scholarly journals Kinetics of Meningococcal Serogroup C-Specific Functional Antibody Levels Up to 15 Years after a Single Immunization with a Meningococcal Serogroup C Conjugate Vaccine during Adolescence

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne P. Stoof ◽  
Mariëtte B. van Ravenhorst ◽  
Debbie M. van Rooijen ◽  
Richarda M. de Voer ◽  
Fiona R. M. van der Klis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Bactericidal Antibody ◽  
Adolescent Vaccination ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Antibody Kinetics

ABSTRACT Adolescent vaccination is now considered the key factor for offering direct protection against meningococcal disease but also for reducing carriage and transmission and, in this way, establishing herd protection. This study estimated age-dependent patterns in functional meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) antibody kinetics after primary MenC conjugate (MenCC) vaccination in adolescents. Serum samples (n = 1,676) were drawn from 2006 to 2011 from individuals aged 9 to 18 years at the time of primary MenCC vaccination in 2002. Functional antibody levels were measured with a serum bactericidal antibody assay (SBA) using rabbit complement. SBA titers gradually declined with time. Up to 9 years after primary vaccination, SBA titers were estimated to be higher in individuals who were aged 13 to 18 years at priming than in those who were aged 9 to 10 years at priming. Based on a linear mixed model, the higher functional antibody levels with age seem to be due to the achievement of higher peak levels upon vaccination rather than to lower rates of decline. It is estimated that 35 to 50% of individuals who received a single primary MenCC vaccination at an age of 9 to 18 years in 2002 will still have sufficient protective antibody levels 15 years later. Using a linear mixed model based on cohort data for a single dated serum sample per person, we were able to estimate the level of protection against MenC up to 15 years after a single vaccination. The current study shows that analysis of antibody kinetics can be done using cross-sectional serology data and is therefore relevant for future serosurveillance studies.

scholarly journals 103 Periodontal Health and Sarcopenia: Cross-Sectional Evidence From A Cohort of 2040 Twin Volunteers

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i12-i42
Author(s):  
M B Zazzara ◽  
P M Wells ◽  
R C E Bowyer ◽  
M N Lochlainn ◽  
E J Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Frailty Index ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
European Working ◽  
Generalised Linear Mixed Model

Abstract Introduction Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the periodontium, ultimately leading to looseness and/or loss of teeth. Sarcopenia refers to age-related reduction in muscle mass and strength. Similar to periodontitis, chronic low-grade inflammation is thought to play a key role in its development. In addition, both increase in prevalence with advancing age. Despite known associations with other diseases involving a dysregulated inflammatory response, for example rheumatoid arthritis,, the relationship between periodontitis and sarcopenia, and whether they could be driven by similar processes, remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to explore the association between periodontitis and sarcopenia. Methods Observational study of 2040 adult volunteers [age 67.18 (12.17)] enrolled in the TwinsUK cohort study. Presence of tooth mobility and number of teeth lost were used to assess periodontal health. A binary variable was created to define periodontitis. Measurements of muscle strength, muscle quality/quantity and physical performance were used to assess sarcopenia. A categorical variable was created according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) consensus, to define sarcopenia (1: probable; 2: positive; 3: severe). Generalised linear mixed model analysis used on complete cases and age-matched (n = 1,288) samples to ascertain associations between periodontitis and sarcopenia. Results No significant association was found between periodontitis and sarcopenia in both the complete cases analysis and age-matched analysis. Results were consistent when analysis was adjusted for potential confounders including body mass index, frailty index, Mini Mental State Examination smoking, nutritional status and educational level. Conclusions This study found no significant association between periodontitis and sarcopenia in a cohort of 2040 adults. Although both periodontitis and sarcopenia have been linked to a dysregulated immune response and demonstrate an increase in prevalence with increasing age, our work is inconclusive due to the plethora of possible aetiopathogenetic pathways.

scholarly journals The association of socio-demographic and environmental factors on childhood diarrhea in Cambodia

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Vong Pisey ◽  
Pannee Banchonhattakit
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Age ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Childhood Diarrhea ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
One Year

