scholarly journals US dietary guidelines: is saturated fat a nutrient of concern?

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (22) ◽  
pp. 1393-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Harcombe
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Fat Consumption ◽  
Dietary Guidelines For Americans ◽  
Total Fat

US public health dietary advice was announced by the Select Committee on Nutrition and Human needs in 1977 and was followed by UK public health dietary advice issued by the National Advisory Committee on Nutritional Education in 1983. Dietary recommendations in both cases focused on reducing dietary fat intake; specifically to (i) reduce overall fat consumption to 30% of total energy intake and (ii) reduce saturated fat consumption to 10% of total energy intake. The recommendations were an attempt to address the incidence of coronary heart disease. These guidelines have been reiterated in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans since the first edition in 1980. The most recent edition has positioned the total fat guideline with the use of ‘Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges’. The range given for total fat is 20%–35% and the AMDR for saturated fat is given as <10%—both as a percentage of daily calorie intake. In February 2018, the Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion announced ‘The US Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services currently are asking for public comments on topics and supporting scientific questions to inform our development of the 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans’. Public comments were invited on a number of nutritional topics. The question asked about saturated fats was: ‘What is the relationship between saturated fat consumption (types and amounts) during adulthood and risk of cardiovascular disease?’ This article is a response to that question.

scholarly journals Sources of excessive saturated fat, trans fat and sugar consumption in Brazil: an analysis of the first Brazilian nationwide individual dietary survey

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosangela A Pereira ◽  
Kiyah J Duffey ◽  
Rosely Sichieri ◽  
Barry M Popkin
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Added Sugars

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the patterns of consumption of foods high in solid fats and added sugars (SoFAS) in Brazil.DesignCross-sectional study; individual dietary intake survey. Food intake was assessed by means of two non-consecutive food records. Foods providing >9·1 % of energy from saturated fat, or >1·3 % of energy from trans fat, or >13 % of energy from added sugars per 100 g were classified as high in SoFAS.SettingBrazilian nationwide survey, 2008–2009.SubjectsIndividuals aged ≥10 years old.ResultsMean daily energy intake was 8037 kJ (1921 kcal), 52 % of energy came from SoFAS foods. Contribution of SoFAS foods to total energy intake was higher among women (52 %) and adolescents (54 %). Participants in rural areas (43 %) and in the lowest quartile of per capita family income (43 %) reported the smallest contribution of SoFAS foods to total energy intake. SoFAS foods were large contributors to total saturated fat (87 %), trans fat (89 %), added sugar (98 %) and total sugar (96 %) consumption. The SoFAS food groups that contributed most to total energy intake were meats and beverages. Top SoFAS foods contributing to saturated fat and trans fat intakes were meats and fats and oils. Most of the added and total sugar in the diet was supplied by SoFAS beverages and sweets and desserts.ConclusionsSoFAS foods play an important role in the Brazilian diet. The study identifies options for improving the Brazilian diet and reducing nutrition-related non-communicable chronic diseases, but also points out some limitations of the nutrient-based criteria.

scholarly journals The impact of restaurant consumption among US adults: effects on energy and nutrient intakes

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 2445-2452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binh T Nguyen ◽  
Lisa M Powell
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Daily Total

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the effect of fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption on adults’ energy intake and dietary indicators.DesignIndividual-level fixed-effects regression model estimation based on two different days of dietary intake data was used.SettingParallel to the rising obesity epidemic in the USA, there has been a marked upward trend in total energy intake derived from food away from home.SubjectsThe full sample included 12 528 respondents aged 20–64 years who completed 24 h dietary recall interviews for both day 1 and day 2 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004, 2005–2006, 2007–2008 and 2009–2010.ResultsFast-food and full-service restaurant consumption, respectively, was associated with an increase in daily total energy intake of 813·75 kJ (194·49 kcal) and 858·04 kJ (205·21 kcal) and with higher intakes of saturated fat (3·48 g and 2·52 g) and Na (296·38 mg and 451·06 mg). Individual characteristics moderated the impacts of restaurant food consumption with adverse impacts on net energy intake being larger for black adults compared with their white and Hispanic counterparts and greater for middle-income v. high-income adults.ConclusionsAdults’ fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption was associated with higher daily total energy intake and poorer dietary indicators.

scholarly journals Clues for the development of food-based dietary guidelines: how are dietary targets being achieved by UK consumers?

