scholarly journals Ethylene Production by Botrytis cinerea In Vitro and in Tomatoes

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 5342-5350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona M. Cristescu ◽  
Domenico De Martinis ◽  
Sacco te Lintel Hekkert ◽  
David H. Parker ◽  
Frans J. M. Harren
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Aminooxyacetic Acid ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Ethylene Emission ◽  
Acid Pathway

ABSTRACT A laser-based ethylene detector was used for on-line monitoring of ethylene released by the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea in vitro and in tomato fruit. Ethylene data were combined with the results of a cytological analysis of germination of B. cinerea conidia and hyphal growth. We found that aminoethoxyvinylglycine and aminooxyacetic acid, which are competitive inhibitors of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid pathway, did not inhibit the ethylene emission by B. cinerea and that the fungus most likely produces ethylene via the 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid pathway. B. cinerea is able to produce ethylene in vitro, and the emission of ethylene follows the pattern that is associated with hyphal growth rather than the germination of conidia. Ethylene production in vitro depended on the l-methionine concentration added to the plating medium. Higher values and higher emission rates were observed when the concentration of conidia was increased. Compared with the ethylene released by the fungus, the infection-related ethylene produced by two tomato cultivars (cultivars Money Maker and Daniela) followed a similar pattern, but the levels of emission were 100-fold higher. The time evolution of enhanced ethylene production by the infected tomatoes and the cytological observations indicate that ethylene emission by the tomato-fungus system is not triggered by the ethylene produced by B. cinerea, although it is strongly synchronized with the growth rate of the fungus inside the tomato.

Tetrandrine, a potent antifungal agent: inhibits mycelial growth and virulence of Botrytis cinerea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pingliang Li ◽  
jian zou ◽  
Yanhan Dong ◽  
jintao Jiang ◽  
Wenxing Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Antifungal Agent ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Grey Mold

Tetrandrine (TET) is a potent calcium channel blocker used for the treatment of hypertension and inflammation. Currently, TET is predominantly used to treat a variety of human diseases, and there is little information regarding the use of TET against plant pathogens. In this study, we explored the antifungal activity of TET on a plant pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. We show that administration of low concentrations of TET effectively inhibited hyphal growth of fungus grown on potato dextrose agarose, and decreased the virulence of B. cinerea in tomato plants. Real-time PCR revealed that the expression of drug efflux pump related genes (alcohol dehydrogenase 1, multi-drug/pheromone exporter, pleiotropic drug resistance protein 1, and synaptic vesicle transporter) were down-regulated in the presence of TET. Finally, we show that TET acts synergistically with iprodione, resulting in increased inhibition of B. cinerea both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that TET might act as an effective antifungal agent in reducing grey mold disease.

scholarly journals Antagonism of Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323 on Botrytis cinerea Mycelium in Culture Conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (11) ◽  
pp. 1054-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Hua Cheng ◽  
Chia-Ann Yang ◽  
Kou-Cheng Peng
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Extracellular Proteins ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidase ◽  
Trichoderma Spp

Previous studies have shown that the extracellular proteins of Trichoderma harzianum ETS 323 grown in the presence of deactivated Botrytis cinerea in culture include a putative l-amino acid oxidase and have suggested the involvement of this enzyme in the antagonistic mechanism. Here, we hypothesized that the mycoparasitic process of Trichoderma spp. against B. cinerea involves two steps; that is, an initial hyphal coiling stage and a subsequent hyphal coiling stage, with different coiling rates. The two-step antagonism of T. harzianum ETS 323 against B. cinerea during the mycoparasitic process in culture was evaluated using a biexponential equation. In addition, an l-amino acid oxidase (Th-l-AAO) was identified from T. harzianum ETS 323. The secretion of Th-l-AAO was increased when T. harzianum ETS 323 was grown with deactivated hyphae of B. cinerea. Moreover, in vitro assays indicated that Th-l-AAO effectively inhibited B. cinerea hyphal growth, caused cytosolic vacuolization in the hyphae, and led to hyphal lysis. Th-l-AAO also showed disease control against the development of B. cinerea on postharvest apple fruit and tobacco leaves. Furthermore, an apoptosis-like response, including the generation of reactive oxygen species, was observed in B. cinerea after treatment with Th-l-AAO, suggesting that Th-l-AAO triggers programmed cell death in B. cinerea. This may be associated with the two-step antagonism of T. harzianum ETS 323 against B. cinerea.

scholarly journals Combined Use of Trichoderma atroviride CCTCCSBW0199 and Brassinolide to Control Botrytis cinerea Infection in Tomato

