scholarly journals Should tumbling E go out of date in amblyopia screening? Evidence from a population-based sample normative in children aged 3–4 years

2017 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 761-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Guimaraes ◽  
Tiago Fernandes ◽  
Patrício Costa ◽  
Eduardo Silva
Keyword(s):  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
School Type ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Ophthalmological Examination ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Highly Correlated

AimsTo determine a normative of tumbling E optotype and its feasibility for visual acuity (VA) assessment in children aged 3-4 years.MethodsA cross-sectional study of 1756 children who were invited to participate in a comprehensive non-invasive eye exam. Uncorrected monocular VA with crowded tumbling E with a comprehensive ophthalmological examination were assessed. Testability rates of the whole population and VA of the healthy children for different age subgroups, gender, school type and the order of testing in which the ophthalmological examination was performed were evaluated.ResultsThe overall testability rate was 95% (92% and 98% for children aged 3 and 4 years, respectively). The mean VA of the first-day assessment (first-VA) and best-VA over 2 days’ assessments was 0.14 logMAR (95% CI 0.14 to 0.15) (decimal=0.72, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.73) and 0.13 logMAR (95% CI 0.13 to 0.14) (decimal=0.74, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.74). Analysis with age showed differences between groups in first-VA (F(3,1146)=10.0; p<0.001; η2=0.026) and best-VA (F(3,1155)=8.8; p<0.001; η2=0.022). Our normative was very highly correlated with previous reported HOTV-Amblyopia-Treatment-Study (HOTV-ATS) (first-VA, r=0.97; best-VA, r=0.99), with 0.8 to 0.7 lines consistent overestimation for HOTV-ATS as described in literature. Overall false-positive referral was 1.3%, being specially low regarding anisometropias of ≥2 logMAR lines (0.17%). Interocular difference ≥1 line VA logMAR was not associated with age (p=0.195).ConclusionsThis is the first normative for European Caucasian children with single crowded tumbling E in healthy eyes and the largest study comparing 3 and 4 years old testability. Testability rates are higher than found in literature with other optotypes, especially in children aged 3 years, where we found 5%–11% better testability rates.

scholarly journals Ultra-processed food consumption in Barbados: evidence from a nationally representative, cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M. Harris ◽  
Angela M. C. Rose ◽  
Suzanne Soares-Wynter ◽  
Nigel Unwin
Keyword(s):  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Our objective was to describe, for the first time in an English-speaking Caribbean country, the contribution of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) to nutrients linked to non-communicable disease. Using a cross-sectional study design, dietary data were collected from two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls. Recorded food items were then classified according to their degree of processing by the NOVA system. The present study took place in Barbados (2012–13). A representative population-based sample of 364 adult Barbadians (161 males and 203 females) aged 25–64 years participated in the study. UPFs represented 40⋅5 % (838 kcal/d; 95 % CI 791, 885) of mean energy intake. Sugar-sweetened beverages made the largest contribution to energy within the UPF category. Younger persons (25–44 years) consumed a significantly higher proportion of calories from UPF (NOVA group 4) compared with older persons (45–64 years). The mean energy shares of UPF ranged from 22⋅0 to 58⋅9 % for those in the lowest tertile to highest tertile. Within each tertile, the energy contribution was significantly higher in the younger age group (25–44 years) compared with the older (45–64 years). One-quarter of persons consume ≥50 % of their daily calories from UPF, this being significantly higher in younger persons. The ultra-processed diet fraction contained about six times the mean of free sugars and about 0⋅8 times the dietary fibre of the non-ultra-processed fraction (NOVA groups 1–3). Targeted interventions to decrease the consumption of UPF especially in younger persons is thus of high priority to improve the diet quality of Barbadians.

