The information-theoretical and system basis of quantitative analysis

It is shown that the individual subsystems of a stochastic analytical system affect the a posteriori uncertainty and thereby, the information gain of the analytical result. The effects of sampling, separation procedures and calibration on the information gain of quantitative analysis, expressed in terms of the extended divergence measure, are discussed, and rules that can be utilized in the optimization of analytical procedures are given.

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Computer-assisted contralateral side comparison of the ankle joint using flat panel technology

International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery ◽

10.1007/s11548-021-02329-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sarina Thomas ◽

Lisa Kausch ◽

Holger Kunze ◽

Maxim Privalov ◽

André Klein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Information Gain ◽

Contralateral Side ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Ankle Joints ◽

Additional Radiation ◽

Median Position ◽

Operative Evaluation ◽

Overall Performance ◽

The Individual ◽

Segmentation Problem

Abstract Purpose Reduction and osteosynthesis of ankle fractures is a challenging surgical procedure when it comes to the verification of the reduction result. Evaluation is conducted using intra-operative imaging of the injured ankle and depends on the expertise of the surgeon. Studies suggest that intra-individual variance of the ankle bone shape and pose is considerably lower than the inter-individual variance. It stands to reason that the information gain from the healthy contralateral side can help to improve the evaluation. Method In this paper, an assistance system is proposed that provides a side-to-side view of the two ankle joints for visual comparison and instant evaluation using only one 3D C-arm image. Two convolutional neural networks (CNN) are employed to extract the relevant image regions and pose information of each ankle so that they can be aligned with each other. A first U-Net uses a sliding window to predict the location of each ankle. The standard plane estimation is formulated as segmentation problem so that a second U-Net predicts the three viewing planes for alignment. Results Experiments were conducted to assess the accuracy of the individual steps on 218 unilateral ankle datasets as well as the overall performance on 7 bilateral ankle datasets. The experiments on unilateral ankles yield a median position-to-plane error of $$0.73\pm 1.36$$ 0.73 ± 1.36 mm and a median angular error between 2.98$$^\circ $$ ∘ and 3.71$$^\circ $$ ∘ for the plane normals. Conclusion Standard plane estimation via segmentation outperforms direct pose regression. Furthermore, the complete pipeline was evaluated including ankle detection and subsequent plane estimation on bilateral datasets. The proposed pipeline enables a direct contralateral side comparison without additional radiation. This has the potential to ease and improve the intra-operative evaluation for the surgeons in the future and reduce the need for revision surgery.

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Sartres Lösung zur Antinomie der sozialen Realität in der Kritik der dialektischen Vernunft

Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie ◽

10.1515/dzph-2020-0057 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 68 (6) ◽

pp. 817-847

Author(s):

Sebastian Gardner

Keyword(s):

Ethical Theory ◽

A Priori ◽

Social Ontology ◽

Human Freedom ◽

Philosophical Foundation ◽

A Posteriori ◽

Political Reality ◽

Dialectical Reason ◽

The Individual

AbstractCritics have standardly regarded Sartre’s Critique of Dialectical Reason as an abortive attempt to overcome the subjectivist individualism of his early philosophy, motivated by a recognition that Being and Nothingness lacks ethical and political significance, but derailed by Sartre’s Marxism. In this paper I offer an interpretation of the Critique which, if correct, shows it to offer a coherent and highly original account of social and political reality, which merits attention both in its own right and as a reconstruction of the philosophical foundation of Marxism. The key to Sartre’s theory of collective and historical existence in the Critique is a thesis carried over from Being and Nothingness: intersubjectivity on Sartre’s account is inherently aporetic, and social ontology reproduces in magnified form its limited intelligibility, lack of transparency, and necessary frustration of the demands of freedom. Sartre’s further conjecture – which can be formulated a priori but requires a posteriori verification – is that man’s collective historical existence may be understood as the means by which the antinomy within human freedom, insoluble at the level of the individual, is finally overcome. The Critique provides therefore the ethical theory promised in Being and Nothingness.

