scholarly journals Bacteriocins In Poultry Nutrition – A Review / Bakteriocyny w żywieniu drobiu – artykuł przeglądowy

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damian Józefiak ◽  
Anna Sip
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Similar Mode ◽  
Poultry Nutrition

Abstract In recent years, a number of studies have shown a close relationship between broiler performance, health and the gastrointestinal microbiota. However, taking the complexity and biodiversity of the micro-ecosystem into consideration, a manipulation of the microbiota in a way that is profitable both for the host bird and for the farmer seems a difficult goal to achieve. Bacteriocins are extracellular proteinaceous compounds, synthesized by many bacterial species. Due to their different bacteriostatic effects, they have been used in human nutrition for decades. However, limited information is available regarding their effects in poultry, even though that similar mode of action as in other animals is possible. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to discuss present bacteriocin classification, mode of action and their potential role in poultry nutrition.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma of the subdural spaces mimicking chronic hematoma with positive FDG uptake on PET: case report

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-453
Author(s):  
Jacob A. Kahn ◽  
Jeffrey T. Waltz ◽  
Ramin M. Eskandari ◽  
Cynthia T. Welsh ◽  
Michael U. Antonucci
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Juvenile Xanthogranuloma ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Advanced Imaging ◽  
Systemic Involvement ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Infancy And Early Childhood

The authors report an unusual presentation of juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG), a non–Langerhans cell histiocytosis of infancy and early childhood. This entity typically presents as a cutaneous head or neck nodule but can manifest with more systemic involvement including in the central nervous system. However, currently there is limited information regarding specific imaging features differentiating JXG from other neuropathological entities, with diagnosis typically made only after tissue sampling. The authors reviewed the initial images of a young patient with shunt-treated hydrocephalus and enlarging, chronic, extraaxial processes presumed to reflect subdural collections from overshunting, and they examine the operative discovery of a mass lesion that was pathologically proven to be JXG. Their results incorporate the important associated histological and advanced imaging features, including previously unreported metabolic activity on FDG PET. Ultimately, the case underscores the need to consider JXG in differential diagnoses of pediatric intracranial masses and highlights the potential role of PET in the initial diagnosis and response to treatment.

scholarly journals Bifidobacterium adolescentis shows potential to strengthen host defence against gastrointestinal infection via inhibition of the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans and stimulation of human-isolated macrophages killing capacity in vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liviana Ricci ◽  
Joanna Mackie ◽  
Megan D. Lenardon ◽  
Caitlin Jukes ◽  
Ahmed N. Hegazy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Bifidobacterium Adolescentis ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Antimicrobial Metabolites

The human gut microbiota enhances the host’s resistance to enteric pathogens via colonisation resistance, a phenomenon that is driven by multiple mechanisms, such as production of antimicrobial metabolites and activation of host immune responses. However, there is limited information on how individual gut bacterial species, particularly many of the dominant anaerobes, might impact the host’s defence. This study investigated the potential of specific human gut isolates to bolster the host’s resistance to infection. First, by antagonising the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, and secondly, by modulating the killing capacity of human-isolated macrophages in vitro. Co-culturing C. albicans with faecal microbiota from different healthy individuals revealed varying levels of fungal inhibition. In vitro assays with a panel of representative human gut anaerobes confirmed that culture supernatants from certain bacterial isolates, in particular of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, significantly inhibited C. albicans growth. Mechanistic studies revealed that microbial fermentation acids including acetate and lactate, in combination with the associated decrease in pH, were strong drivers of this inhibitory activity. In the second in vitro assay, human-isolated macrophages were exposed to bacterial supernatants, and subsequently tested for their capacity to eliminate adherent-invasive Escherichia coli. Among the gut anaerobes tested, B. adolescentis was revealed to exert the strongest immunostimulatory and killing effect when compared to the unstimulated macrophages control. B. adolescentis is known to be stimulated by dietary consumption of resistant starch andmay therefore represent an attractive target for the development of probiotic and prebiotic interventions tailored to enhancethe host’s natural defences against infection.

scholarly journals Distinct microbial and immune niches of the human colon

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
KR James ◽  
T Gomes ◽  
R Elmentaite ◽  
N Kumar ◽  
EL Gulliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
T Regulatory Cells ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Human Colon ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Regional Specificity ◽  
Transcriptional Adaptation ◽  
And Migration

AbstractGastrointestinal microbiota and immune cells interact closely and display regional specificity, but little is known about how these communities differ with location. Here, we simultaneously assess microbiota and single immune cells across the healthy, adult human colon, with paired characterisation of immune cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes, to delineate colonic immune niches at steady-state. We describe distinct T helper cell activation and migration profiles along the colon and characterise the transcriptional adaptation trajectory of T regulatory cells between lymphoid tissue and colon. Finally, we show increasing B cell accumulation, clonal expansion and mutational frequency from caecum to sigmoid colon, and link this to the increasing number of reactive bacterial species.

scholarly journals PSIX-35 Alternatives to antibiotic supplementation on broiler performance under highland conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 343-343
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Riboty ◽  
Christian H Ponce
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Health Challenge