scholarly journals Normative data for the 6-min walk test in 11–14 year-olds: a population-based study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Kasović ◽  
Lovro Štefan ◽  
Vilko Petrić
Keyword(s):  
Normative Data ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Walk Test ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background The 6-min walk test (6MWT) has become an established measure for assessing exercise capacity in children with chronic diseases. However, little evidence has been provided regarding population-based normal data in healthy children. The main purpose of the study was to provide normative data in a large sample of children. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 4352 children between 11 and 14 years were recruited (66% girls). The main outcome measure was the distance walked for six minutes. Sex- and age-specific percentile values (5th, 15th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 85th and 95th) for the 6MWT were created and the differences and correlations were examined by the analysis of variance and Pearson’s coefficient of correlation. Results The mean distance walked in 6 min was 576 ± 93 m in boys and 545 ± 92 m in girls, respectively. The mean walking speed for boys and girls was 98 ± 5 m/min and 91 ± 6 m/min. Older boys and girls performed better, compared to their younger counterparts (p for age < 0.001). The 6MWT was significantly correlated with age (r = 0.24, p < 0.001), height (r = 0.09, p < 0.001), weight (r =  − 0.13, p < 0.001) and body-mass index (r =  − 0.26, p < 0.001). Conclusions This is the first population-based study aiming to provide normative data for the 6MWT in healthy children between 11 to 14 years. Children in lower percentiles are ‘target groups’ for special intervention aiming to enhance the performance.

scholarly journals Incidence, Pattern and Mechanisms of Injuries and Fractures in Children Under Two Years of Age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Rosendahl ◽  
Ramona Myklebust ◽  
Kjersti Foros Forseth ◽  
Andreas Nøttveit ◽  
Pernille Eide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Accidental Injury ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fractures In Children ◽  
Tibia Fractures

Abstract Background: Fractures in children under two years of age are rare, and little has been published on their mechanisms. We aimed at examining the incidence, mechanisms, pattern and fracture characteristics in a large, population-based cohort of otherwise healthy children.Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study includes all children aged 0-2 years, attending the Accident and Emergency department in Bergen between 2010 and 2015, due to an injury warranting radiography. Clinical data was categorized from the medical notes, and all radiographs were reviewed by an experienced paediatric radiologist. Results: 408 children (212 male), 3-23 months of age (mean 17.7 months), were included. 149 (77 male) children had a total of 162 fractures, yielding an annual incidence of 5.4 per 1000, varying from 0.7 per 1000 for those under 12 months of age, increasing tenfold to 7.3 per 1000 for children aged 12-24 months of age. More than half of the fractures (53.1%) were seen in children aged 18-23 months, while none was found in those under 7 months of age. The youngest age group had mostly femur and tibia fractures, the oldest mostly forearm fractures (n=55, 34.0%), followed by tibia fractures (21.6%) and fractures to the clavicle (14.8%). The reported mechanisms for the 162 fractures were fall from a chair/bed/table (41.4%), fall from own height (18.5%) or crush injury (15.4%). In 5% of the injuries, the fracture history was clearly inconsistent and suspicious of non-accidental injury (NAI). Conclusion: Injuries and fractures in young children in general, and non-ambulant children in particular, are rare and should be thoroughly assessed for NAI. Level of evidence: Retrospective, population based cross-sectional study. Level 3.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Related Factors of Flexible Flatfoot in School-Aged Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011420S0050
Author(s):  
Liang Xiaojun ◽  
Zhao Hong-Mou
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Flexible Flatfoot ◽  
The Mean

Category: Other; Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: There is a greater prevalence of flexible flatfoot (FFF) among children; however, most of them are physiological, and the associated factors are still in debate. The purpose of current cross-sectional study was to investigate the FFF prevalence of 6 to 13 years Han nationality children in Northwest China; and to investigate the potential relative factors correlated with FFF. Methods: A total of 1,059 children aged from 6 to 13 years were included. Dynamic footprints according to FootScan system were collected from both feet. The relationship of FFF with age, gender, side, body mass index (BMI), foot length-width ratio (LWR), and contact area were investigated. Results: The percentage of FFF decreased from 39.5% at 6 years to 11.8% at 12 years, and reached a platform at 12 to 13 years. Overweight (OR 1.35, 95%CI 1.03-1.77) and obese (OR 2.43, 95%CI 1.81-3.26) showed positive correlation with percentage of FFF children; but only obese (OR 3.25, 95%CI 2.19-4.82) showed positive correlation in small age group (6 to 9 years). The mean LWR was larger in healthy children, and still larger in small and large age groups (P < 0.01). The mean midfoot contact area percentage was larger in FFF than healthy foot (P < 0.01). No correlation was found between FFF prevalence and gender or side. Conclusion: The prevalence of FFF decreases with age, and reached a platform at 12 to 13 years. The prevalence of FFF is positively correlated with increased BMI, especially in small aged children; and the prevalence of FFF is positively correlated with decreased LWR.

