scholarly journals Specificity and Prevalence of Natural Bovine Antimannan Antibodies

1999 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 946-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhay Srinivasan ◽  
Yawei Ni ◽  
Ian Tizard
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Carbohydrate Components ◽  
A Minor

ABSTRACT Immune responses to the carbohydrate components of microorganisms, mediated both by antibodies and by lectins, are an important part of host defense. In the present experiments, the specificity and presence of natural bovine antibodies against mannan, a common fungal antigen, were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), usingSaccharomyces cerevisiae mannan as an antigen. The results showed that all serum samples from animals of three age groups (newborn, calf, and adult) tested contained antimannan antibodies, and the titer of these antibodies increased significantly in adults. However, titers among individual adult cattle differed widely. Inhibition assays showed that yeast mannan was the strongest inhibitor.d-Mannose exhibited only a minor inhibitory effect at high concentrations. This suggests that most of these antibodies recognize an oligosaccharide-based epitope(s) different from those recognized by lectins. Cattle possess three serum C-type lectins (collectins) capable of recognizing mannan in a calcium-dependent manner. Addition of EDTA to the reaction did not reduce antibody binding, suggesting that the binding of these antibodies to mannan was not affected by the presence of collectin. The antibodies purified from either calf or adult serum by mannan-Sepharose affinity chromatography consisted of mainly immunoglobulin G (IgG) and a smaller amount of IgM. IgG1 was shown to be the dominant antimannan IgG isotype by isotype-specific ELISA. Together, these results demonstrate the production of natural antimannan antibodies in cattle in an age-dependent manner. These antibodies might be involved in defending the host against mannan-containing pathogens as a specific line of defense in conjunction with the innate response by lectins.

scholarly journals Specificity and Prevalence of Natural Bovine Anti-Alpha Galactosyl (Galα1-6Glc or Galα1-6Gal) Antibodies

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yawei Ni ◽  
Robert Powell ◽  
Debra D. Turner ◽  
Ian Tizard
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Host Defenses ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Human Antibodies ◽  
Bovine Strain ◽  
Carbohydrate Components

ABSTRACT Immunity against the carbohydrate components of microorganisms mediated by antibodies is an important part of host defenses. Humans and closely related primates, but not other mammals, possess natural anti-Galα1-3Gal antibodies which also, although less avidly, react with melibiose (Galα1-6Glc). Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with melibiose-bovine serum albumin as an antigen, we analyzed bovine anti-alpha galactosyl antibodies with respect to specificity and distribution in individual animals. Inhibition assays showed that melibiose was the strongest inhibitor, followed equally by stachyose (Galα1-6Galα1-6Glcβ1-2Fru) and raffinose (Galα1-6Glcβ1-2Fru) and then by Galβ1-6Gal, Gal, and Galα1-2Gal. Others, including Galα1-3Gal and Galα1-4Gal, only exhibited minor inhibition. Thus, these bovine anti-alpha galactosyl antibodies appeared to preferentially react with Galα1-6Glc or Galα1-6Gal. The distinction of this specificity from that (Galα1-3Gal) of human antibodies was further demonstrated by the poor reaction of bovine serum to the Galα1-3Gal antigen in comparison to human serum. All 27 healthy bovine serum samples of the three age groups (newborn, calf, and adult) tested contained such antibodies with titers increasing with age. The antibodies purified by affinity chromatography using a melibiose-agarose column were mainly of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype with a concentration of >23 μg/ml in most samples. IgG1 was found to be the primary antimelibiose IgG isotype in all age groups by isotype-specific ELISA, but a significant increase in IgG2, an isotype more related to innate immunity, was observed in calves and adults, compared to newborns. The purified antibodies reacted with the type II bovine strain ofStreptococcus agalactiae, a common pathogen of bovine mastitis. Thus, these anti-Galα1-6Glc or Galα1-6Gal antibodies in cattle might be involved in defense against microbes bearing this or the related epitopes.

