scholarly journals Clues for the development of food-based dietary guidelines: how are dietary targets being achieved by UK consumers?

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (S1) ◽  
pp. S119-S126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Wearne ◽  
Michael J. L. Day
Keyword(s):  
Eating Habits ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Starchy Foods

Expert scientific advice to the UK Government has been translated into eight general dietary guidelines, which form the core of population-based dietary advice in the UK and are supplemented by a food selection guide showing the types and proportions of foods needed for a balanced and healthy diet. Data from the Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults were used to identify statistically significant differences between subgroups of the study population that met, or failed to meet, population nutritional goals for intakes of total fat, saturated fat and dietary fibre. Several eating habits — including greater consumption of starchy foods (particularly wholemeal varieties), greater consumption of fruit and the substitution of reduced-fat milk for whole-fat milk — were shared by the subgroups that met each of the nutritional goals. This analysis provides clues for any future refinement of food-based dietary guidelines.

scholarly journals US dietary guidelines: is saturated fat a nutrient of concern?

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (22) ◽  
pp. 1393-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Harcombe
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Fat Consumption ◽  
Dietary Guidelines For Americans ◽  
Total Fat

US public health dietary advice was announced by the Select Committee on Nutrition and Human needs in 1977 and was followed by UK public health dietary advice issued by the National Advisory Committee on Nutritional Education in 1983. Dietary recommendations in both cases focused on reducing dietary fat intake; specifically to (i) reduce overall fat consumption to 30% of total energy intake and (ii) reduce saturated fat consumption to 10% of total energy intake. The recommendations were an attempt to address the incidence of coronary heart disease. These guidelines have been reiterated in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans since the first edition in 1980. The most recent edition has positioned the total fat guideline with the use of ‘Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges’. The range given for total fat is 20%–35% and the AMDR for saturated fat is given as <10%—both as a percentage of daily calorie intake. In February 2018, the Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion announced ‘The US Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services currently are asking for public comments on topics and supporting scientific questions to inform our development of the 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans’. Public comments were invited on a number of nutritional topics. The question asked about saturated fats was: ‘What is the relationship between saturated fat consumption (types and amounts) during adulthood and risk of cardiovascular disease?’ This article is a response to that question.

scholarly journals Habitual diet in four populations of African origin: a descriptive paper on nutrient intakes in rural and urban Cameroon, Jamaica and Caribbean migrants in Britain

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 765-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise I Mennen ◽  
Maria Jackson ◽  
Sangita Sharma ◽  
Jean-Claude N Mbanya ◽  
Janet Cade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
African Origin ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Habitual Diet ◽  
Rural Cameroon ◽  
Similar Genetic Background ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
The Uk

AbstractBackground:The prevalence of chronic diseases is increasing in West Africa, the Caribbean and its migrants to Britain. This trend may be due to the transition in the habitual diet, with increasing (saturated) fat and decreasing fruit and vegetable intakes, both within and between countries.Objective:We have tested this hypothesis by comparing habitual diet in four African-origin populations with a similar genetic background at different stages in this transition.Design:The study populations included subjects from rural Cameroon (n=743), urban Cameroon (n=1042), Jamaica (n=857) and African–Caribbeans in Manchester, UK (n=243), all aged 25–74 years. Habitual diet was assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire, specifically developed for each country separately.Results:Total energy intake was greatest in rural Cameroon and lowest in Manchester for all age/sex groups. A tendency towards the same pattern was seen for carbohydrates, protein and total fat intake. Saturated and polyunsaturated fat intake and alcohol intake were highest in rural Cameroon, and lowest in Jamaica, with the intakes in the UK lower than those in urban Cameroon. The percentage of energy from total fat was higher in rural and urban Cameroon than in Jamaica and the UK for all age/sex groups. The opposite was seen for percentage of energy from carbohydrate intake, the intake being highest in Jamaica and lowest in rural Cameroon. The percentage of energy from protein increased gradually from rural Cameroon to the UK.Conclusions:These results do not support our hypothesis that carbohydrate intake increased, while (saturated) fat intake decreased, from rural Cameroon to the UK.

scholarly journals Dietary guidelines and patterns of food and nutrient intake in Sweden

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (S1) ◽  
pp. S113-S117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wulf Becker
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Dietary Survey ◽  
Frequent Consumption ◽  
Total Carbohydrates ◽  
Food And Nutrient Intake ◽  
Total Fat

The Nordic and Swedish Nutrition Recommendations emphasize the balance between macronutrients in the diet. The amount of saturated and total fat should be limited to c. 10 %energy and 30 %energy, respectively, and the amount of total carbohydrates should be 55–60 %energy. Data from the first Swedish national dietary survey in 1989 show that the average diet is too high in fat, especially saturated fat (36–37 %energy and 16 %energy, respectively) while the content of total carbohydrates and dietary fibre is too low. However, parts of the population consume a diet that meets the recommendation for a particular macronutrient. A comparison of subjects with a low or high intake of total fat and saturated fat, dietary fibre or fruit and vegetables show some common trends with respect to the characteristics of a dietary pattern equal or close to the recommendations, e.g. more frequent consumption of fruit and vegetables and a lower consumption of some fat-rich foods, such as spreads, cheese and sausages.

