scholarly journals Phylogenetic Distribution of WhiB- and Lsr2-Type Regulators in Actinobacteriophage Genomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikas Sharma ◽  
Aël Hardy ◽  
Tom Luthe ◽  
Julia Frunzke
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Distribution ◽  
Bacterial Host ◽  
Close Relationship

Actinobacteriophages are viruses that infect bacterial species of the diverse phylum of Actinobacteria. Phages engage in a close relationship with their bacterial host.

scholarly journals Cathepsins in Bacteria-Macrophage Interaction: Defenders or Victims of Circumstance?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska ◽  
Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka ◽  
Justyna Struzik ◽  
Felix N. Toka
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Intracellular Digestion ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Recent Developments

Macrophages are the first encounters of invading bacteria and are responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens through phagocytosis leading to initiation of the innate inflammatory response. Intracellular digestion occurs through a close relationship between phagocytic/endocytic and lysosomal pathways, in which proteolytic enzymes, such as cathepsins, are involved. The presence of cathepsins in the endo-lysosomal compartment permits direct interaction with and killing of bacteria, and may contribute to processing of bacterial antigens for presentation, an event necessary for the induction of antibacterial adaptive immune response. Therefore, it is not surprising that bacteria can control the expression and proteolytic activity of cathepsins, including their inhibitors – cystatins, to favor their own intracellular survival in macrophages. In this review, we summarize recent developments in defining the role of cathepsins in bacteria-macrophage interaction and describe important strategies engaged by bacteria to manipulate cathepsin expression and activity in macrophages. Particularly, we focus on specific bacterial species due to their clinical relevance to humans and animal health, i.e., Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Francisella, Chlamydia, Listeria, Brucella, Helicobacter, Neisseria, and other genera.

scholarly journals Bacteriocins In Poultry Nutrition – A Review / Bakteriocyny w żywieniu drobiu – artykuł przeglądowy

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damian Józefiak ◽  
Anna Sip
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Similar Mode ◽  
Poultry Nutrition

Abstract In recent years, a number of studies have shown a close relationship between broiler performance, health and the gastrointestinal microbiota. However, taking the complexity and biodiversity of the micro-ecosystem into consideration, a manipulation of the microbiota in a way that is profitable both for the host bird and for the farmer seems a difficult goal to achieve. Bacteriocins are extracellular proteinaceous compounds, synthesized by many bacterial species. Due to their different bacteriostatic effects, they have been used in human nutrition for decades. However, limited information is available regarding their effects in poultry, even though that similar mode of action as in other animals is possible. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to discuss present bacteriocin classification, mode of action and their potential role in poultry nutrition.

Introducing Students to Research: Electron Microscopy of Bacteriophages

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
Jorge E. Sanchez ◽  
Erica L. Jacovetty ◽  
Bridget Carragher ◽  
Clinton S. Potter ◽  
Rebecca E. Taurog
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Cell Lysis ◽  
Bacterial Host

Bacteriophages, as the name “bacteria-eater” suggests, are viruses that infect bacteria. Bacteriophages, often abbreviated as “phages,” have receptors that bind to specific bacterial species, thus there are many types of bacteriophages. Once a phage interacts with its target bacterium, the phage injects its genetic material into the bacterial host where the phage is replicated to produce many new phages that then leave the host via cell lysis.

Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Tryptophanyl-tRNA Synthetase of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 418-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narayanan Rajendran ◽  
Rajendram V. Rajnarayanan ◽  
Donald R. Demuth
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Trna Synthetase ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans ◽  
Adenylation Domain ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Glutamic Acid Residue ◽  
Close Relationship

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family enzymes are of particular interest for creating universal phylogenetic trees and understanding the gene flow as these enzymes perform the basic and analogous biochemical function of protein synthesis in all extant organisms. Among them, tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (Trp-RS) plays a foremost role in phylogeny owing to the close relationship with tyrosine-tRNA synthetase. In this study, the sequence of the gene Trp-RS was amplified using degenerated adenylation domain primers in the periodontal bacterium Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. The sequence of the cloned PCR amplicon confirmed the adenylation domain sequence with glutamic acid residue, which is absent in five other oral bacteria used in this study as well as in a number of other bacteria described in the database. The Trp-RS sequence analysis prevailed the identify elements such as Rossmann- fold sequence and tRNATrp binding domains including acceptor stem and anticodon. A theoretical model of Trp-RS of A. actinomycetemcomitans was generated. Guided docking of the ligand tryptophanyl-5′-AMP revealed a highly identical active site in comparison with the bacterial template. The phylogenetic positioning of Trp-RS among a group of oral bacterial species revealed that A. actinomycetemcomitans is closely related to Haemophilus influenzae, H. ducreyi and Pasteurella multocida.