scholarly journals Detection of avian reovirus antibodies in layer birds of small scale commercial farms in Dinajpur district of Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 612-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdus Salam ◽  
Md Atiqul Haque ◽  
Md Mostafizer Rahman ◽  
Mir Rowshan Akter ◽  
Farzana Afroz
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Avian Reovirus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Aged Group ◽  
Test Kit

The present study was conducted on layer birds of different age groups to determine specific antibody titer level against avian reovirus (ARV) by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) at Dinajpur district of Bangladesh. This study showed that ARV specific antibody positive cases were 84 out of 90 blood serum samples and the highest antibody titer was 26120 and lowest antibody titer was 288. The total 93.33% sera samples were showed positive result. The study showed that 100% sera sample were positive against ARV at 6 weeks of aged group and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 13917, 4895 and 10269 respectively. On the other hand 88.88% sera sample were positive against ARV at 10 weeks of aged group and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 9779, 288 and 5689.89 respectively. The sera sample collected from 14 weeks of aged group showed 88.88% positive and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 11727, 871 and 5250 respectively. The sera sample collected from 18 weeks of aged group showed 88.88% positive against ARV and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 24440, 1234 and 12648.89 respectively. The sera sample collected from 22 weeks of aged group were 100% positive against ARV and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 26120, 1752 and 11373.89 respectively. The sera sample collected from 26 weeks of aged group showed 100% positive against ARV and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 8566, 1630 and 4327.44 respectively. The sera sample collected from 30 weeks of aged group showed 100% positive against ARV and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 13431, 1989 and 5890.56 respectively. The sera sample collected from 40 weeks of aged group showed 77.77% positive against ARV and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 14618, 433 and 5103.22 respectively. The sera sample collected from 48 weeks of aged group showed 88.88% positive against ARV and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 14553, 957 and 7436.5 respectively. In conclusion it is evident that avian reovirus-specific antibody was successfully detected through commercially available avian reovirus antibody test kit (ELISA kit) and the virus induced a significant antibody titer indicating the affecting virus was absolutely ARV.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2015, 1(3): 612-621

Effects of Mg2+ on Ca2+ waves and Ca2+ transients of rat ventricular myocytes

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (3) ◽  
pp. H907-H914 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Terada ◽  
H. Hayashi ◽  
N. Noda ◽  
H. Satoh ◽  
H. Katoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Channel Blocker ◽  
Ventricular Myocytes ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Antiarrhythmic Action ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Triggered Activity ◽  
Rat Ventricular Myocytes ◽  
High Concentrations

It has been shown that the occurrence of the transient inward current, which is responsible for triggered activity, was often associated with propagating regions of increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), i.e., the “Ca2+ wave.” To investigate the mechanism of antiarrhythmic action of Mg2+, we have studied effects of high concentrations of Mg2+ on Ca2+ waves in isolated rat ventricular myocytes. [Ca2+]i was estimated using the Ca(2+)-indicating probe indo 1. Ca2+ waves in myocytes, stimulated at 0.2 Hz, were induced by perfusion of isoproterenol (10(-7) M). High Mg2+ concentration suppressed Ca2+ waves in a concentration-dependent manner (36% at 4 mM, 70% at 8 mM, and 82% at 12 mM). The Ca2+ channel blocker verapamil also suppressed Ca2+ waves in a similar way. In contrast with marked depression of Ca2+ transients by verapamil, Ca2+ transients were not affected by high Mg2+ concentration (8 mM). High Mg2+ concentration also reduced frequencies of Ca2+ waves in the absence of electrical stimulation, whereas verapamil failed to reduce frequencies of Ca2+ waves. Reduction in frequency of Ca2+ waves by high Mg2+ concentration was associated with slowing of propagation velocity of Ca2+ waves. To examine whether suppressive effects of high Mg2+ concentration on Ca2+ waves were related to an increase in intracellular Mg2+ concentration ([Mg2+]i), the effect of high-Mg2+ solution on [Mg2+]i was examined in myocytes loaded with mag-fura 2. An increase in extracellular Mg2+ concentration from 1 to 12 mM increased [Mg2+]i from 1.06 +/- 0.16 to 1.87 +/- 0.22 mM (P < 0.01) in 30 min. To examine the effect of high Mg2+ concentration on amount of releasable Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the effect of high Mg2+ concentration on the Ca2+ transient induced by a rapid application of caffeine was examined. High-Mg2+ solution increased the peak of the caffeine-induced Ca2+ transient. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of Mg2+ on Ca2+ waves was not due to inhibition of the sarcolemmal Ca2+ channel but could be due to a decreased propensity for the sarcoplasmic reticulum to divest itself of excess Ca2+.

