scholarly journals Identification of Primary and Secondary Measles Vaccine Failures by Measurement of Immunoglobulin G Avidity in Measles Cases during the 1997 São Paulo Epidemic

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudio S. Pannuti ◽  
Ricardo José Morello ◽  
José Cássio de Moraes ◽  
Suely Pires Curti ◽  
Ana Maria S. Afonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Secondary Immune Response ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Failure ◽  
Avidity Index ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Igg Avidity ◽  
Vaccine Failures

ABSTRACT Despite almost universal use of measles vaccines in recent decades, epidemics of the disease continue to occur. Understanding the role of primary vaccine failure (failure to seroconvert after vaccination) and secondary vaccine failures (waning immunity after seroconversion) in measles epidemics is important for the evaluation of measles control programs in developing countries. After a measles epidemic in São Paulo, Brazil, 159 cases previously confirmed by detection of specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies were tested for IgG avidity, and a secondary immune response, defined by an IgG avidity index of at least 30%, was established in 30 of 159 (18.9%) patients. Among the 159 patients, 107 (67.3%) had not been vaccinated and 52 (32.7%) had received one or more doses of measles vaccine. Of the 107 unvaccinated patients, 104 (97.2%) showed a primary immune response, defined as an IgG avidity index of less than 30%. Among the 52 patients with documented vaccination, 25 (48.1%) showed a primary immune response and 27 (51.9%) showed a secondary immune response, thereby constituting a secondary vaccine failure. Primary vaccine failure was observed in 13 of 13 patients vaccinated prior to 1 year of age and in 43.5 and 12.5%, respectively, of patients receiving one or two doses after their first birthdays. These results provide evidence that measurement of IgG avidity can be used to distinguish between primary and secondary vaccine failures in vaccinated patients with measles; the method can also be a useful tool for the evaluation of measles control programs.

scholarly journals Evaluation of age-related distribution of measles cases with primary and secondary immune response in Russian Federation, 2010-2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-728
Author(s):  
T. A. Mamaeva ◽  
N. V. Zheleznova ◽  
M. A. Bichurina ◽  
M. A. Naumova ◽  
M. V. Govoruhina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
High Avidity ◽  
Secondary Immune Response ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Failure ◽  
Igm Antibodies ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Specific Igg

In 2010—2016, blood serum samples were examined from 5539 patients, aged < 1—60 years, with clinically and laboratory confirmed measles. Primary or secondary type of immune response was determined for all measles cases. Studies were performed with children aged < 1—14 years (2381), adolescents, 15—17 years old (189), and adults aged 18—60 years (2969). Serum measles-specific IgM antibodies were measured by “VektoKor’ IgM” ELISA test system (Russia), concentration and avidity of specific IgG — by using “Anti-Measles Viruses ELISA/IgG” and “Avidity: Anti-Measles Viruses ELISA/ IgG” (Euroimmun, Germany). Primary immune response was identified based on the presence of serum measles-specific low avidity IgM and IgG antibodies, whereas secondary immune response was characterized by detecting high avidity IgM and IgG antibodies at concentration of ≥ 5.0 IU/ml. Analyzing measles-specific IgM antibodies in 2010—2016 demonstrated that measles morbidity was mainly due to children, aged 1—2 years reaching up to 39.9% of the total number of children with measles aged < 1—14 years as well as adults aged 18—40 years old comprising as high as 80.1% total number of patients aged 15—60 years. Serum measles-specific IgG testing showed that in 15.0% of cases they were detected at concentration of ≥ 5.0 IU/ml. Further serum dilution resulted in finding IgG titer ranging within 8.5—45.0 IU/ml (21.4+0.36) and high avidity antibodies in 80—100% (92.5+0.2) cases. The remaining 85.0% cases found low avidity measles-specific IgG antibodies (< 30%) at concentration of 0.2—3.46 IU/ml (1.73+0.03). An age-related analysis of our data demonstrated that all children under 14 with laboratory-confirmed measles developed primary immune response. Moreover, in 73.7% of measles patients aged 15—60 with primary immune response measles might be prevented by timely vaccination, whereas persons with “vaccine failure” comprised 26.3%. In 2010 (0.09 per 100,000 subjects) and 2016 (0.12 per 100,000 subjects), frequency of patients with “vaccine failure” during relative epidemic well-being was 35.3% and 18.2%, respectively, exceeding 9.9% (p < 0.001) serving as a hallmark 2014 high measles incidence rate (3.24 per 100,000 subjects).The data obtained indicate that measles virus circulate among people with “vaccine failure,” which may account for potential to spread and infect unprotected population cohorts as well as cause measles outbreaks during periods of epidemic well-being.