scholarly journals Study of Symbiont Bacteria of Acropora digitifera Coral From Ciletuh Bay, Sukabumi by Using Culture and Molecular Approach

Omni-Akuatika ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Nurfitri Nurfitri ◽  
Fiddy Semba Prasetiya ◽  
Indah Riyantini ◽  
Yuniar Mulyani ◽  
Sulastri Arsad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Molecular Approach ◽  
Acropora Digitifera ◽  
Diversity Assessment ◽  
Close Relationship

Bacteria are one of the prokaryotic microorganisms that are symbiotic with coral reefs. These microorganisms help corals in secreting mucus layers which are used as a place to live for bacteria and control the presence of pathogenic bacteria in corals. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of bacterial communities associated with Acropora digitifera corals in Ciletuh bay, West Java, by culture approach. Sampling was carried out at a depth of 4 meters. Morphology-based identification and molecular approach based on sequence of the small ribosomal unit (16S) rRNA gene were used to determine the bacterial species in the samples. A total of six pure isolates were identified based on morphological observation and the molecular DNA characteristics from three of them were identified with 16S rRNA gene sequences. The identification using 16S rRNA gene showed that the isolate ACD.P4.PH7.P had a close relationship with the BF strain and zb strain of Bacillus flexus (acc number MH569560.1) with a similarity of 85.44 %. While ACD.P4.PH9.P isolate has a close relationship with Bacillus sp. c234 (acc number FJ950647.1) with a similarity of 98.50 %. Additionally, ACD.P4.PH9.K isolates closely related to Bacillus sp. of strain 6RM1 (acc number MK134607.1) with a similarity of 94.78 %. This study also revealed that both microscopic identifications by morphological traits and molecular approach using 16S rRNA gene can be used in bacterial diversity assessment.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Gut Microbiota–Brain Axis in the Development of Brain Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Maiuolo ◽  
Micaela Gliozzi ◽  
Vincenzo Musolino ◽  
Cristina Carresi ◽  
Federica Scarano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Neuronal Alteration ◽  
The Brain

Different bacterial families colonize most mucosal tissues in the human organism such as the skin, mouth, vagina, respiratory, and gastrointestinal districts. In particular, the mammalian intestine hosts a microbial community of between 1,000 and 1,500 bacterial species, collectively called “microbiota.” Co-metabolism between the microbiota and the host system is generated and the symbiotic relationship is mutually beneficial. The balance that is achieved between the microbiota and the host organism is fundamental to the organization of the immune system. Scientific studies have highlighted a direct correlation between the intestinal microbiota and the brain, establishing the existence of the gut microbiota–brain axis. Based on this theory, the microbiota acts on the development, physiology, and cognitive functions of the brain, although the mechanisms involved have not yet been fully interpreted. Similarly, a close relationship between alteration of the intestinal microbiota and the onset of several neurological pathologies has been highlighted. This review aims to point out current knowledge as can be found in literature regarding the connection between intestinal dysbiosis and the onset of particular neurological pathologies such as anxiety and depression, autism spectrum disorder, and multiple sclerosis. These disorders have always been considered to be a consequence of neuronal alteration, but in this review, we hypothesize that these alterations may be non-neuronal in origin, and consider the idea that the composition of the microbiota could be directly involved. In this direction, the following two key points will be highlighted: (1) the direct cross-talk that comes about between neurons and gut microbiota, and (2) the degree of impact of the microbiota on the brain. Could we consider the microbiota a valuable target for reducing or modulating the incidence of certain neurological diseases?

scholarly journals Controlling septum thickness by a large protein ring

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Wenzel ◽  
Ilkay N. Celik Gulsoy ◽  
Yongqiang Gao ◽  
Joost Willemse ◽  
Mariska G. M. van Rosmalen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Cross Wall ◽  
Large Protein ◽  
Bacterial Host ◽  
Septal Thickness ◽  
Ring Diameter ◽  
Cell Division Protein