scholarly journals External Nickel Inhibits Epithelial Sodium Channel by Binding to Histidine Residues within the Extracellular Domains of α and γ Subunits and Reducing Channel Open Probability

2002 ◽  
Vol 277 (51) ◽  
pp. 50098-50111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaohu Sheng ◽  
Clint J. Perry ◽  
Thomas R. Kleyman
Keyword(s):  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Wild Type Mouse ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Inward Rectification ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Open Probability ◽  
Histidine Residues ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
A Site

Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) are regulated by various intracellular and extracellular factors including divalent cations. We studied the inhibitory effect and mechanism of external Ni2+on cloned mouse α-β-γ ENaC expressed inXenopusoocytes. Ni2+reduced amiloride-sensitive Na+currents of the wild type mouse ENaC in a dose-dependent manner. The Ni2+block was fast and partially reversible at low concentrations and irreversible at high concentrations. ENaC inhibition by Ni2+was accompanied by moderate inward rectification at concentrations higher than 0.1 mm. ENaC currents were also blocked by the histidine-reactive reagent diethyl pyrocarbonate. Pretreatment of the oocytes with the reagent reduced Ni2+inhibition of the remaining current. Mutations at αHis282and γHis239located within the extracellular loops significantly decreased Ni2+inhibition of ENaC currents. The mutation αH282D or double mutations αH282R/γH239R eliminated Ni2+block. All mutations at γHis239eliminated Ni2+-induced inward current rectification. Ni2+block was significantly enhanced by introduction of a histidine at αArg280. Lowering extracellular pH to 5.5 and 4.4 decreased or eliminated Ni2+block. Although αH282C-β-γ channels were partially inhibited by the sulfhydryl-reactive reagent [2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl] methanethiosulfonate bromide (MTSET), α-β-γ H239C channels were insensitive to MTSET. From patch clamp studies, Ni2+did not affect unitary current but decreased open probability when perfused into the recording pipette. Our results suggest that external Ni2+reduces ENaC open probability by binding to a site consisting of αHis282and γHis239and that these histidine residues may participate in ENaC gating.

scholarly journals Immunoglobulin G, A and M Light Chain Ratio in Children

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Á Haraldsson ◽  
C M R Weemaes ◽  
M J H Kock-Jansen ◽  
P B J M v Eck-Arts ◽  
T de Boo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Λ Light Chain

Values for the κ/λ light chain ratio in immunoglobulins G, A and M and the total κ/λ ratio, measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, were evaluated in serum samples from different age groups (114 children, aged from 1 month to 15 years, and 20 adults). The IgG κ/λ ratio decreased in the first 6 months and subsequently increased slowly during childhood towards the adult value of 2·0. The IgM κ/λ ratio increased at a greater rate than IgG κ/λ ratio in the first years of life and thereafter rose slightly throughout childhood to reach an adult value of 1·7. A decreasing IgA κ/λ ratio was found from 1 month of age onwards to an adult value of 1·1. The pattern of total κ/λ ratio was similar to the IgG κ/λ ratio with an adult value of 2·0.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and Clinical Presentation of Chikungunya Virus Infection among Febrile Outpatients Seeking Health Care in Mzuzu City, Malawi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flywell Kawonga ◽  
Gerald Misinzo ◽  
Dylo Pemba ◽  
Leonard Mboera ◽  
Isaac Thom Shawa
Keyword(s):  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Igm Antibodies

Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV. We conducted this study determine the seroprevalence and clinical presentation of Chikungunya infection among outpatients seeking healthcare in Mzuzu City, Malawi. Blood samples were collected from malaria negative and non-septic febrile outpatients with fevers &ge;38 &deg;C, for not more than 5 days. The enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was used to detect anti-CHIKV IgM antibodies and its results were used to determine seroprevalence of Chikungunya. A total of 119 serum samples were tested, of these, 73 (61.3%) tested positive for anti-CHIKV IgM antibodies by ELISA. Laboratory requisition forms were used to capture demographic information such as age, sex, clinical signs and symptoms presented by the enrolled patients. Age groups of 1-9, 10- 19, 20- 29, 30- 39, 40- 49, and &ge;50 years had 17.8% (n= 13), 12.3 %,( n=9), 15.1%) (n=11), 19.2%; (n=14), 17.8% (n=13) and 17.8% (n=13) proportion of seroprevalence respectively. Most of the CHIKV infected individuals presented with fever (52.05%), joint pain (45.21%) and abdominal pain (42.67%). The presence of anti- CHIKV IgM antibodies suggest the presence of recent CHIKV infection and therefore accurate laboratory assays are highly recommended for CHIKV diagnosis and appropriate management of febrile patients.

scholarly journals Novel Roles of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Graves’ Orbitopathy Therapy by Targeting Orbital Fibroblasts

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 1906-1917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Guo ◽  
Hai Li ◽  
Xueying Chen ◽  
Huasheng Yang ◽  
Hongyu Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Graves Orbitopathy ◽  
Orbital Fibroblasts

Abstract Context Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) causes infiltrative exophthalmos by inducing excessive proliferation, adipogenesis, and glycosaminoglycan production in orbital fibroblasts (OFs). Interference with OF autophagy is a potential therapy for proptosis. Objectives Here, we aimed to evaluate the effects of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), the autophagy inhibitors commonly used in clinical practice, on OFs. Design/Setting/Participants OFs isolated from patients with GO (GO-OFs) or control individuals (non-GO-OFs) were cultured in proliferation medium (PM) or subjected to differentiation medium. OFs were treated with CQ or HCQ (0, 0.5, 2, and 10 μM), and subsequently examined in vitro. Main Outcome Measures CCK-8, EdU incorporation, and flow cytometry assays were used to assess cellular viability. Adipogenesis was assessed with Western blot analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , and Oil Red O staining. Hyaluronan production was determined by real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Autophagy flux was detected through red fluorescent protein (RFP)-green fluorescent protein (GFP)-LC3 fluorescence staining and Western blot analyses. Results CQ/HCQ halted proliferation and adipogenesis in GO-OFs in a concentration-dependent manner through blockage of autophagy, phenotypes that were not detected in non-GO-OFs. The inhibitory effect of CQ/HCQ on hyaluronan secretion of GO-OFs was also concentration dependent, mediated by downregulation of hyaluronan synthase 2 rather than hyaluronidases. Moreover, CQ (10 μM) induced GO-OF apoptosis without aggravating oxidative stress. Conclusions The antimalarials CQ/HCQ affect proliferation, adipogenesis, and hyaluronan generation in GO-OFs by inhibiting autophagy, providing evidence that they can be used to treat GO as autophagy inhibitors.

scholarly journals Detection of Serum Thermolabile β-2 Macroglycoprotein (Hakata Antigen) by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using Polysaccharide Produced by Aerococcus viridans

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 454-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsushi Tsujimura ◽  
Chuzo Ishida ◽  
Yasuko Sagara ◽  
Takashi Miyazaki ◽  
Koichi Murakami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Aerococcus Viridans ◽  
Sds Page

ABSTRACT Although a serum thermolabile β-2 macroglycoprotein (TMG) may play a role in host defense as a lectin, little is known of its related physiological functions, mainly due to a lack of appropriate methods for tracing the functions of TMG. We identified a polysaccharide fromAerococcus viridans, PSA, which reacts with TMG, and based on this finding, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to trace the functions of TMG. Using ethanol precipitation and DEAE-Sepharose and Sephacryl S-400 column chromatographies, we isolated PSA from cultured medium of A. viridans, and it exhibited specific binding against TMG in blood samples. In sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the isolated PSA showed ladder bands that implied the existence of repeating units composed of d-glucose,N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, d-mannose, and d-xylose, as confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. SDS-PAGE and immunochemical analysis, using rabbit anti-TMG antibody, showed that PSA specifically binds solely to intact serum TMG but not to TMG heated at 56°C for 30 min, a condition under which antigenicity is lost. TMG in serum samples bound to PSA in a dose-dependent manner, and this binding was clearly suppressed by addition of PSA. These observations indicate that PSA is a useful adsorbent to TMG and can be used to develop appropriate methods for tracing the functions of TMG.