scholarly journals Hb and dyslipidaemia as predicting markers of serum alanine aminotransferase elevation in Chinese adolescents

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1067-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuo-Ching Chao ◽  
Chun-Chao Chang ◽  
Eddy Owaga ◽  
Chyi-Huey Bai ◽  
Tzu-chieh Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Alanine Aminotransferase ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Nutrition And Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean

AbstractObjectiveFe is an essential element for erythropoiesis and Hb synthesis. High Hb levels affect the blood’s viscosity and are associated with cardiovascular dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to examine relationships of Hb and cardiometabolic abnormalities with the risk of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation in adolescents.DesignA population-based, cross-sectional study.SettingNational Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (2010–2011, adolescents).SubjectsHealthy adolescents aged 13–18 years.ResultsIn total, 1941 adolescents (963 boys and 978 girls) were entered in the study. The mean age was 15·3 (sd 0·1) years (boys, 15·3 (sd 0·1) years; girls, 15·2 (sd 0·1) years). ALT tertile cut-off points for boys were 11 and 16 U/l, and for girls were 9 and 12 U/l. Girls without dyslipidaemia and presenting in the highest quartile (Q1) of Hb (>13·6 g/dl) were 1·89 and 3·76 times more likely to have raised serum ALT (9 and >12 U/l, respectively) than the reference (lowest quartile of Hb (Q1), <12·4 g/dl). Moreover, for those girls with dyslipidaemia, serum ALT seemed to increase with an increase in Hb levels. Specifically, girls with dyslipidaemia and Hb levels of 12·4, 13·1 and 13·6 g/dl were, respectively, 2·86, 3·53 and 5·64 times more likely to have elevated serum ALT levels (>12 U/l) than the reference (Q1 of Hb, <12·4 g/dl). The only effect found in boys was for those who had dyslipidaemia and presenting in Q4 of Hb (>15·4 g/dl), who were 7·40 times more likely to have elevated serum ALT of >16 U/l than the reference (Q1 of Hb, <14·1 g/dl).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that an increased Hb level is a predictor of elevated serum ALT in adolescent girls with dyslipidaemia. Our study also highlights the importance of further research to establish cut-off points for Hb and its utility in diagnosing and preventing the onset of dyslipidaemia in adolescents.

scholarly journals Incidence, pattern and mechanisms of injuries and fractures in children under two years of age

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Rosendahl ◽  
Ramona Myklebust ◽  
Kjersti Foros Ulriksen ◽  
A. Nøttveit ◽  
Pernille Eide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Accidental Injury ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fractures In Children ◽  
Tibia Fractures

Abstract Background Fractures in children under 2 years of age are rare, and little has been published on their mechanisms. We aimed at examining the incidence, mechanisms, pattern and fracture characteristics in a large, population-based cohort of otherwise healthy children. Methods This retrospective, cross-sectional study includes all children aged 0–2 years, attending the Accident and Emergency department in Bergen between 2010 and 2015, due to an injury warranting radiography. Clinical data was categorized from the medical notes, and all radiographs were reviewed by an experienced paediatric radiologist. Results In total 408 children (212 male), 3–23 months of age (mean 17.7 months), were included. 149 (77 male) children had a total of 162 fractures, yielding an annual incidence of 5.4 per 1000, varying from 0.7 per 1000 for those under 12 months of age, increasing tenfold to 7.3 per 1000 for children aged 12–24 months of age. More than half of the fractures (53.1%) were seen in children aged 18–23 months, while none was found in those under 7 months of age. The youngest age group had mostly femur and tibia fractures, the oldest mostly forearm fractures (n = 55, 33.9%), followed by tibia fractures (21.6%) and fractures to the clavicle (14.8%). The reported mechanisms for the 162 fractures were fall from a chair/bed/table (41.4%), fall from own height (18.5%) or crush injury (15.4%). In 8 of 162 (4.9%) fractures, the history was clearly inconsistent and suspicious of non-accidental injury (NAI). Conclusion Injuries and fractures in young children in general, and non-ambulant children in particular, are rare and should be thoroughly assessed for NAI. Level of evidence: Retrospective, population based cross-sectional study. Level 3.

