In Vitro Kinetic Analysis of Oligofructose Consumption by Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium spp. Indicates Different Degradation Mechanisms

ABSTRACT The growth of pure cultures of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron LMG 11262 and Bacteroides fragilis LMG 10263 on fructose and oligofructose was examined and compared to that of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 through in vitro laboratory fermentations. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis was used to determine the different fractions of oligofructose and their degradation during the fermentation process. Both B. thetaiotaomicron LMG 11262 and B. fragilis LMG 10263 were able to grow on oligofructose as fast as on fructose, succinic acid being the major metabolite produced by both strains. B. longum BB536 grew slower on oligofructose than on fructose. Acetic acid and lactic acid were the main metabolites produced when fructose was used as the sole energy source. Increased amounts of formic acid and ethanol were produced when oligofructose was used as an energy source at the cost of lactic acid. Detailed kinetic analysis revealed a preferential metabolism of the short oligofructose fractions (e.g., F2 and F3) for B. longum BB536. After depletion of the short fractions, the larger oligofructose fractions (e.g., F4, GF4, F5, GF5, and F6) were metabolized, too. Both Bacteroides strains did not display such a preferential metabolism and degraded all oligofructose fractions simultaneously, transiently increasing the fructose concentration in the medium. This suggests a different mechanism for oligofructose breakdown between the strain of Bifidobacterium and both strains of Bacteroides, which helps to explain the bifidogenic nature of inulin-type fructans.

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Cross-Feeding between Bifidobacterium longum BB536 and Acetate-Converting, Butyrate-Producing Colon Bacteria during Growth on Oligofructose

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01296-06 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 72 (12) ◽

pp. 7835-7841 ◽

Cited By ~ 193

Author(s):

Gwen Falony ◽

Angeliki Vlachou ◽

Kristof Verbrugghe ◽

Luc De Vuyst

Keyword(s):

Energy Source ◽

Chain Length ◽

Bifidobacterium Longum ◽

Interspecies Interactions ◽

Acetate Production ◽

Simultaneous Degradation ◽

Sole Energy

ABSTRACT In vitro coculture fermentations of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 and two acetate-converting, butyrate-producing colon bacteria, Anaerostipes caccae DSM 14662 and Roseburia intestinalis DSM 14610, with oligofructose as the sole energy source, were performed to study interspecies interactions. Two clearly distinct types of cross-feeding were identified. A. caccae DSM 14662 was not able to degrade oligofructose but could grow on the fructose released by B. longum BB536 during oligofructose breakdown. R. intestinalis DSM 14610 could degrade oligofructose, but only after acetate was added to the medium. Detailed kinetic analyses of oligofructose breakdown by the last strain revealed simultaneous degradation of the different chain length fractions, in contrast with the preferential degradation of shorter fractions by B. longum BB536. In a coculture of both strains, initial oligofructose degradation and acetate production by B. longum BB536 took place, which in turn also allowed oligofructose breakdown by R. intestinalis DSM 14610. These and similar cross-feeding mechanisms could play a role in the colon ecosystem and contribute to the combined bifidogenic/butyrogenic effect observed after addition of inulin-type fructans to the diet.

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In Vitro Inhibition of the Growth of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 by Bacteria Isolated from the Cecal Contents of Adult Chickens

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-54.7.496 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 54 (7) ◽

pp. 496-501 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

ARTHUR HINTON ◽

GEORGE E. SPATES ◽

DONALD E. CORRIER ◽

MICHAEL E. HUME ◽

JOHN R. DELOACH ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Mixed Cultures ◽

Enterococcus Durans ◽

E Coli ◽

Pure Cultures ◽

In Vitro Inhibition ◽

Lactic Acids

A Veillonella species and Enterococcus durans were isolated from the cecal contents of adult broilers. Mixed cultures of Veillonella and E. durans inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 on media containing 2.5% lactose (w/v). The growth of S. typhimurium or E. coli 0157:H7 was not inhibited by mixed cultures containing Veillonella and E. durans on media containing only 0.25% lactose or by pure cultures of Veillonella or E. durans on media containing either 0.25% or 2.5% lactose. The mixed cultures of Veillonella and E. durans produced significantly (P<0.05) more acetic, propionic, and lactic acids in media containing 2.5% lactose than in media containing 0.25% lactose. The inhibition of the enteropathogens was related to the production of lactic acid from lactose by the E. durans and the production of acetic and propionic acids from lactic acid by the Veillonella.

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Kinetic Analysis of Bifidobacterial Metabolism Reveals a Minor Role for Succinic Acid in the Regeneration of NAD+ through Its Growth-Associated Production

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00146-06 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 72 (8) ◽

pp. 5204-5210 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

Roel Van der Meulen ◽

Tom Adriany ◽

Kristof Verbrugghe ◽

Luc De Vuyst

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Succinic Acid ◽

Bifidobacterium Longum ◽

Product Formation ◽

Minor Role ◽

Specific Rate ◽

Sugar Consumption ◽

Associated Production ◽

A Minor

ABSTRACT Several strains belonging to the genus Bifidobacterium were tested to determine their abilities to produce succinic acid. Bifidobacterium longum strain BB536 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strain Bb 12 were kinetically analyzed in detail using in vitro fermentations to obtain more insight into the metabolism and production of succinic acid by bifidobacteria. Changes in end product formation in strains of Bifidobacterium could be related to the specific rate of sugar consumption. When the specific sugar consumption rate increased, relatively more lactic acid and less acetic acid, formic acid, and ethanol were produced, and vice versa. All Bifidobacterium strains tested produced small amounts of succinic acid; the concentrations were not more than a few millimolar. Succinic acid production was found to be associated with growth and stopped when the energy source was depleted. The production of succinic acid contributed to regeneration of a small part of the NAD+, in addition to the regeneration through the production of lactic acid and ethanol.