Measles in bone marrow transplant recipients during an outbreak in São Paulo, Brazil

Blood ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarisse M. Machado ◽  
Flávio B. Gonçalves ◽  
Cláudio S. Pannuti ◽  
Frederico L. Dulley ◽  
Vanda A. U. F. de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Marrow Transplant ◽  
First Year ◽  
High Avidity ◽  
Secondary Immune Response ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Measles Outbreak

In 1997, a measles outbreak was identified in São Paulo. Between February and December, 20 185 cases were confirmed. From April to July 1997, a seroepidemiologic survey was conducted to identify the recipients of bone marrow (BM) transplants who were susceptible to measles and the occurrence of measles in this population. A total of 156 patients were screened by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Patients with IgG titers more than 100 mIU/mL were considered immune. Measles reimmunization records were also reviewed. Thirty-two vaccinated patients underwent serologic evaluation. Six of 22 patients (27.3%) within 3 years after vaccination lost measles immunity, in contrast to 7 of 10 patients (70%) vaccinated longer than 3 years previously (P = .049). Among the 122 nonvaccinated patients, 41 (33.6%) were susceptible to measles: 4 of 47 patients (8.5%) within the first year after BM transplantation (BMT), and 37 of the 75 patients (49.3%) after the first year after BMT (P &lt; .001). Eight recipients acquired measles, confirmed by serology (EIA). High-avidity IgG antibodies were observed in the acute phase of measles, suggesting a secondary immune response. Measles interstitial pneumonia was observed in one patient. Seven patients had mild symptoms. Exanthema was present in all patients. All but one patient had fever and nonproductive cough. Koplik spots could be observed in 5 patients. Measles can be mild in BM transplant recipients. Exanthema is frequently present but not often typical. Immunity to measles decreases after day +365 after BMT. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the safety of measles vaccine after the first year of BMT, mostly during outbreaks.

An Evaluation of Measles Revaccination Among School-entry-aged Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 613-618
Author(s):  
John C. Watson ◽  
John A. Pearson ◽  
Lauri E. Markowitz ◽  
Andrew L. Baughman ◽  
Dean D. Erdman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Schedule ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Measles Outbreaks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Vaccination Time

Background. A two dose measles vaccination schedule is recommended routinely for all schoolentry-aged children. We evaluated this recommendation by determining both measles antibody seroprevalence and the response to revaccination in seronegative children in this age group. Methods. Children 4 to 6 years of age who had received a single dose of measles vaccine between the ages of 15 to 17 months were tested for measles antibody by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) microneutralization technique. Seronegative children were revaccinated and again tested for measles antibody (immunoglobulin M [IgM] and neutralizing). Results. Of 679 children tested, 37 (5.4%) were seronegative. Seronegativity was not significantly associated with age, sex, race, age at initial vaccination, time since vaccinalion, or maternal year of birth. However, children of mothers with a college degree were 12 times more likely to be seronegative than children of mothers who never attended college (P&lt; .01). Of the 37 seronegative children, 36 seroconverted after revaccination—33 producing IgM measles antibody, suggestive of a primary immune response. The cost per seroconversion would have been an estimated $415 if all 679 children had been revaccinated. Conclusions. Revaccination reduces the pool of children who are susceptible to measles. Although the cost per seroconversion is high, a two-dose schedule should reduce the substantial costs of controlling measles outbreaks by reducing the number of outbreaks.

Assessment of IgM enzyme immunoassay and IgG avidity assay for distinguishing between primary and secondary immune response to rubella vaccine

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasool Hamkar ◽  
Somayeh Jalilvand ◽  
Talat Mokhtari-Azad ◽  
Keramat Nouri Jelyani ◽  
Hosein Dahi-Far ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Secondary Immune Response ◽  
Rubella Vaccine ◽  
Avidity Assay ◽  
Igg Avidity

scholarly journals Paraquat Preferentially Induces Apoptosis of Late Stage Effector Lymphocyte and Impairs Memory Immune Response in Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 2060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiming Shao ◽  
Yifan Zhao ◽  
Tingting Zhu ◽  
Fen Zhang ◽  
Xiuli Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Secondary Immune Response ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Memory Immune Response ◽  
The Impact

Paraquat (PQ) is a toxic non-selective herbicide. To date, the effect of PQ on memory immune response is still unknown. We investigated the impact of PQ on memory immune response. Adult C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously injected with 2 mg/kg PQ, 20 mg/kg PQ or vehicle control every three days for two weeks. A single injection of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) at day four after the initial PQ treatment was used to induce a primary immune response; a second KLH challenge was performed at three months post the first KLH immunization to induce a secondary immune response. In steady state, treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ reduced the level of serum total IgG, but not that of IgM; treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ decreased the number of effector and memory lymphocytes, but not naïve or inactivated lymphocytes. During the primary immune response to KLH, treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ did not influence the proliferation of lymphocytes or expression of co-stimulatory molecules. Instead, treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ increased the apoptosis of lymphocytes at late stage, but not early stage of the primary immune response. During the secondary immune response to KLH, treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ reduced the serum anti-KLH IgG and KLH-responsive CD4 T cells and B cells. Moreover, effector or activated lymphocytes were more sensitive to PQ-induced apoptosis in vitro. Treatment with 2 mg/kg PQ did not impact memory immune response to KLH. Thus, treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ increased apoptosis of late stage effector cells to yield less memory cells and thereafter impair memory immune response, providing a novel understanding of the immunotoxicity of PQ.

scholarly journals Antigen binding and idiotype analysis of antibodies obtained after electroporation of heavy and light chain genes encoding phosphocholine-specific antibodies: a model for T15-idiotype dominance.