Background: Diarrhea is still the leading cause of childhood death worldwide, as well as a major cause for concern in developing countries. This study was conducted to investigate the factors related to childhood diarrhea in Cambodia. Methods: A cross-sectional study of the secondary data from the Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2014 was conducted using the combination of household data and children’s data. A generalized linear mixed model was used to analyze the determinant factors of childhood diarrhea. Results: The surveys included 2,828 children, aged 12 to 35 months. The prevalence of diarrhea in the last 2 weeks was 16.44% (95% CI: 14.72%-18.31%). Factors with statistically significant associations with childhood diarrhea in Cambodia were: maternal  unemployment, compared with being in employment (AOR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.14-1.78); the child being male (AOR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.02-1.53); the presence of unimproved toilet facilities (AOR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.05-1.31) compared with improved toilet facilities; and unhygienic disposal of children’s stools (AOR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.06-1.64) compared with hygienic disposal of children’s stools when controlling for other covariates. Both maternal age (one year older; AOR = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.78– 0.93) and child age (one month older; AOR = 0.86; 95%CI: 0.78-0.94) had significant negative associations with the occurrence of childhood diarrhea. Conclusion: Childhood diarrhea remains a public health concern in Cambodia. The probability of diarrhea occurring is shown to be increased by maternal unemployment, the sex of the child being male, lack of provision of improved toilet facilities, and the unhygienic disposal of children’s stools; whereas increasing maternal age and child’s age were associated with a reduced chance of diarrhea occurring. On the basis of these results, we recommend provision of programs focusing on reducing diarrhea through the construction of improved toilet facilities and the promotion of behavior to improve hygiene, specifically targeting younger mothers.

scholarly journals Subjective Well-Being in Early Adolescence: Observations from a Five-Year Longitudinal Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8249
Author(s):  
Mònica González-Carrasco ◽  
Marc Sáez ◽  
Ferran Casas
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Stage Of Development

This article aims to redress the lack of longitudinal studies on adolescents’ subjective well-being (SWB) and highlight the relevance of knowledge deriving from such research in designing public policies for improving their health and wellbeing in accordance with the stage of development they are in. To achieve this, the evolution of SWB during early adolescence (in adolescents aged between 10 and 14 in the first data collection) was explored over a five year period, considering boys and girls together and separately. This involved comparing different SWB scales and contrasting results when considering the year of data collection versus the cohort (year of birth) participants belonged to. The methodology comprised a generalized linear mixed model using the INLA (Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation) estimation within a Bayesian framework. Results support the existence of a decreasing-with-age trend, which has been previously intuited in cross-sectional studies and observed in only a few longitudinal studies and contrasts with the increasing-with-age tendency observed in late adolescence. This decrease is also found to be more pronounced for girls, with relevant differences found between instruments. The decreasing-with-age trend observed when the year of data collection is taken into account is also observed when considering the cohort, but the latter provides additional information. The results obtained suggest that there is a need to continue studying the evolution of SWB in early adolescence with samples from other cultures; this, in turn, will make it possible to establish the extent to which the observed decreasing-with-age trend among early adolescents is influenced by cultural factors.

scholarly journals A graphical model for skewed matrix-variate non-randomly missing data

Biostatistics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Dipankar Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Graphical Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Pocket Depth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Missing Responses

SummaryEpidemiological studies on periodontal disease (PD) collect relevant bio-markers, such as the clinical attachment level (CAL) and the probed pocket depth (PPD), at pre-specified tooth sites clustered within a subject’s mouth, along with various other demographic and biological risk factors. Routine cross-sectional evaluation are conducted under a linear mixed model (LMM) framework with underlying normality assumptions on the random terms. However, a careful investigation reveals considerable non-normality manifested in those random terms, in the form of skewness and tail behavior. In addition, PD progression is hypothesized to be spatially-referenced, i.e. disease status at proximal tooth-sites may be different from distally located sites, and tooth missingness is non-random (or informative), given that the number and location of missing teeth informs about the periodontal health in that region. To mitigate these complexities, we consider a matrix-variate skew-$t$ formulation of the LMM with a Markov graphical embedding to handle the site-level spatial associations of the bivariate (PPD and CAL) responses. Within the same framework, the non-randomly missing responses are imputed via a latent probit regression of the missingness indicator over the responses. Our hierarchical Bayesian framework powered by relevant Markov chain Monte Carlo steps addresses the aforementioned complexities within an unified paradigm, and estimates model parameters with seamless sharing of information across various stages of the hierarchy. Using both synthetic and real clinical data assessing PD status, we demonstrate a significantly improved fit of our proposition over various other alternative models.

scholarly journals Follow-Up Household Serosurvey in Northeast Brazil for Zika Virus: Sexual Contacts of Index Patients Have the Highest Risk for Seropositivity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tereza Magalhaes ◽  
Clarice N L Morais ◽  
Iracema J A A Jacques ◽  
Elisa A N Azevedo ◽  
Ana M Brito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Sexual Contacts ◽  
Household Members