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (S1) ◽  
pp. S119-S126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Wearne ◽  
Michael J. L. Day
Keyword(s):  
Eating Habits ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Starchy Foods

Expert scientific advice to the UK Government has been translated into eight general dietary guidelines, which form the core of population-based dietary advice in the UK and are supplemented by a food selection guide showing the types and proportions of foods needed for a balanced and healthy diet. Data from the Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults were used to identify statistically significant differences between subgroups of the study population that met, or failed to meet, population nutritional goals for intakes of total fat, saturated fat and dietary fibre. Several eating habits — including greater consumption of starchy foods (particularly wholemeal varieties), greater consumption of fruit and the substitution of reduced-fat milk for whole-fat milk — were shared by the subgroups that met each of the nutritional goals. This analysis provides clues for any future refinement of food-based dietary guidelines.

scholarly journals Brief support and personalised feedback on food shopping to encourage saturated fat reduction: the PC-SHOP randomised controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Piernas ◽  
Paul Aveyard ◽  
Nerys Astbury ◽  
Jason Oke ◽  
Melina Tsiountsioura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Grocery Shopping ◽  
Food Shopping ◽  
Personalised Feedback

AbstractReducing saturated fat (SFA) intake can lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and thereby cardiovascular disease (CVD) but there are no brief interventions sufficiently scalable to achieve this. The Primary Care Shopping Intervention for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention (PC-SHOP) study developed and tested a behavioural intervention to provide health professional (HP) advice alone or in combination with personalised feedback on food shopping, which was delivered using a bespoke tool that created a nutritional profile of the grocery shopping based on loyalty card data from the UK largest supermarket.Participants with raised LDL-cholesterol were randomly allocated to one of three groups: ‘No Intervention’ (n = 17), ‘Brief Support’ (BS, n = 48), ‘Brief Support plus Shopping Feedback’ (BSSF, n = 48). BS consisted of a 10-minute consultation with a nurse to inform and motivate participants to reduce their SFA intake. The BSSF group received brief support as well as personalised feedback on the SFA content of their grocery shopping including lower SFA swaps. The primary outcome was the between-group difference in the change between baseline and 3 months in SFA intake (% total energy intake) adjusted for baseline SFA intake and GP practice. The trial was powered to detect a reduction in SFA of 3% (SD3).There was no evidence of a difference between the groups. Changes in SFA intake from baseline to follow-up were: -0.7% (SD3.5) in BS, -0.9% (SD3.6) in BSSF and -0.1% (SD3.3) with no intervention. Compared to no intervention, the adjusted difference in SFA intake was -0.33%; 95%CI -2.11, 1.44 with BS and -0.11%; 95%CI -1.92, 1.69 with BSSF. There was no significant difference in total energy intake (BS: -152kcal; 95%CI -513, 209; BSSF: -152kcal; 95%CI -516, 211); body weight (BS: -1.0 kg; 95%CI -2.5, 0.5; BSSF: -0.6 kg 95%CI -2.1, 1.0); or LDL-cholesterol (BS: -0.15mmol/L; 95%CI -0.47, 0.16; BSSF: -0.04mmol/L; 95%CI -0.28, 0.36) compared to no intervention.This trial shows that it is feasible to deliver brief advice in primary care to encourage reductions in SFA intake and we have developed a system to provide personalised advice to encourage healthier choices using supermarket loyalty data. This small trial showed no evidence of large benefits but we are unable to exclude more modest benefits. Even a reduction of 1% in SFA intake when replaced by polyunsaturated fat may reduce CVD incidence by 8%, suggesting that a larger trial to assess whether benefits of this size may occur is now warranted.

scholarly journals Nutritional composition of the diets of South Asian, black African-Caribbean and white European children in the United Kingdom: The Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE)

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Donin ◽  
C. M. Nightingale ◽  
C. G. Owen ◽  
A. R. Rudnicka ◽  
M. C. McNamara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Black African ◽  
African Caribbean

In the UK, South Asian adults have increased risks of CHD, type 2 diabetes and central obesity. Black African-Caribbeans, in contrast, have increased risks of type 2 diabetes and general obesity but lower CHD risk. There is growing evidence that these risk differences emerge in early life and that nutritional factors may be important. We have therefore examined the variations in nutritional composition of the diets of South Asian, black African-Caribbean and white European children, using 24 h recalls of dietary intake collected during a cross-sectional survey of cardiovascular health in eighty-five primary schools in London, Birmingham and Leicester. In all, 2209 children aged 9–10 years took part, including 558 of South Asian, 560 of black African-Caribbean and 543 of white European ethnicity. Compared with white Europeans, South Asian children reported higher mean total energy intake; their intakes of total fat, polyunsaturated fat and protein (both absolute and as proportions of total energy intake) were higher and their intakes of carbohydrate as a proportion of energy (particularly sugars), vitamin C and D, Ca and haem Fe were lower. These differences were especially marked for Bangladeshi children. Black African-Caribbean children had lower intakes of total and saturated fat (both absolute and as proportions of energy intake), NSP, vitamin D and Ca. The lower total and saturated fat intakes were particularly marked among black African children. Appreciable ethnic differences exist in the nutritional composition of children's diets, which may contribute to future differences in chronic disease risk.