Progesterone stimulates fibronectin production by chicken granulosa cells in vitro

1994 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elikplimi K Asem ◽  
Michael D Conkright ◽  
Ruben P Novero
Keyword(s):  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Ru 486 ◽  
Progesterone Synthesis ◽  
Exogenous Progesterone ◽  
Chicken Ovary

Asem EK, Conkright MD, Novero RP. Progesterone stimulates fibronectin production by chicken granulosa cells in vitro. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:159–65. ISSN 0804–4643 Experiments were conducted in vitro to examine the effect of progesterone on fibronectin production by chicken ovarian granulosa cells. Granulosa cells isolated from the largest (F1: mature) and third-largest (F3: developing) preovulatory follicles as well as from a pool of immature small yellow follicles (SYF) of the domestic chicken ovary were incubated in serum-free Medium-199 and the amounts of fibronectin and progesterone produced were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay, respectively. The amounts of basal fibronectin and progesterone produced by granulosa cells from F1, F3 and SYF follicles increased with advancing stages of follicular development. Thus, the quantity of basal fibronectin secreted by granulosa cells was directly proportional to the amount of progesterone produced by them. Exogenously supplied progesterone increased the amount of fibronectin secreted by F1 and F3 cells in a dose-dependent manner, but its effect on SYF cells was marginal. Cyanoketone (an inhibitor of progesterone synthesis) suppressed basal fibronectin production by F1 and F3 granulosa cells and its inhibitory action was reversed by exogenous progesterone. The progesterone antagonist RU 486 also attenuated basal fibronectin production by F1 and F3 granulosa cells, but only the highest concentration affected SYF cells. The inhibitory effect of RU 486 was diminished in the presence of exogenous progesterone. These data show that progesterone regulates fibronectin production by chicken granulosa cells. They suggest that in avian granulosa cells, endogenous progesterone can stimulate fibronectin synthesis in an intracrine or autocrine manner. EK Asem, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 1246 Lynn Hall, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1246. USA

scholarly journals Prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 antibodies in the population of Belém, Pará, Brazil

2002 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronaldo B. FREITAS ◽  
Maria Rute FREITAS ◽  
Alexandre C. LINHARES
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Human Herpesvirus 8 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Herpesvirus 8 ◽  
North Brazil ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Subjects

Serum samples from 497 children and adults inhabiting two neighbourhoods (Guamá and Terra Firme) in Belém, Pará, North Brazil were screened for the presence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) antibody using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An overall 16.3% prevalence was found for these urban communities. Taken both genders together, prevalence rates of HHV-8 antibody increase gradually, across age-groups, ranging from 12.0% to 33.3%. When seroprevalence is analysed by gender, similar rates are found for female (18.4%) and male (14.0%) individuals. In the former gender group, seroprevalence rates increased from 10.3%, in children <FONT FACE=Symbol>£</FONT> 10 years of age, to 30.0% in adults 41-50 years of age. Conversely, among male subjects, the prevalence of HHV-8 antibodies decreased from 13.3% in children/young adults aged <FONT FACE=Symbol>£</FONT> 10 to 20 years of age to 6.1% in adults aged 21-30 years. From the 31-40 year-old group male onwards, seropositivity rates increased gradually, ranging from 8.3% to 66.7%. A significant difference in seropositivity rates was noted when comparing 21-30 age groups for female and male subjects: 23.3% and 6.1%, respectively (P = 0.03). Geometric mean optical densities were found to increase slightly from the lower to the higher age-groups. Our data suggest that transmission of HHV-8 occurs frequently in the general urban population of Belém, and that prevalence of antibody seems to increase with age.

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