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Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei 8700:2 Degrades Inulin-Type Fructans Exhibiting Different Degrees of Polymerization

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.71.11.6531-6537.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 71 (11) ◽

pp. 6531-6537 ◽

Cited By ~ 98

Author(s):

Lefteris Makras ◽

Gerald Van Acker ◽

Luc De Vuyst

Keyword(s):

Energy Source ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Formic Acid ◽

Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽

Human Isolate ◽

Lactobacillus Paracasei ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Long Chain ◽

Sole Energy

ABSTRACT Ten strains of lactobacilli were assessed for their capacity to degrade inulin-type fructans, which are well-known prebiotics. Both oligofructose and inulin were tested. The dairy isolate Lactobacillus acidophilus IBB 801 degraded only oligofructose. The human isolate Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei 8700:2 degraded oligofructose and long-chain inulin and grew rapidly on both energy sources. In both cases, fractions of different degrees of polymerization were fermented. Moreover, large and short fractions of oligofructose were degraded simultaneously. When L. paracasei subsp. paracasei 8700:2 grew on oligofructose-enriched inulin, oligofructose was preferentially metabolized. In all cases, lactic acid was the main metabolic end product. Significant amounts of acetic acid, formic acid, and ethanol were produced when long-chain inulin or oligofructose-enriched inulin was used as the sole energy source.

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Indole-3-lactic acid associated with Bifidobacterium-dominated microbiota significantly decreases inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells

BMC Microbiology ◽

10.1186/s12866-020-02023-y ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Amy M. Ehrlich ◽

Alline R. Pacheco ◽

Bethany M. Henrick ◽

Diana Taft ◽

Gege Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽

Bifidobacterium Longum ◽

Fecal Microbiota ◽

Related Factor ◽

Intestinal Epithelial ◽

Abundant Supply ◽

Breast Fed

Abstract Background Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) is a commensal bacterium that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of breast-fed infants. B. infantis can efficiently utilize the abundant supply of oligosaccharides found in human milk (HMO) to help establish residence. We hypothesized that metabolites from B. infantis grown on HMO produce a beneficial effect on the host. Results In a previous study, we demonstrated that B. infantis routinely dominated the fecal microbiota of a breast fed Bangladeshi infant cohort (1). Characterization of the fecal metabolome of binned samples representing high and low B. infantis populations from this cohort revealed higher amounts of the tryptophan metabolite indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) in feces with high levels of B. infantis. Further in vitro analysis confirmed that B. infantis produced significantly greater quantities of the ILA when grown on HMO versus lactose, suggesting a growth substrate relationship to ILA production. The direct effects of ILA were assessed in a macrophage cell line and intestinal epithelial cell lines. ILA (1-10 mM) significantly attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of NF-kB in macrophages. ILA significantly attenuated TNF-α- and LPS-induced increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 in intestinal epithelial cells. ILA increased mRNA expression of the aryl hydrogen receptor (AhR)-target gene CYP1A1 and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2)-targeted genes glutathione reductase 2 (GPX2), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and NAD(P) H dehydrogenase (NQO1). Pretreatment with either the AhR antagonist or Nrf-2 antagonist inhibited the response of ILA on downstream effectors. Conclusions These findings suggest that ILA, a predominant metabolite from B. infantis grown on HMO and elevated in infant stool high in B. infantis, and protects gut epithelial cells in culture via activation of the AhR and Nrf2 pathway.

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Improving Phenolic-Linked Antioxidant, Antihyperglycemic and Antibacterial Properties of Emmer and Conventional Wheat Using Beneficial Lactic Acid Bacteria

Applied Microbiology ◽

10.3390/applmicrobiol1020020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 270-288

Author(s):

Ashish Christopher ◽

Dipayan Sarkar ◽

Kalidas Shetty

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Bifidobacterium Longum ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Vitro Assay

Beneficial lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-based fermentation is an effective bioprocessing approach to improve human-health-targeted functional benefits of plant-based food substrates, such as cereal grains. Previously, we observed high phenolic bioactive-linked antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic properties in whole grain Emmer (hulled). In this study, beneficial LAB (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) was recruited to ferment (0–72 h) aqueous extracts (0.4 g/mL concentration) of previously optimized hulled Emmer wheat and conventional red spring wheat cv. Barlow. The fermented and unfermented (control) wheat extracts were analyzed for phenolic content, phenolic profile, antioxidant activity, and antihyperglycemic properties (α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity) using in vitro assay models. Additionally, antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria Helicobacter pylori, and potential prebiotic activity supporting the growth of beneficial Bifidobacterium longum were also investigated. Improvement in antioxidant activity and antihyperglycemic functional benefits were observed, while soluble phenolic content remained high after 72 h fermentation. Antimicrobial activity against H. pylori was also observed in 48 and 72 h fermented wheat extracts. This study provides an insight into the efficacy of LAB-based fermentation as a safe bioprocessing tool to design health-targeted functional foods and ingredients from underutilized whole grains like Emmer for targeting type 2 diabetes dietary benefits.