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 1298-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-ting Li ◽  
Jing-di Zhang ◽  
Jia-quan Tang ◽  
Zhi-cheng Liu ◽  
Ya-qian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Trichoderma Atroviride ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Chemical Fungicides

Tomato gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the main diseases of tomato and significantly impacts the yield and quality of tomato fruit. The overuse of chemical fungicides has resulted in the development of fungicide-resistant strains. Biological control is becoming an alternative method for the control of plant diseases to replace or decrease the application of traditional synthetic chemical fungicides and genus Trichoderma is widely used as a biological agent for controlling tomato gray mold. Brassinolide (BR) is a plant-growth-promoting steroid. To enhance the efficiency and stability of Trichoderma activity against B. cinerea, an optimal combination of Trichoderma atroviride CCTCCSBW0199 and BR that controls B. cinerea infection in tomato was identified. Strain CCTCCSBW0199 was found to have antagonistic activity against B. cinerea both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, a fermented culture of chlamydospores and metabolites, or metabolites only of strain CCTCCSBW0199 also reduced growth of B. cinerea. BR reduced growth of B. cinerea and had no effect on the sporulation and growth of Trichoderma spp. An application of metabolites of a Trichoderma sp. + BR reduced gray mold on tomato leaves by approximately 70.0%. Furthermore, the activities of induced defense response-related enzyme, such as peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were increased in tomato plants treated with a Trichoderma sp. + BR. Our data suggested that applying a mix of metabolites of T. atroviride CCTCCSBW0199 + BR was effective at reducing gray mold of tomato and may lay a theoretical foundation for the development of novel biofungicides.

Inhibition by polyphosphate of phytopathogenic polygalacturonases from Botrytis cinerea

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 835-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Meller-Harel ◽  
Anat Argaman ◽  
Yair Aharonowitz ◽  
David Gutnick ◽  
Dafna Ben-Bashat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Nmr Analysis ◽  
Streptomyces Sp ◽  
Chemical Measurements ◽  
Extracellular Form ◽  
Polygalacturonase Activity

Polygalacturonase activity from the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea was inhibited in vitro by extracellular polyphosphate from Streptomyces sp. A50, as well as other polyphosphates of biological and chemical origin. The extent of inhibition increased with polyphosphate chain length between 20 and 100 Pi residues. Although the activity of polygalacturonase from B. cinerea appeared not to depend on the presence of cations, inhibition was partially blocked by divalent cations such as Mg2+or Ca2+. Production of polyphosphate in Streptomyces sp. A50 was followed by chemical measurements, as well as by in vivo 31P-NMR analysis. During the first 2 days of growth, polyphosphate accumulated within the cells, after which it appeared in the broth as an extracellular product. A maximum concentration of extracellular polyphosphate (1 mM Pi equivalent) was reached, corresponding to about 25% of the input Pi. NMR analysis suggested that the intracellular form of polyphosphate exists as a mobile soluble pool. In contrast, the extracellular form of polyphosphate appears to be complexed with cations.Key words: polygalacturonase, polyphosphate, Botrytis cinerea, Streptomyces, 31P-NMR.

scholarly journals Natural Compounds That Modulate the Development of the Fungus Botrytis cinerea and Protect Solanum lycopersicum

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban D. Rosero-Hernández ◽  
Javier Moraga ◽  
Isidro G. Collado ◽  
Fernando Echeverri
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
In Vitro Germination ◽  
High Cell

Botrytis cinerea is the causal agent of gray mold disease and is responsible for the loss of millions of dollars in crops in worldwide. Currently, this pathogen exhibits increasing resistance to conventional fungicides; therefore, better control methods and novel compounds with a more specific mechanism of action but without biocidal effects, are required. In this work, several natural compounds to control B. cinerea were analyzed in vitro. Detected effects were dependent on the stage of fungus development, and 3-phenyl-1-propanol displayed the most potent inhibition of in vitro germination, germ tube development, and sporulation. However, it had lower protection of leaves and postharvest fruit in plant infection. Isoeugenol and 1-phenylethanol exhibited lower inhibition of in vitro germination and sporulation, but at the highest concentrations, they inhibited germ tube elongation. Although the lowest rates of foliage infection were recorded using isoeugenol and 3-phenyl-1-propanol, 1-phenylethanol significantly decreased the disease in postharvest tomato fruit, with an efficacy like Mancozeb, but at 18 times lower micromolar concentration. All compounds resulted in high cell viability after spores were removed from the treatment solution exhibited high cell viability, suggesting a non-biocidal effect. The diversity of in vitro and in-plant effects seems to indicate a different mechanism of action.