Comparison of Heffner Criteria and Light Criteria in Differentiating Exudative and Transudative Pleural Effusion

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Krishna Chandra Devkota ◽  
S Hamal ◽  
PP Panta
Keyword(s):  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Pleural Space ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Exudative Pleural Effusion

Pleural effusion is present when there is >15ml of fluid is accumulated in the pleural space. It can be divided into two types; exudative and transudative pleural effusion. Tuberculosis and parapneumonic effusion are the common cause of exudative pleural effusion whereas heart failure accounts for most of the cases of transudative pleural effusion. This study was a hospital based cross sectional study performed at Nepal Medical College during the period of January 2016-December 2016. A total of 50 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Pleural effusion was confirmed by clinical examination and radiology. After confirmation of pleural effusion, pleural fluid was aspirated and was analysed for protein, LDH, cholesterol. The Heffner criteria was compared with Light criteria to classify exudative or transudative pleural effusion. Among 50 patients, 30 were male and 20 were female. The mean age of patient was 45.4±21.85 years. The sensitivity and specificity of using Light criteria to detect the two type of pleural effusion was 100% and 90.9%, whereas using Heffner criteria was 94.87%, 100% respectively(P<0.01). There are variety of causes for development of pleural effusion and no one criteria is definite to differentiate between exudative or transudative effusion. In this study Light criteria was more sensitive whereas Heffner criteria was more specific to classify exudative pleural effusion. Hence a combination of criteria might be useful in case where there is difficulty to identify the cause of pleural effusion.

scholarly journals Prevalence of disabilities and non-communicable diseases in an elderly population in the Telangana state, India: a population-based cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. e041755
Author(s):  
Srinivas Marmamula ◽  
Satya Brahmanandam Modepalli ◽  
Thirupathi Reddy Kumbham ◽  
Rajesh Challa ◽  
Jill E Keeffe
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Population ◽  
Self Care ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases

ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence of disabilities (vision, hearing, mobility, cognitive, self-care and communication) and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among the elderly population in two districts in Telangana, India.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional study using a cluster random sampling method to select the study clusters.SettingElderly population in Khammam and Warangal districts were recruited. Detailed interviews were conducted by trained community health workers. Personal and demographic information such as age, gender, level of education and a self-report of NCDs was collected. The Washington Disability Questionnaire was administered to assess the presence of disabilities.Participants1821 participants aged ≥60 years, 54.5% were women, and 73.3% had no education.Primary outcome measurePrevalence of disabilities and NCDs.ResultsOverall, the prevalence of at least disability was 20.3% (95% CI 16.3 to 24.9). The prevalence of self- reported disabilities were: seeing (5.9%; 95% CI 4.4 to 7.8), mobility (12.8%; 95% CI 9.7 to 16.8), hearing (3.6%; 95% CI 2.7 to 4.8), cognition (4.8%; 95% CI 3.5 to 6.7), self-care (3.3%; 95% CI 2.3 to 4.7) and communication (1.8%; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.6). Overall, the prevalence of at least one NCD was 34.2% (95% CI 30.9 to 37.7). Hypertension was the most common systemic condition (25.4%; 95% CI 22.4 to 28.7), followed by diabetes (9.0%; 95% CI 7.3 to 11.0), and body pains (muscle-skeletal) (9.9%; 95% CI 8.1 to 12.2).ConclusionEvery fifth elderly person in the districts of Khammam and Warangal in Telangana had at least one self-reported disability. Besides, a third of the elderly had at least one NCD. There is a definite need to develop comprehensive public health strategies to address disabilities and NCDs in Telangana.

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