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Cultural interaction paradigms

Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: Philosophy, culture studies, sociology ◽

10.34079/2226-2849-2019-9-18-9-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (18) ◽

pp. 9-19

Author(s):

Natalya Belova ◽

◽

Olena Popovich ◽

Keyword(s):

Philosophical Methodology ◽

Cultural Interaction ◽

Community Group ◽

Changing Environment ◽

Philosophy Of Culture ◽

Cultural Systems ◽

Intercultural Adaptation ◽

Analytical System ◽

The Individual ◽

Negative Factors

Consistent design of the conceptual-analytical system of philosophical knowledge about the essence of interaction of cultures faces the problem of absence of «mono-object» (or single object), because the subject of study is interaction of systems or system complexes. In view of this, the article substantiates the need to enhance the integrative status of the philosophy of culture, in particular by including in its subject some specific problems of cultural studies and proposes to consider the interaction of cultures as a system complex containing cultural systems of different levels of generality (community, group, personality). Consideration of a number of systems (system complexes) allows us to understand the two-vector nature of adaptation and to see the positive and negative factors influencing the development of personality consequences of the interaction of cultures. Taking into consideration, that analysis of the process of socio-cultural adaptation of an individual is complicated by the presence of levels, the number and difference of which are determined by the understanding of the individual not only as a creature acting in the physical but also in the socio-cultural plane,the need of search for mechanisms to preserve the individual's self in the conditions of rapid renewal of all spheres of social lifeIt is tmphasized. Sociocultural adaptation as the process of active adapting of an individual or group to a changing environment through cultural mechanisms ( not only the changing environment itself, but also the changes of the individual or group itself) in the process of adaptation was reviewed. It is emphasized that synonymous use of the terms "acculturation" and socio-cultural or intercultural adaptation is inappropriate. The development of the theory of acculturation, its levels and additions to the theory of strategies of acculturation are traced. It was suggested by to consider the theory of acculturation (including supplementing dimensions) and the theory of strategies of acculturation as the complex of acculturation. The multi-quality of the interaction of cultures is revealed. Some reconciliation of existing paradigms of cultural interaction are proposed, since in the current conditions of accelerating the processes of globalization the use of philosophical methodology will help to understand the common problems of human being, and will create the basis for the combination of a bunch of systems (system complexes) of interaction of cultures.

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Single source-based energy and efficiency calibration method for the assessment of an alpha imaging detector

Journal of Instrumentation ◽

10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/c12017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. C12017

Author(s):

G. Kim ◽

I. Lim ◽

B. Kim ◽

K. Song ◽

J.-G. Kim

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Detection Efficiency ◽

Calibration Method ◽

Alpha Particles ◽

Efficiency Calibration ◽

Spectrometric Method ◽

Standard Source ◽

Imaging Detector ◽

Single Standard ◽

The Individual

Abstract An alpha imaging detector acquires a two-dimensional distribution of a sample that emits alpha particles. For the quantitative analysis of the image of an alpha-emitting sample, the individual energies of the alpha particles must be identified, which can be achieved using the spectrometric method after detector calibration. In this study, an energy and efficiency calibration method was investigated to assess an alpha imaging detector. The calibration was performed using a single standard source of Am-241 based on the energy loss characteristic of an alpha particle. The feasibility of the calibration method was evaluated using another source, Ac-225. The calibrated alpha imaging detector was evaluated in terms of energy resolution and detection efficiency, and the alpha imaging detector was found to be efficiently calibrated using a single standard source. The calibrated alpha imaging detector appears promising for the quantitative analysis of samples that emit alpha particles.

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Assessing 5 years of GOSAT Proxy XCH<sub>4</sub> data and associated uncertainties

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques ◽

10.5194/amt-8-4785-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 4785-4801 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

