are differences in the THMs levels between sampling site. The average concentration of THMs in supplied water was 31.40 ±29.23 μg.L-1 (20 – 110 μg.L-1), in swimming pool water was 109.78 ± 15.21 μg.L-1 (90 – 140 μg.L-1). The sampling site which has the highest average concentration is Tan Phu district (102.45 ± 16.0 μg.L-1) and the lowest is district 1 (23.74 ± 1.92 μg.L-1). The results showed that the concentration of THMs in the supplied water and swimming pool water does not exceed the limit of national technical regulation on drinking water quality (QCVN 01: 2009/BYT), however, the chloroform concentration of some sampling sites exceeds the limit given by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

scholarly journals Comparison of Filters for Concentrating Microbial Indicators and Pathogens in Lake Water Samples

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 1342-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna S. Francy ◽  
Erin A. Stelzer ◽  
Amie M. G. Brady ◽  
Carrie Huitger ◽  
Rebecca N. Bushon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Bacterial Indicators ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Filter Performance ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Field Deployment ◽  
Norovirus Gii

ABSTRACTBacterial indicators are used to indicate increased health risk from pathogens and to make beach closure and advisory decisions; however, beaches are seldom monitored for the pathogens themselves. Studies of sources and types of pathogens at beaches are needed to improve estimates of swimming-associated health risks. It would be advantageous and cost-effective, especially for studies conducted on a regional scale, to use a method that can simultaneously filter and concentrate all classes of pathogens from the large volumes of water needed to detect pathogens. In seven recovery experiments, stock cultures of viruses and protozoa were seeded into 10-liter lake water samples, and concentrations of naturally occurring bacterial indicators were used to determine recoveries. For the five filtration methods tested, the highest median recoveries were as follows: glass wool for adenovirus (4.7%); NanoCeram for enterovirus (14.5%) and MS2 coliphage (84%); continuous-flow centrifugation (CFC) plus Virocap (CFC+ViroCap) forEscherichia coli(68.3%) andCryptosporidium(54%); automatic ultrafiltration (UF) for norovirus GII (2.4%); and dead-end UF forEnterococcus faecalis(80.5%), avian influenza virus (0.02%), andGiardia(57%). In evaluating filter performance in terms of both recovery and variability, the automatic UF resulted in the highest recovery while maintaining low variability for all nine microorganisms. The automatic UF was used to demonstrate that filtration can be scaled up to field deployment and the collection of 200-liter lake water samples.

Studies evaluating the applicability of utilising the same concentration techniques for the detection of protozoan parasites and viruses in water

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 417-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kfir ◽  
C. Hilner ◽  
M. du Preez ◽  
B. Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Cartridge Filter ◽  
Giardia Muris

In this study concentration techniques regularly used for viral detection, i.e. flat-bed ultrafiltration and Filterite cartridge filtration, were evaluated for their efficacies in the recovery of protozoan parasites from water. Recovery of cysts was studied using tap water seeded with Giardia muris cysts and compared to methods designed for the detection of protozoan parasites. Recovery of cysts utilizing 1.2µm membrane filters was 11.1% (4.5-23%) compared to 11.6% (2.7-25.5%) with ultrafiltration (pore size 46-50 Å, with a molecular cut off of 50 000 daltons). Comparison of these methods for the isolation of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts from environmental water samples also indicated a similar efficacy. The recovery of cysts from 1001 of seeded samples using a Cuno wynd cartridge filter was 12.2% (1.6-46%) compared to 13.4% (5-24.2%) using a Filterite cartridge filter. Although the results indicated similar recovery efficacies for these two methods, use of Filterite resulted in a more consistent recovery rate. This study also indicated that the use of cartridge filters for the processing of large volume water samples (1001) showed a slightly better recovery efficacy than the flat-bed filtration technique which limits sample volume to about 101. This study shows that concentration techniques utilised for the isolation of enteric viruses can also be applied for the detection of protozoan parasites from water. This procedure allows for co-analysis of both viruses and protozoan parasites and provides a more rapid and cost-effective evaluation of water quality.