Abstract There is limited information on performance and gut microbiota balance response to alternatives to antibiotics growth promoters on broiler at high altitude and level of health challenge. Therefore, Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of alternatives to antibiotics supplementation on broiler performance and health at 2500 m.a.s.l. In, Exp. 1, a total of 1080 day-old Cobb-500 male broilers were used in a completely randomized block design. Eight experimental diets containing 1) Negative Control (NC), 2) Bacitracin methylene Disalicylate at 55 mg/kg (BMD), 3) Direct fed microbial at 750 mg/kg (DFM) 2x1011 CFU/kg of lactic acid bacteria, 4) a blend of essential oils (150 mg/kg; EO), 5) combination of permeabilizers, organic acids and phytochemicals (0.1%, CN), 6) DFM+EO, 7) DFM+CN, and 8) EO +CN. Performance was evaluated through the feeding period of 42 d with a new litter. There were no significant differences in performance nor mortality rate during the whole feeding period. In, Exp. 2, 1232 one-day-old Cobb-500 male chicks were randomly divided into 56 experimental units and exposed to similar treatments as described on Exp. 1. Performance variables, and cecal-microbiota population were evaluated during 42-d with a re-used litter. Overall, daily gain was increased for BMD, DFM, and EO+CN compared to NC (P < 0.05). Feed intake was not altered by dietary treatment (P = 0.892). Feed conversion rate was improved by BMD and EO compared to NC (P < 0.05). Total coliform, and E. coli population was increased by DFM and CN compared to NC (P < 0.005). Total Enterobacteriacea was not altered by dietary treatment with exception of EO, that increased its population compared to remaining treatments (P < 0.001). Data form this experiments suggest that positive effect of organic feed additive supplementation, especially EO, depend on bird health challenge at high altitudes.

scholarly journals PelX is a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine C4-epimerase involved in Pel polysaccharide–dependent biofilm formation

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (34) ◽  
pp. 11949-11962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey S. Marmont ◽  
Gregory B. Whitfield ◽  
Roland Pfoh ◽  
Rohan J. Williams ◽  
Trevor E. Randall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Bacterial Polysaccharide ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Short Chain Dehydrogenase ◽  
And Function

Pel is a GalNAc-rich bacterial polysaccharide that contributes to the structure and function of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. The pelABCDEFG operon is highly conserved among diverse bacterial species, and Pel may therefore be a widespread biofilm determinant. Previous annotation of pel gene clusters has helped us identify an additional gene, pelX, that is present adjacent to pelABCDEFG in >100 different bacterial species. The pelX gene is predicted to encode a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily, but its potential role in Pel-dependent biofilm formation is unknown. Herein, we have used Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 as a model to elucidate PelX function as Pseudomonas aeruginosa lacks a pelX homologue in its pel gene cluster. We found that P. protegens forms Pel-dependent biofilms; however, despite expression of pelX under these conditions, biofilm formation was unaffected in a ΔpelX strain. This observation led us to identify a pelX paralogue, PFL_5533, which we designate here PgnE, that appears to be functionally redundant to pelX. In line with this, a ΔpelX ΔpgnE double mutant was substantially impaired in its ability to form Pel-dependent biofilms. To understand the molecular basis for this observation, we determined the structure of PelX to 2.1 Å resolution. The structure revealed that PelX resembles UDP-GlcNAc C4-epimerases. Using 1H NMR analysis, we show that PelX catalyzes the epimerization between UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-GalNAc. Our results indicate that Pel-dependent biofilm formation requires a UDP-GlcNAc C4-epimerase that generates the UDP-GalNAc precursors required by the Pel synthase machinery for polymer production.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 888-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
SeonYoon Chung ◽  
Jennifer L Barnes ◽  
Kim Schafer Astroth
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
English Studies ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Mesh Terms ◽  
Host Physiology ◽  
Nitrogen Containing Compounds

ABSTRACT Emerging evidence suggests that gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota dysbiosis is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and metabolite concentrations. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate and contextualize the research characterizing GI microbiota in patients with CKD. We searched for full-text, peer-reviewed, English studies in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using a combination of MeSH terms and keywords. Eleven of the 20 studies examined GI microbiota in patients with CKD, and 9 studies focused on the effect of interventions on GI microbiota or metabolites. Available data characterizing GI microbiota in patients with CKD suggest a decline in saccharolytic bacteria and an increase in fermenters of nitrogen-containing compounds, serving as a source for circulating uremic toxins. However, studies examined limited sets of predetermined microbes, which do not reflect the entire GI microbial community and its influence on host physiology. We recommend further studies examining the entire microbial community and the potential role in regulating host physiology in CKD.

scholarly journals Cathepsins in Bacteria-Macrophage Interaction: Defenders or Victims of Circumstance?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska ◽  
Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka ◽  
Justyna Struzik ◽  
Felix N. Toka
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Intracellular Digestion ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Recent Developments

Macrophages are the first encounters of invading bacteria and are responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens through phagocytosis leading to initiation of the innate inflammatory response. Intracellular digestion occurs through a close relationship between phagocytic/endocytic and lysosomal pathways, in which proteolytic enzymes, such as cathepsins, are involved. The presence of cathepsins in the endo-lysosomal compartment permits direct interaction with and killing of bacteria, and may contribute to processing of bacterial antigens for presentation, an event necessary for the induction of antibacterial adaptive immune response. Therefore, it is not surprising that bacteria can control the expression and proteolytic activity of cathepsins, including their inhibitors – cystatins, to favor their own intracellular survival in macrophages. In this review, we summarize recent developments in defining the role of cathepsins in bacteria-macrophage interaction and describe important strategies engaged by bacteria to manipulate cathepsin expression and activity in macrophages. Particularly, we focus on specific bacterial species due to their clinical relevance to humans and animal health, i.e., Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Francisella, Chlamydia, Listeria, Brucella, Helicobacter, Neisseria, and other genera.

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