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Effect of Tannin Content in Horse Bean on Rumen Fermentation in vitro

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb201079020217 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 79 (2) ◽

pp. 217-224

Author(s):

Wojciech Zawadzki ◽

Albert Czerski ◽

Edyta Wincewicz ◽

Jan Gnus ◽

Agnieszka Balcerzak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Fermentation Process ◽

Rumen Content ◽

Bean Seed ◽

Tannin Content ◽

Fermentation Processes ◽

Small Doses ◽

Sheep Rumen ◽

Ph Decrease

The objective of the experiments was to demonstrate the influence of low- and high-tannin horse bean on the selected fermentation indicators. The sheep rumen content with the addition of 1, 2 and 5 g of high- and low-tannin horse bean was incubated in vessels of 250 ml volume. A significant increase of ammonia, lactic acid, CO2 and methane as well as pH decrease in samples with addition of horse bean seed was demonstrated. While comparing high- and low-tannin horse bean varieties, it was observed that in the case of small doses of 1 and 2 g a higher intensity of fermentation takes place in the samples with the addition of high-tannin horse bean. In the case of larger doses of 5 g per sample, a higher intensity of fermentation takes place in the samples with the addition of low-tannin horse-bean. A probable reason for the decrease in the fermentation process intensity in the samples with the addition of 5 g of high-tannin horse bean is a high content of tannins, which reduce fermentation processes.

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CONTRIBUTION OF LACTIC ACID BY THE AMPULLARY AND ISTHMIC PARTS OF RABBIT FALLOPIAN TUBE UNDER ALTERED HORMONAL CONDITIONS

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0850665 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 665-672 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Deepa Misra ◽

D. N. Gupta ◽

J. N. Karkun

Keyword(s):

Energy Source ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Fallopian Tube ◽

Blastocyst Stage ◽

Exogenous Oestrogen ◽

Tubal Lumen ◽

Peak Value

ABSTRACT The capability of the ampullary and isthmic parts of the rabbit Fallopian tube to contribute lactic acid (LA) to the tubal lumen was examined using an in vitro method of study. In addition concomitant study was also made using the uterus. It was found that in the oestrous rabbit, the isthmus contributed LA at a higher rate than that of the ampulla; the uterine contribution was minimal. Ovariectomy reduced while exogenous oestrogen enhanced this ability in all the three tissues. In mated post-ovulatory rabbits the contributory efficiency of either tubal part changed and appeared to exhibit a peak value in the presence of the ovum; the uterus showed no such changes. This is discussed in relation to the ability of the egg to secure its energy source until it attained morula/the pre-blastocyst stage.

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Opportunistic interactions on Fe0 between methanogens and acetogens from a climate lake

10.1101/556704 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Paola Andrea Palacios ◽

Amelia-Elena Rotaru

Keyword(s):

Energy Source ◽

Microbial Community ◽

Common Good ◽

Microbial Interactions ◽

Microbial Interaction ◽

Interspecies Interaction ◽

Uptake Mechanism ◽

Physiological Group ◽

Pure Cultures ◽

Sole Energy

AbstractMicrobial-induced corrosion has been extensively studied in pure cultures. However, Fe0 corrosion by complex environmental communities, and especially the interplay between microbial physiological groups, is still poorly understood. In this study, we combined experimental physiology and metagenomics to explore Fe0-dependent microbial interactions between physiological groups enriched from anoxic climate lake sediments. Then, we investigated how each physiological group interacts with Fe0. We offer evidence for a new interspecies interaction during Fe0 corrosion. We showed that acetogens enhanced methanogenesis but were negatively impacted by methanogens (opportunistic microbial interaction). Methanogens were positively impacted by acetogens. In the metagenome of the corrosive community, the acetogens were mostly represented by Clostridium and Eubacterium, the methanogens by Methanosarcinales, Methanothermobacter and Methanobrevibacter. Within the corrosive community, acetogens and methanogens produced acetate and methane concurrently, however at rates that cannot be explained by abiotic H2-buildup at the Fe0 surface. Thus, microbial-induced corrosion might have occurred via a direct or enzymatically mediated electron uptake from Fe0. The shotgun metagenome of Clostridium within the corrosive community contained several H2-releasing enzymes including [FeFe]-hydrogenases, which could boost Fe0-dependent H2-formation as previously shown for pure culture acetogens. Outside the cell, acetogenic hydrogenases could become a common good for any H2/CO2-consuming member in the microbial community including methanogens that rely on Fe0 as a sole energy source. However, the exact electron uptake mechanism from Fe0 remains to be unraveled.

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