scholarly journals Fecal Indicators and Zoonotic Pathogens in Household Drinking Water Taps Fed from Rainwater Tanks in Southeast Queensland, Australia

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ahmed ◽  
L. Hodgers ◽  
J. P. S. Sidhu ◽  
S. Toze
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogens ◽  
Rainwater Tank ◽  
Southeast Queensland ◽  
Rainwater Tanks

ABSTRACTIn this study, the microbiological quality of household tap water samples fed from rainwater tanks was assessed by monitoring the numbers ofEscherichia colibacteria and enterococci from 24 households in Southeast Queensland (SEQ), Australia. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was also used for the quantitative detection of zoonotic pathogens in water samples from rainwater tanks and connected household taps. The numbers of zoonotic pathogens were also estimated in fecal samples from possums and various species of birds by using qPCR, as possums and birds are considered to be the potential sources of fecal contamination in roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW). Among the 24 households, 63% of rainwater tank and 58% of connected household tap water (CHTW) samples containedE. coliand exceeded Australian drinking water guidelines of <1 CFUE. coliper 100 ml water. Similarly, 92% of rainwater tanks and 83% of CHTW samples also contained enterococci. In all, 21%, 4%, and 13% of rainwater tank samples containedCampylobacterspp.,Salmonellaspp., andGiardia lamblia, respectively. Similarly, 21% of rainwater tank and 13% of CHTW samples containedCampylobacterspp. andG. lamblia, respectively. The number ofE. coli(P= 0.78),Enterococcus(P= 0.64),Campylobacter(P= 0.44), andG. lamblia(P= 0.50) cells in rainwater tanks did not differ significantly from the numbers observed in the CHTW samples. Among the 40 possum fecal samples tested,Campylobacterspp.,Cryptosporidium parvum, andG. lambliawere detected in 60%, 13%, and 30% of samples, respectively. Among the 38 bird fecal samples tested,Campylobacterspp.,Salmonellaspp.,C. parvum, andG. lambliawere detected in 24%, 11%, 5%, and 13% of the samples, respectively. Household tap water samples fed from rainwater tanks tested in the study appeared to be highly variable. Regular cleaning of roofs and gutters, along with pruning of overhanging tree branches, might also prove effective in reducing animal fecal contamination of rainwater tanks.

scholarly journals Stable Isotope Reveals Tap Water Source under Different Water Supply Modes in the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2578
Author(s):  
Mingxia Du ◽  
Mingjun Zhang ◽  
Shengjie Wang ◽  
Hongfei Meng ◽  
Cunwei Che ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Water Isotopes ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Qinghai Tibet Plateau

Based on 1260 tap water samples gathered monthly and 136 surface water samples collected seasonally in the eastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, the local tap water line, the basic spatiotemporal characteristics of tap water isotopes, and their indication for water source under different water supply modes were discussed, linking the local tap water supply and water source information. A new tap water isotopes data set based on dense sampling sites was established, which was reliable for the analysis of tap water isotope features, tap water supply management, and tap water sources. The main conclusions are: (1) The local tap water lines in Gannan and Longnan are δ2H = (7.06 ± 0.17) δ18O + (3.24 ± 1.75) (r2 = 0.81, p < 0.01) and δ2H = (5.66 ± 0.09) δ18O + (−8.12 ± 0.82) (r2 = 0.82, p < 0.01), respectively. (2) The annual mean δ2H and δ18O in tap water show an increasing trend from southwest to northeast. The seasonal differences of δ2H and δ18O in tap water in Gannan and Longnan are small. (3) The correlation of tap water isotopes with those in main source water is high, while that of isotopes in tap water with those in non-water source is low. Under the central water supply mode by local tap water company, tap water isotopes in Gannan where groundwater is the direct water source show weak connection with those in surface water and precipitation, and those in tap water in Longnan with surface water as main source water reveal good connection with isotopes in surface water. Under mixed water supply modes, tap water isotopes indicate that surface water is the main tap water source in Gannan and Longnan with multiple water sources.

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