Necrotrophic mycoparasitism ofBotrytis cinereaby cellulolytic and ligninocellulolytic Basidiomycetes

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 508-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard J White ◽  
James A Traquair
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Trametes Versicolor ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Irpex Lacteus ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Moist Sand ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Chondrostereum Purpureum

Twenty-six isolates representing 17 species of aphyllophoraceous, wood-decaying Basidiomycetes and five species of agaricoid, turf-borne, thatch-decaying Basidiomycetes were screened for their abilities to degrade cellulose, lignin, and melanin by using colorimetric degradation assays on agar media. Selected ligninocellulolytic Basidiomycetes capable of degrading melanin were screened for antagonism of Botrytis cinerea Per.:Fr. The greatest inhibition of Botrytis colony and hyphal growth in vitro was observed in confrontations with Irpex lacteus (Fr.) Fr., Trametes versicolor (L.:Fr.) Pilat, and Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.:Fr.) Pouzar. Hyphal interference and necrotrophic mycoparasitism by these ligninocellulolytic Basidiomycetes were recognized microscopically as coagulation and degeneration of Botrytis cytoplasm and as coiling and invasion of hyphae, conidiophores, and conidia, respectively. Sclerotia of B. cinerea were killed and parasitized in agar media, straw mulch, or moist sand infested separately with these three mycoparasites.Key words: hyperparasitism, hyphal interference, wood-decay fungi, melanin degradation, biocontrol, Botrytis cinerea, sclerotia, Trametes versicolor, Irpex lacteus, Chondrostereum purpureum.

scholarly journals In vitro Control of the Fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers. with Plant Extracts

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raluca MICLEA ◽  
Carmen PUIA
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Plant Extraction

The gray mould, caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers., is an economically important disease of plants throughout the world. It is common on vegetable crops, soft fruits, ornamental plants and grapevine, and occurs in greenhouses and in the field as well as in storage and transport. Plant extracts and their purified compounds have antibacterial, antiviral and fungicidal effects both in vitro and in vivo. Their properties were attributed mainly to alkaloids, several flavonoids and phenolic acids. This study was made in order to establish the materials and the methods most used for the in vitro control of the fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers. with plant extracts – types of plant extracts, the most appropriate culture media, methods of inoculation, methods of extraction and methods for testing the antifungal effect of the plant extracts against the phytopathogenic fungus. The most used medium was PDA (potato dextrose agar). Conform to the literature data this medium is the most suitable for the development of this fungus, the growth of the mycelium, the conidia growing and the formation of sclerotia. As plant extraction method, the hydrodistilation is the most ancient method of distillation and the most versatile. Reviewed methods used for testing the efficacy of natural products (plant extracts) were: the agar diffusion method, the poisoned food technique, the radial growth test, the conidial germination assay, the microathmosphere method, the technique of Thompson.

scholarly journals Endophytic Bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Isolated from Zea mays, as Potential Biocontrol Agent against Botrytis cinerea

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 492
Author(s):  
Hernando José Bolivar-Anillo ◽  
Victoria E. González-Rodríguez ◽  
Jesús M. Cantoral ◽  
Darío García-Sánchez ◽  
Isidro G. Collado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Economic Losses

Plant diseases are one of the main factors responsible for food loss in the world, and 20–40% of such loss is caused by pathogenic infections. Botrytis cinerea is the most widely studied necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus. It is responsible for incalculable economic losses due to the large number of host plants affected. Today, B. cinerea is controlled mainly by synthetic fungicides whose frequent application increases risk of resistance, thus making them unsustainable in terms of the environment and human health. In the search for new alternatives for the biocontrol of this pathogen, the use of endophytic microorganisms and their metabolites has gained momentum in recent years. In this work, we isolated endophytic bacteria from Zea mays cultivated in Colombia. Several strains of Bacillus subtilis, isolated and characterized in this work, exhibited growth inhibition against B. cinerea of more than 40% in in vitro cultures. These strains were characterized by studying several of their biochemical properties, such as production of lipopeptides, potassium solubilization, proteolytic and amylolytic capacity, production of siderophores, biofilm assays, and so on. We also analyzed: (i) its capacity to promote maize growth (Zea mays) in vivo, and (ii) its capacity to biocontrol B. cinerea during in vivo infection in plants (Phaseolus vulgaris).

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