Prudent Life-style for Children: Dietary Fat and Cholesterol

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
American Heart ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Monounsaturated Fat ◽  
Total Fat

In the 1983 AAP Committee on Nutrition statement, "Toward a Prudent Diet for Children," the evidence linking dietary factors with the risk of atherosclerosis was reviewed.1 Based on the analysis of the available information, the Committee made seven recommendations concerning steps to be taken during childhood that would reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in adults. With respect to childhood eating habits, it was noted that, after 1 year of age, a varied diet that includes items from each of the major food groups is the best assurance of nutritional adequacy. The dietary trends in the United States during the last few decades, with emphasis on decreased consumption of saturated fats, cholesterol, and salt and increased intake of polyunsaturated fats, were recommended as sensible when followed with moderation.1 OTHER FINDINGS Since publication of that Committee statement, recommendations for alteration of childhood diets have also been made by the American Heart Association, 2 by the American Health Foundation, 3 and by a Consensus Development panel sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).4 All three of these groups have recommended more restrictive childhood diets than had been recommended by the Committee on Nutrition. The American Heart Association2 recommends a total fat intake that would be approximately 30% of total calories; this 30% would include 10% or less from saturated fat, 10% from monounsaturated fat, and less than 10% from polyunsaturated fat. The recommendation for daily cholesterol intake was 100 mg/1,000 calories and not to exceed 300 mg/d, total. Similar recommendations have been made by the American Health Foundation3 to achieve a target goal of serum total cholesterol values averaging 140 mg/dL for children and young adults.

scholarly journals The Health Canada Surveillance Tool could be an effective method for assessing alignment with 2019 Canada's Food Guide

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Mulligan ◽  
Beatriz Franco-Arellano ◽  
Mary R L'Abbe
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Food Label ◽  
Food Category ◽  
Total N ◽  
University Of Toronto ◽  
Label Information ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Health Canada ◽  
Kappa Agreement

AbstractThe Health Canada Surveillance Tool (HCST), a Canadian nutrient profile (NP) model, assesses products’ adherence to the 2007 Canada's Food Guide (CFG), using thresholds for total fat, saturated fat, sugars and sodium. In 2019, new dietary guidelines were published (i.e., CFG 2019); however; the HCST has not been updated to reflect changes implemented in this new guide. Given suggestions to adapt previously validated NP models rather than create new models, this research aimed to assess whether the HCST could be a useful tool to assess alignment with updated dietary guidance. Specifically, the objective of this study was to test the agreement between products’ alignment with the CFG 2007 (as per the HCST) and products’ alignment with the recently released CFG 2019 guidelines. This study analyzed data from the University of Toronto Food Label Information Program (FLIP) 2017 database. FLIP contains label and nutrition information for prepackaged food products from top Canadian grocery retailers. Products were categorized into Tiers based on HCST thresholds: Tiers 1 and 2 were considered “in line” with dietary guidance, while Tiers 3, 4 and “Other” (i.e. foods not addressed by CFG) were considered “not in line”. Two raters independently classified foods according to their alignment to CFG 2019. Proportions of products that were considered “in line” with CFG 2007 and 2019 were calculated. Overall agreement between alignment with CFG 2007 and 2019 was determined by cross-classifications of the proportion of products considered “in line” or “not in line” with both CFG versions. Cohen's Kappa (κ) statistic tested the level of agreement (Interpretation of κ: 0.01–0.20, “slight”; 0.21–0.40, “fair”; 0.41–0.60, “moderate”; 0.61–0.80, “substantial”; and 0.81–0.99, “almost perfect”). Analyses were conducted overall and by Health Canada's Table of Reference Amounts for Food category. In total, n = 16,973 products were analyzed, with 98% inter-rater reliability for CFG 2019 alignment. Overall, 30.2% and 28.2% of products were “in line” with CFG 2007 and 2019, respectively, with 80.4% overall agreement and “moderate” kappa agreement (κ [95% CI]: 0.49 [0.46, 0.49]). Overall agreement in individual food categories ranged from 100% (Dessert Toppings, Sauces, Sugars and Sweets; κ: N/A) to 54.8% (Eggs, κ: 0.21 [-0.01, 0.4]). From these results, the HCST appears to be an effective NP model for assessing alignment with CFG 2019. Further analysis could elucidate specific areas for adaptation of the HCST to optimize its functionality in this context.

scholarly journals How well do Australian women comply with dietary guidelines?