scholarly journals Bread type intake is associated with lifestyle and diet quality transition among Bedouin Arab adults

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 1513-1522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Abu-Saad ◽  
Iris Shai ◽  
Vered Kaufman-Shriqui ◽  
Larissa German ◽  
Hillel Vardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
White Bread ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
White Flour ◽  
Total Fat

The traditionally semi-nomadic Bedouin Arabs in Israel are undergoing urbanisation with concurrent lifestyle changes, including a shift to using unfortified white-flour bread instead of wholewheat bread as the main dietary staple. We explored associations between the transition from wholewheat to white-flour bread and (1) lifestyle factors, (2) overall diet quality, and (3) health status. We conducted a nutrition survey among 451 Bedouin adults, using a modified 24 h recall questionnaire. Bread intake accounted for 32·7 % of the total energy intake. Those consuming predominantly white bread (PWB) (n 327) were more likely to be urban (OR 2·79; 95 % CI 1·70, 4·58), eating store-bought rather than homemade bread (OR 8·18; 95 % CI 4·34, 15·41) and currently dieting (OR 4·67; 95 % CI 1·28, 17·11) than those consuming predominantly wholewheat bread (PWWB) (n 124). PWB consumption was associated with a lower intake of dietary fibre (23·3 (se 0·6) v. 41·8 (se 1·0) g/d; P ≤ 0·001), a higher intake of saturated fats (26·9 v. 24·6 % of total fat; P = 0·013) and lower intakes of Fe (11·0 (se 0·3) v. 16·7 (se 0·4) mg/d), Mg (262·2 (se 5·9) v. 490·3 (se 9·8) mg/d), vitamin E (6·5 (se 0·2) v. 8·6 (se 0·3) mg/d) and most B vitamins than PWWB consumption (P < 0·001 for all), after adjusting for total energy intake. Among those aged ≥ 40 years, PWB consumption was associated with a 9·85-fold risk (95 % CI 2·64, 36·71; P = 0·001) of having one or more chronic conditions, as compared with PWWB consumption, after controlling for other risk factors. White bread intake was associated with a less traditional lifestyle and poorer diet quality, and may constitute a useful marker for at-risk subgroups to target for nutritional interventions.

scholarly journals Energy and protein intake in the Colombian population: results of the 2015 ENSIN population survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar F. Herrán ◽  
Edna M. Gamboa-Delgado ◽  
María Del Pilar Zea
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Total Protein Intake

Abstract The present study was aimed at (1) the differences between current weight v. ideal weight, (2) total energy intake and comparing it with required energy (Rkeer), (3) absolute protein intake in g/kg per d and g/1000 calories, (4) how energy and protein intake relate to the nutritional status of the subjects in terms of overall overweight (OEW) [overweight + obesity] and conservative overweight (CEW) [obesity] and (5) the contribution (%) of protein to total energy intake based on the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR). A dietary study was carried out in Colombia with 29 259 subjects between 1 and 64 years of age, based on cross-sectional data collected in 2015 by a 24-h dietary recall (24HR) administered as part of the National Nutrition Survey. Energy and protein intake did not differ by nutritional status. In the general population, energy intake was 2117 kcal/d (95 % CI 1969, 2264). The total protein intake was 64⋅3 g/d (95 % CI 61⋅4, 67⋅3). Adequate energy intake ranged from 90 to 100 %, except for the 1–4-year-old group, which ranged from 144 to 155 %. Protein intake was 1⋅64 g/kg per d (95 % CI 1⋅53, 1⋅75). The mean AMDR for protein to total energy intake was 13⋅3 % (95 % CI 12⋅9, 13⋅7). Excess weight began during the first 4 years of age. In conclusion, it is worth reviewing and updating energy and protein intake recommendations and dietary guidelines for the Colombian population and designing and modifying public policy.

scholarly journals Dietary guidelines and food nutrient intakes in Portugal

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (S1) ◽  
pp. S99-S103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Graça
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
National Council ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Percentage Contribution ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Total Fat