AbstractGram-positive bacteria divide by forming a thick cross wall. How the thickness of this septal wall is controlled is unknown. In this type of bacteria, the key cell division protein FtsZ is anchored to the cell membrane by two proteins, FtsA and SepF. We have isolated SepF homologues from different bacterial species and found that they all polymerize into large protein rings with diameters varying from 19 to 41 nm. Importantly, these values correlated well with the thickness of their septa. To test whether ring diameter determines septal thickness, we tried to construct different SepF chimeras with the purpose to manipulate the diameter of the SepF protein ring. This was indeed possible and confirmed that the conserved core domain of SepF determines ring diameter. Importantly, when SepF chimeras with a smaller diameter were expressed in the bacterial host Bacillus subtilis, the thickness of its septa also became smaller. These results strongly support a model in which septal thickness is controlled by curved molecular clamps formed by SepF polymers attached to the leading edge of nascent septa. This also implies that the intrinsic shape of a protein polymer can function as a mould to shape the cell wall.Significance StatementMany bacteria form a thick cell wall and divide by forming a cross wall. How they control the thickness of their cell wall and cross wall is unknown. In this study we show that in these bacteria the cell division protein SepF forms very large protein rings with diameters that correspond to the diameter of their cross walls. Importantly, when we reduced the diameter of SepF rings in the bacterial host Bacillus subtilis the cross wall also became thinner. These results provide strong evidence that a large protein ring can function as a mould to control the thickness of the cell wall that divides these bacterial cells.

scholarly journals DNA–DNA hybridization values and their relationship to whole-genome sequence similarities

2007 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Goris ◽  
Konstantinos T. Konstantinidis ◽  
Joel A. Klappenbach ◽  
Tom Coenye ◽  
Peter Vandamme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Dna Hybridization ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Conserved Genes

DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH) values have been used by bacterial taxonomists since the 1960s to determine relatedness between strains and are still the most important criterion in the delineation of bacterial species. Since the extent of hybridization between a pair of strains is ultimately governed by their respective genomic sequences, we examined the quantitative relationship between DDH values and genome sequence-derived parameters, such as the average nucleotide identity (ANI) of common genes and the percentage of conserved DNA. A total of 124 DDH values were determined for 28 strains for which genome sequences were available. The strains belong to six important and diverse groups of bacteria for which the intra-group 16S rRNA gene sequence identity was greater than 94 %. The results revealed a close relationship between DDH values and ANI and between DNA–DNA hybridization and the percentage of conserved DNA for each pair of strains. The recommended cut-off point of 70 % DDH for species delineation corresponded to 95 % ANI and 69 % conserved DNA. When the analysis was restricted to the protein-coding portion of the genome, 70 % DDH corresponded to 85 % conserved genes for a pair of strains. These results reveal extensive gene diversity within the current concept of ‘species’. Examination of reciprocal values indicated that the level of experimental error associated with the DDH method is too high to reveal the subtle differences in genome size among the strains sampled. It is concluded that ANI can accurately replace DDH values for strains for which genome sequences are available.

Structural analysis of the photosynthetic membrane from Ectothiorhodospira halochloris

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 740-741
Author(s):  
H. Engelhardt ◽  
R. Guckenberger ◽  
W. Baumeister
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Structure ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Hexagonal Lattice ◽  
Reaction Centre ◽  
Photosynthetic Membrane ◽  
Rhodopseudomonas Viridis ◽  
Photosynthetic Membranes ◽  
Ectothiorhodospira Halochloris ◽  
Main Components

Bacterial photosynthetic membranes contain, apart from lipids and electron transport components, reaction centre (RC) and light harvesting (LH) polypeptides as the main components. The RC-LH complexes in Rhodopseudomonas viridis membranes are known since quite seme time to form a hexagonal lattice structure in vivo; hence this membrane attracted the particular attention of electron microscopists. Contrary to previous claims in the literature we found, however, that 2-D periodically organized photosynthetic membranes are not a unique feature of Rhodopseudomonas viridis. At least five bacterial species, all bacteriophyll b - containing, possess membranes with the RC-LH complexes regularly arrayed. All these membranes appear to have a similar lattice structure and fine-morphology. The lattice spacings of the Ectothiorhodospira haloohloris, Ectothiorhodospira abdelmalekii and Rhodopseudomonas viridis membranes are close to 13 nm, those of Thiocapsa pfennigii and Rhodopseudomonas sulfoviridis are slightly smaller (∼12.5 nm).

Minding the Close Relationship

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Harvey ◽  
Julia Omarzu
Keyword(s):  
Close Relationship
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