1992 ◽  
Vol 176 (6) ◽  
pp. 1637-1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
J J Kenny ◽  
C M Moratz ◽  
G Guelde ◽  
C D O'Connell ◽  
J George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Molecular Model ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Antigen Binding ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Genes Encoding

Antibodies bearing the T15 idiotype dominate the murine primary immune response to phosphocholine (PC). Analysis of antigen binding of antibodies derived from V1:DFL16.1:JH1 (VH1) germline and N region-derived variant heavy (H) chains and kappa 22, kappa 24, and kappa 8 light (L) chains demonstrates that the T15H:kappa 22L (T15) antibody binds PC at least 20-40 times better than other antibodies derived from alternate germline forms of the VH1 H chain and kappa 22, kappa 24, or kappa 8 L chains. To achieve affinities in the same range as the T15 antibody, kappa 24 and kappa 8 L chain-containing antibodies must have H chains derived from variant N region or somatically mutated VH1 genes. Single amino acid differences at the VD junction of the various germline and N region variant VH1 H chains dictate the L chain that can associate with the H chain to produce a PC-specific antibody. Several H:L combinations give rise to T15 or M167 idiotype-positive antibodies that lack specificity for PC, and single amino acid substitutions or insertions at the VH1:D junction result in the loss of T15 or M167 idiotopes. Based on these observations, our data support a molecular model involving both preferential gene rearrangement and antigen-driven B cell selection to explain T15 idiotype dominance in the immune response to PC. In the absence of N region diversification, large numbers of neonatal B cells bearing the T15H:kappa 22L surface immunoglobulin M (sIgM) receptors would be selected and expanded by autologous or environmental PC antigen into the long-lived peripheral B cell pool.

scholarly journals Expression of Antibodies Directed to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Glycosphingolipids during the Course of Paracoccidioidomycosis Treatment

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio Bertini ◽  
Arnaldo L. Colombo ◽  
Helio K. Takahashi ◽  
Anita H. Straus
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Antifungal Treatment ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Carbohydrate Structure ◽  
Dimorphic Fungus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Antibody Titers

ABSTRACT Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a granulomatous disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The immunoglobulin classes and isotypes of antibodies directed to acidic glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and glucosylceramide of P. brasiliensis were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of sera from 31 PCM patients. The reactivities of 38 serum samples were analyzed by considering the stage of treatment: before antifungal treatment (n = 10), during 1 to 4 months of treatment (T1-4; n = 9), during 5 to 12 months of treatment (T5-12; n = 9), and posttreatment (PT; n = 10). Sera from healthy subjects (n = 12) were used as controls. Only the GSL Pb-1 antigen, which presents the carbohydrate structure Galfβ1-6(Manα1-3)Manβ1, was reactive with the PCM patient sera. The PCM patient sera did not react with Pb-2, which lacks the Galf residue and which is considered the biosynthetic precursor of Pb-1, indicating that the Galf residue is essential for antibody reactivity. The Pb-1 glycolipid from nontreated patients elicited a primary immune response with immunoglobulin M (IgM) production and subsequent switching to IgG1 production. The IgG1 titer increased after the start of antifungal treatment (T1-4 group), and general decreases in the anti-Pb-1 antibody titers were observed after 5 months of treatment (T5-12 and PT groups). The Pb-1 antigen, an acidic GSL with terminal Galf residue, has potential application as an elicitor of the host immune response in patients with PCM.

Secondary Immune Response anti Sheep Bed Blood Cells in Swiss Mice Injected at Birth with a Single Dose of 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene

1970 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo D. Baroni ◽  
Roberto Scelsi ◽  
Paolo C. Pesando ◽  
Pietro Mingazzini
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Secondary Immune Response ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Leukemia Viruses ◽  
And Control

It was previously reported that a neonatal injection of 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) in mice induces a reduction both of the primary immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and, later in life, of delayed hypersensitivity. In this study we investigated the secondary immune response to SRBC in Swiss mice injected at birth with 100 μg of DMBA. Groups of DMBA treated and control animals were sacrificed respectively 30, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 200 days after treatment with the carcinogen. They were given a priming i.p. injection of 4 × 108 SRBC in saline 20 days before sacrifice and a booster of SRBC 48 h before killing. The numbers of indirect spleen plaque forming cells and the hemagglutinin titers after reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol were determined at the time of sacrifice. It has been constantly found that animals given carcinogen at birth show a depressed secondary response, regardless of the presence of tumors. The present results fit well with our previously reported observations showing a constantly depressed immune response after neonatal DMBA treatment, and further suggest the existence of a relationship between immunodepression and the high rate of tumors that DMBA induces. The results are also discussed in relation to others studies indicating a direct action of leukemia viruses on undifferentiated B-lymphocytes of marrow origin, in view of the suggested activation of a latent lymphoma virus by DMBA.

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