Abstract Background Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that is also transmitted sexually; however, the epidemiological relevance of ZIKV sexual transmission in endemic regions is unclear. Methods We performed a household-based serosurvey in Northeast Brazil to evaluate the differential exposure to ZIKV and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) among households. Individuals who participated in our previous arboviral disease cohort (indexes) were recontacted and enrolled, and their household members were newly enrolled. Results The relative risk of sexual partners being ZIKV-seropositive when living with a ZIKV-seropositive index participant was significantly higher, whereas this was not observed among nonsexual partners of the index. For CHIKV, both sexual and nonsexual partner household members living with a CHIKV-seropositive index had a significantly higher risk of being seropositive. In the nonindex-based dyadic and generalized linear mixed model analyses, the odds of sexual dyads having a concordant ZIKV plaque reduction neutralization test result was significantly higher. We have also analyzed retrospective clinical data according to the participants’ exposure to ZIKV and CHIKV. Conclusions Our data suggest that ZIKV sexual transmission may be a key factor for the high ZIKV seroprevalence among households in endemic areas and raises important questions about differential disease from the 2 modes of transmission.

Stressful life events and leukocyte telomere attrition in adulthood: a prospective population-based cohort study

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (14) ◽  
pp. 2975-2984 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. van Ockenburg ◽  
E. H. Bos ◽  
P. de Jonge ◽  
P. van der Harst ◽  
R. O. B. Gans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Adverse Life Events ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Telomere Attrition ◽  
Multivariable Regression

Background.Telomere attrition might be one of the mechanisms through which psychosocial stress leads to somatic disease. To date it is unknown if exposure to adverse life events in adulthood is associated with telomere shortening prospectively. In the current study we investigated whether life events are associated with shortening of telomere length (TL).Method.Participants were 1094 adults (mean age 53.1, range 33–79 years) from the PREVEND cohort. Data were collected at baseline (T1) and at two follow-up visits after 4 years (T2) and 6 years (T3). Life events were assessed with an adjusted version of the List of Threatening Events (LTE). TL was measured by monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR at T1, T2, and T3. A linear mixed model was used to assess the effect of recent life events on TL prospectively. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to assess whether the lifetime life events score or the score of life events experienced before the age of 12 predicted TL cross-sectionally. All final models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, presence of chronic diseases, frequency of sports, smoking status, and level of education.Results.Recent life events significantly predicted telomere attrition prospectively (B = −0.031, p = 0.007). We were not able to demonstrate a significant cross-sectional relationship between the lifetime LTE score and TL. Nor did we find exposure to adverse life events before the age of 12 to be associated with TL in adulthood.Conclusions.Exposure to recent adverse life events in adulthood is associated with telomere attrition prospectively.

scholarly journals Modelling for Anaemia and Malnutrition in Children Less Than Five Years of Age in Lesotho: A Case Study of a Cross-Sectional Dataset Using Multivariate Joint Model.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rugiranka Tony Gaston ◽  
Shaun Ramroop ◽  
Faustin Habyarimana
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Care Facility ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Joint Model ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Malnourished Child ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Anaemia and malnutrition remain jointly a serious health issue worldwide especially in developing countries. In Lesotho, the prevalence of anaemia and malnutrition remains highly significant especially among children less than five years of age. Objectives The primary objective of the present study was to determine the association between anaemia and malnutrition, and identify the associated factors with the two diseases among children less than five years of age in Lesotho. Methods The present study was cross-sectional and used secondary data from the 2014 Lesotho Demographic Health Survey (LDHS). The study considered a total number of 3112 children and utilized a multivariate joint model under the scope of the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) for the data analysis. Results The prevalence of anaemia and stunting in children less than five years of age were 51% and 43% respectively. The multivariate results revealed that there is a strong relationship between anaemia and malnutrition. In addition, the results indicated that education, residence, wealth index and childbirth weight have a significant effect on stunted or malnourished child, while child with fever and diarrhoea have a significant effect on anaemia. Lastly, child’s age has a significant effect on both stunting and anaemia. Conclusion The study indicated a strong association between anaemia and stunting or malnutrition in the long-term, and controlling one disease should result in reducing the other. The socio-economic, geographical and demographic variables have a significant impact on improving stunting and anaemia. Thus, improving nutrition in children less than five years, especially those from rural area and having a birthweight less than 2500g, and educating the mothers to take their children to the health care facility when they have fever and diarrhoea, especially those from poor background, would contribute immensely to the reduction of malnutrition and anaemia in children from Lesotho.