R. J. Parker ◽

H. Boesch ◽

K. Byckling ◽

A. J. Webb ◽

P. I. Palmer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Posteriori Error ◽

Maximum Deviation ◽

A Posteriori ◽

High Quality ◽

Validation Data ◽

A Posteriori Error ◽

Surface Measurements ◽

The Individual ◽

First Time ◽

Surface Observations

Abstract. We present 5 years of GOSAT XCH4 retrieved using the "proxy" approach. The Proxy XCH4 data are validated against ground-based TCCON observations and are found to be of high quality with a small bias of 4.8 ppb (∼ 0.27 %) and a single-sounding precision of 13.4 ppb (∼ 0.74 %). The station-to-station bias (ameasure of the relative accuracy) is found to be 4.2 ppb. For the first time the XCH4 / XCO2 ratio component of the Proxy retrieval is validated (bias of 0.014 ppb ppm−1 (∼ 0.30 %), single-sounding precision of 0.033 ppb ppm−1 (∼ 0.72 %)). The uncertainty relating to the model XCO2 component of the Proxy XCH4 is assessed through the use of an ensemble of XCO2 models. While each individual XCO2 model is found to agree well with the TCCON validation data (r = 0.94–0.97), it is not possible to select one model as the best from our comparisons. The median XCO2 value of the ensemble has a smaller scatter against TCCON (a standard deviation of 0.92 ppm) than any of the individual models whilst maintaining a small bias (0.15 ppm). This model median XCO2 is used to calculate the Proxy XCH4 with the maximum deviation of the ensemble from the median used as an estimate of the uncertainty. We compare this uncertainty to the a posteriori retrieval error (which is assumed to reduce with sqrt(N)) and find typically that the model XCO2 uncertainty becomes significant during summer months when the a posteriori error is at its lowest due to the increase in signal related to increased summertime reflected sunlight. We assess the significance of these model and retrieval uncertainties on flux inversion by comparing the GOSAT XCH4 against modelled XCH4 from TM5-4DVAR constrained by NOAA surface observations (MACC reanalysis scenario S1-NOAA). We find that for the majority of regions the differences are much larger than the estimated uncertainties. Our findings show that useful information will be provided to the inversions for the majority of regions in addition to that already provided by the assimilated surface measurements.

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X-ray powder diffraction quantitative analysis of an amorphous SiO2–poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposite

Journal of Applied Crystallography ◽

10.1107/s0021889808029944 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 985-990 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P. Riello ◽

M. Munarin ◽

S. Silvestrini ◽

E. Moretti ◽

L. Storaro

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Methyl Methacrylate ◽

Powder Diffraction ◽

Amorphous Material ◽

Hybrid Nanocomposite ◽

Amorphous Sio2 ◽

X Ray ◽

Poly Methyl Methacrylate ◽

Quantification Method ◽

The Individual

Quantification of individual phases within a multiphase amorphous material has been achieved using a newly developed technique based on X-ray powder diffraction. The quantification method was developed during a study of an amorphous silica–poly(methyl methacrylate) (SiO2–PMMA) hybrid nanocomposite. The efficiency of the method as a quantifying tool for individual phases was demonstrated for samples of SiO2–PMMA prepared either by polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of amorphous SiO2or by mechanically mixing known quantities of the individual and pre-prepared SiO2and PMMA materials. The weight percentages of amorphous SiO2in the nanocomposites as determined by application of the new technique were analogously found to be 29%, a result that was supported by thermogravimetric analysis and helium picnometry measurements.

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Quantitative Analysis of Sedimentary Minerals by Powder X-ray Diffraction

Powder Diffraction ◽

10.1017/s0885715600011556 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 37-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Peter Bayliss

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Crystallite Size ◽

Sedimentary Environment ◽

Preferred Orientation ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Primary Extinction ◽

Geological Formation ◽

Analytical Procedures

AbstractThe variables of reflection overlap, crystallinity and crystallite size, primary extinction, microabsorption, chemical substitutions, preferred orientation, and analytical procedures affect quantitative analysis by powder X-ray diffraction. The intensity of the strongest reflection (I) of 39 minerals from a typical sedimentary environment divided by the intensity of the strongest reflection (Ic) of corundum, I/Ic, may be used to determine mineral percentages. Because of the numerous variables mentioned above, the I/Ic ratios used should be taken from multi-mineral specimens that occur either in the same geological formation for quantitative analysis (±7%) or in a similar geological formation for quantitative analysis (±30%).