The average intakes of nutrients by a group of 489 adult Portuguese (≥ 40 years) living in a metropolitan area of Northern Portugal were studied using a food frequency questionnaire, and used to compare with the most recent recommendations for the same population by the National Council of Food and Nutrition. The data suggested a relative concordance between consumption levels and nutritional goals, however we found differences between subgroups of the population. Higher intakes of total fat and saturated fat, and lower intakes of fibre/energy and carbohydrates were shared by younger people (40–55 years), and higher intakes of total fat, saturated fat, fibre/energy, protein and carbohydrates and lower intakes of alcohol by women. Nutrients have been analysed in terms of the percentage contribution to total energy intake, but as alcohol is energy dense, its consumption can decrease the proportion of the energy intake from nutrients other than alcohol, and some caution must be taken in interpreting these results.

scholarly journals An Unsupervised Machine-Learning Approach to Characterize Ultra-Processed Food Consumers: Results from the NHANES 2015–2015 Survey Cycle

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 232-232
Author(s):  
Giulia Lorenzoni ◽  
Danila Azzolina ◽  
Marco Silano ◽  
Dario Gregori
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Mixed Data ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Latent Dimension

Abstract Objectives The consumption of ultra-processed food (UPF) has been suggested to be associated with adverse health outcomes. Understanding factors that affect the consumption of UPF is relevant from the public health perspective in order to develop ad hoc public health strategies facing UPF consumption. The present study aimed at assessing the contribution of demographic and socio-economic data in characterizing UPF consumers using the NHANES 2015–2016 survey cycle data. Methods Demographic and socio-economic data reported in the interview by NHANES 2015–2016 adult participants (age &gt;18 years) were considered in the analysis. All the foods reported in the interview were classified to be or not UPF according to the NOVA classification. The consumption of UPF was assessed using dietary data for day 1 interview and it was reported as percentage of total energy intake. Subjects were classified by the percentage of UPF energy intake (less or more than 50% of total energy intake). A Factor Analysis for Mixed Data (FAMD) was run on subjects with an UPF intake that was above the 50% of total energy intake using the demographic and socio-economic data as explanatory variables. Results Analyses were performed on 5266 survey participants that were found to be UPF consumers; of these, 2669 had an UPF intake above the 50% of the total energy intake. The results of the FAMD showed that the first three latent dimensions identified explained the 67.5% of overall data space. The main contributors of the first latent dimension were the family income (32.14%), the ratio of family income to poverty (31.67%), and the annual household income (27.36%). The factors that contributed the most to identify the second latent dimension were the number of people in the household (37.57%), the number of children aged 6–17 years old and of preschoolers living in the household (24.84% and 17.52%, respectively). Conclusions Among the factors considered, those related to the socio-economic characteristics were found to contribute the most in characterizing UPF consumers. Such results suggest that UPF consumption could be affected by socio-economic status that should be taken into account in the set-up of public health intervention strategies facing UPF consumption. Funding Sources University of Padova.

scholarly journals Associations of added sugar from all sources and sugar-sweetened beverages with regional fat deposition in U.S. adolescents: NHANES 1999–2006

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E Cioffi ◽  
Jean A Welsh ◽  
Jessica A Alvarez ◽  
Terryl J Hartman ◽  
K M Venkat Narayan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Total Fat

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND The relative distribution of upper- versus lower-body fat may be an important determinant of cardiometabolic disease risk in youth. Dietary correlates of adolescent regional body fat distribution are under-studied. OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations of added sugar intake overall and from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) with relative upper-body fat deposition in U.S. adolescents. METHODS This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from 6,585 adolescents (12–19 years) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles 1999–2006. Trunk, leg, and total fat mass were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Participants were grouped into categories of total and SSB added sugar intake as a percentage of total energy intake (TEI) in 5% increments. Stepwise multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations of added sugar intake with trunk fat/leg fat ratio (TLR) and trunk fat/total fat ratio (TTR). RESULTS There were no associations of total added sugar intake with TLR or TTR. For SSB added sugar, compared to the lowest category of intake (<2% TEI), the highest category (>22% TEI) was associated with higher log-TLR (β (95% CI).>22% TEI vs. < 2% TEI: 0.05 (0.01, 0.09)] and TTR [1.30 (0.53, 2.07)] in the partially-adjusted model with sex, age, race/ethnicity, income, physical activity, smoking status as covariates (P-trend = 0.0001 for both). When body mass index (BMI) z-score and total energy intake were added as covariates, the magnitude of the associations were attenuated, but remained significant [log-TLR β (95% CI): 0.03 (0.005, 0.06), P-trend = 0.0018; TTR β (95% CI): 0.75 (0.27, 1.23), P-trend = 0.0004]. CONCLUSIONS These findings support that added sugar from beverages is associated with higher upper-body adiposity, though the magnitude and clinical significance of the associations may be small, especially when adjusted for BMI and TEI. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms to explain these findings.

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