scholarly journals The association of socio-demographic and environmental factors on childhood diarrhea in Cambodia

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Vong Pisey ◽  
Pannee Banchonhattakit ◽  
Wongsa Laohasiriwong
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Age ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Childhood Diarrhea ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
One Year

Background:Diarrhea is still the leading cause of childhood death worldwide, as well as a major cause for concern in developing countries. This study was conducted to investigate the factors related to childhood diarrhea in Cambodia. Methods:A cross-sectional study of the secondary data from the Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2014 was conducted using the combined dataset of household data and children’s data. A generalized linear mixed model was used to analyze the determinant factors of childhood diarrhea. Results:The surveys included 2,828 children, aged 12 to 35 months. The prevalence of diarrhea in the last 2 weeks was 16.44% (95% CI: 14.72%-18.31%). Factors with statistically significant associations with childhood diarrhea in Cambodia were: maternal unemployment, compared with being in employment (AOR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.14-1.78); the child being male (AOR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.02-1.53); the presence of unimproved toilet facilities (AOR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.05-1.31) compared with improved toilet facilities; and unhygienic disposal of children’s stools (AOR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.06-1.64) compared with hygienic disposal of children’s stools when controlling for other covariates. Both maternal age (one year older; AOR = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.78– 0.93) and child age (one month older; AOR = 0.86; 95%CI: 0.78-0.94) had significant negative associations with the occurrence of childhood diarrhea. Conclusion:Childhood diarrhea remains a public health concern in Cambodia. The probability of diarrhea occurring is shown to be increased by maternal unemployment, the sex of the child being male, lack of provision of improved toilet facilities, and the unhygienic disposal of children’s stools; whereas increasing maternal age and child’s age were associated with a reduced chance of diarrhea occurring. On the basis of these results, we recommend provision of programs focusing on reducing diarrhea through the construction of improved toilet facilities and the promotion of behavior to improve hygiene, specifically targeting younger mothers.

scholarly journals Linking Differences in Eating Behavior with Appetitive Hormones in Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 594-594
Author(s):  
Debra Kirsty Tacad ◽  
Christine Bowlus ◽  
Leslie Woodhouse ◽  
Sridevi Krishnan ◽  
Nancy Keim
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Time To Peak

Abstract Objectives Examine and compare the hormones related to satiety in women identified as 1) restrained + disinhibited eaters, 2) restrained, non-disinhibited eaters, or 3) unrestrained, non-disinhibited eaters. We hypothesized restrained eaters with disinhibition would have a different pattern of appetitive hormones involved in food intake regulation. Methods 178 women from a cross-sectional study completed the three factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ), and were classified as restrained + disinhibited eaters (RD, n = 38), restrained, non-disinhibited eaters (R, n = 52), or unrestrained, non-disinhibited eaters (LL, n = 88). Women fasted for 12 h prior to baseline blood collection, and postprandial blood was collected after a meal challenge at 30 min, 3 h, and 6 h. Data were evaluated for outliers and missingness, and transformed and imputed using multivariate normal imputation. Differences in glucose, insulin and ghrelin were analyzed using a linear mixed model comparing groups. Time to peak and nadir for glucose, insulin and ghrelin were calculated from response curves. Chi square tests of proportions were used to determine whether the distribution of participants in the three groups were different in their times to peak and nadir. Results There were no significant differences between groups in ghrelin or insulin concentrations over time. However, overall glucose levels in RD were significantly lower than R and LL groups (P = 0.05 and P = 0.03, respectively). Chi-squared tests indicated that a greater proportion of women in the RD group reached peak glucose at 3 h, compared to women in R and LL with peak glucose occurring at 30 min (P = 0.04). Glucose nadir displayed a bimodal distribution in R, with more women at baseline and 3 h compared to RD and LL (P = 0.05). Ghrelin nadir was reached at 3 h for more participants in RD and LL, but occurred later at 6 h in more participants in R (P = 0.04). Conclusions Dietary restraint and disinhibition are associated with circulating glucose and ghrelin concentrations; however, prospective research is needed to determine if there is a causal relationship. Funding Sources USDA CRIS 2032-51530-022, 2032-51530-025, and 2032-51530-026-00-D, and a grant from Arla Foods Inc.

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