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Assessing 5 years of GOSAT Proxy XCH<sub>4</sub> data and associated uncertainties

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions ◽

10.5194/amtd-8-5937-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 5937-5972 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. J. Parker ◽

H. Boesch ◽

K. Byckling ◽

A. J. Webb ◽

P. I. Palmer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Posteriori Error ◽

Maximum Deviation ◽

A Posteriori ◽

High Quality ◽

Validation Data ◽

A Posteriori Error ◽

Retrieval Error ◽

The Individual ◽

First Time ◽

Surface Observations

Abstract. We present 5 years of GOSAT XCH4 retrieved using the "proxy" approach. The Proxy XCH4 data are validated against ground-based TCCON observations and are found to be of high-quality with a small bias of 4.8 ppb (~ 0.27%) and a single-sounding precision of 13.4 ppb (~ 0.74%). The station-to-station bias (a measure of the relative accuracy) is found to be 4.2 ppb. For the first time the XCH4 / XCO2 ratio component of the Proxy retrieval is validated (bias of 0.014 ppb ppm−1 (~ 0.3%), single-sounding precision of 0.033 ppb ppm−1 (~ 0.72%)). The uncertainty relating to the model XCO2 component of the Proxy XCH4 is assessed through the use of an ensemble of XCO2 models. While each individual XCO2 model is found to agree well with the TCCON validation data (r=0.94–0.97), it is not possible to select one model as the best from our comparisons. The median XCO2 value of the ensemble has a smaller scatter against TCCON (a standard deviation of 0.92 ppm) than any of the individual models whilst maintaining a small bias (0.15 ppm). This model median XCO2 is used to calculate the Proxy XCH4 with the maximum deviation of the ensemble from the median used as an estimate of the uncertainty. We compare this uncertainty to the a posteriori retrieval error and find typically that the model XCO2 uncertainty becomes significant during summer months when the a posteriori error is at its lowest due to the increase in signal related to increased summertime reflected sunlight. We assess the significance of these model and retrieval uncertainties on flux inversion by comparing the GOSAT XCH4 against modelled XCH4 from TM5-4DVAR constrained by NOAA surface observations (MACC reanalysis scenario S1-NOAA). We find that for the majority of regions the differences are much larger than the estimated uncertainties. Our findings show that useful information will be provided to the inversions for the majority of regions in addition to that already provided by the assimilated measurements.

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Clinical impact of digital and conventional PET control databases for semi-quantitative analysis of brain 18F-FDG digital PET scans

10.21203/rs.3.rs-51214/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Elise Mairal ◽

Matthieu Doyen ◽

Thérèse Rivasseau-Jonveaux ◽

Catherine Malaplate ◽

Eric Guedj ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Fdg Pet ◽

Visual Analysis ◽

Digital Camera ◽

Visual Interpretation ◽

Individual Level ◽

Pet Ct ◽

Digital Pet ◽

Healthy Control ◽

The Individual

Abstract Purpose: Digital PET cameras markedly improve sensitivity and spatial resolution of brain 18F-FDG PET images compared to conventional cameras. Our study aimed to assess whether specific control databases are required to improve the diagnostic performance of these recent advances.Methods: We retrospectively selected two groups of subjects, twenty-seven Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients and twenty-two healthy control (HC) subjects. All subjects underwent a brain 18F-FDG PET on a digital camera (Vereos, Philips®). These two group (AD and HC) are compared, using a Semi-Quantitative Analysis (SQA), to two age and sex matched controls acquired with a digital PET/CT (Vereos, Philips®) or a conventional PET/CT (Biograph 6, Siemens®) camera, at group and individual levels. Moreover, individual visual interpretation of SPM T-maps was provided for the positive diagnosis of AD by 3 experienced raters.Results: At group level, SQA using digital controls detected more marked hypometabolic areas in AD (+ 116 cm3 at p<0.001 uncorrected for the voxel, corrected for the cluster) than SQA using conventional controls. At the individual level, the accuracy of SQA for discriminating AD using digital controls was higher than SQA using conventional controls (86 % vs. 80 %, p<0.01, at p<0.005 uncorrected for the voxel, corrected for the cluster), with similar specificity (82 % vs. 82 %) but higher sensitivity (89 % vs. 78 %). These results were confirmed by visual analysis (accuracies of 84 % and 82 % for digital and conventional controls respectively, p=0.01).Conclusion: There is an urgent need to establish specific digital PET control databases for SQA of brain 18F-FDG PET images as such databases improve the accuracy of AD diagnosis.

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