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kylie Ball ◽  
Gita D Mishra ◽  
Christopher W Thane ◽  
Allison Hodge
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractObjective:To investigate the proportion of middle-aged Australian women meeting national dietary recommendations and its variation according to selected sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics.Design:This cross-sectional population-based study used a food-frequency questionnaire to investigate dietary patterns and compliance with 13 commonly promoted dietary guidelines among a cohort of middle-aged women participating in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health.Setting:Nation-wide community-based survey.Subjects:A total of 10 561 women aged 50–55 years at the time of the survey in 2001.Results:Only about one-third of women complied with more than half of the guidelines, and only two women in the entire sample met all 13 guidelines examined. While guidelines for meat/fish/poultry/eggs/nuts/legumes and ‘extra’ foods (e.g. ice cream, chocolate, cakes, potatoes, pizza, hamburgers and wine) were met well, large percentages of women (68–88%) did not meet guidelines relating to the consumption of breads, cereal-based foods and dairy products, and intakes of total and saturated fat and iron. Women working in lower socio-economic status occupations, and women living alone or with people other than a partner and/or children, were at significantly increased risk of not meeting guidelines.Conclusions:The present results indicate that a large proportion of middle-aged Australian women are not meeting dietary guidelines. Without substantial changes in their diets, and help in making these changes, current national guidelines appear unachievable for many women.

scholarly journals Revision of food-based dietary guidelines for Ireland, Phase 1: evaluation of Ireland's food guide

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary AT Flynn ◽  
Clare M O'Brien ◽  
Gemma Faulkner ◽  
Cliona A Flynn ◽  
Magda Gajownik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Portion Sizes ◽  
Food Patterns ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Gender Groups

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate Ireland's food-based dietary guidelines and highlight priorities for revision.DesignEvaluation with stakeholder input. Energy and nutrient intake goals most appropriate for Ireland were determined. Advice from Ireland's food guide was translated into 4 d food intake patterns representing age and gender groups from 5 to 51+ years. Nutritional content of the food patterns was compared with identified goals and appropriateness of food advice was noted. Feedback from stakeholders was obtained on portion size of foods within the Bread, Cereal and Potato group and of portion descriptors for meat and cereal foods.SettingGovernment agency/community.SubjectsGeneral population aged 5+ years, dietitians/nutritionists (n 44) and 1011 consumers.ResultsGoals were identified for energy, macronutrients, fibre, Fe, Ca and vitamin D. Goals not achieved by the food patterns included energy, total fat, saturated fat, fibre and vitamin D. Energy content of food portions within the Bread, Cereal and Potato group varied widely, yet advice indicated they were equivalent. Dietitians/nutritionists agreed with the majority of consumers surveyed (74 %, n 745) that larger portion sizes within the Bread, Cereal and Potato group were more meaningful. ‘Palm of hand’ as a descriptor for meat portions and a ‘200 ml disposable cup’ for quantifying cereal foods were preferred.ConclusionsRevision of the guidelines requires specific guidance on energy and vitamin D intakes, and comprehensive advice on how to reduce fat and saturated fat and increase fibre intakes. Advice should use portion descriptors favoured by consumers and enlarged portion sizes for breads, cereals and potatoes that are equivalent in terms of energy.

scholarly journals Dietary patterns among British adults: compatibility with dietary guidelines for salt/sodium, fat, saturated fat and sugars

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1323-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid Gibson ◽  
Margaret Ashwell
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Breakfast Cereals ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractObjectiveTo examine dietary patterns among British adults, associations with Na and macronutrient intakes, and implications for dietary advice.DesignPrincipal component analysis of 7 d weighed dietary records.SubjectsAdults aged 19–64 years (n 1724).SettingNational Diet and Nutrition Survey (2000/2001).ResultsHigh Na intake was associated with more energy-dense diets, higher in fat and SFA (percentage of energy) but lower in non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES). Eight patterns (PC1 to PC8) explained 40 % of the total variance in food intakes. Three patterns – PC3 (high loadings on bread, fats and cheese), PC2 (meat products, eggs and chips) and PC7 (red meat, sauces and alcohol) – were associated with high Na intake. Of these, PC3 correlated with high Na density and Na:K ratio, while PC2 correlated with fat. By contrast, three patterns – ‘health-conscious’ (PC1; vegetables, fruit, fruit juice, fish), ‘breakfast cereals and milk’ (PC6) and ‘chicken and rice’ (PC8) – were associated with modest Na intake, lower Na density and lower fat and SFA. PC2 was positively correlated, and PC1 was negatively correlated, with adding salt to food. Other patterns were ‘tea/coffee and cakes’ (PC4; associated with high SFA and NMES) and ‘soft drinks and snacks’ (PC5; associated with high NMES but not fat or SFA). The dietary patterns of males and females differed slightly.ConclusionsDietary patterns PC1, PC6, PC8 (vegetables, fruit, fish, milk, breakfast cereals, poultry) were broadly compatible with guidelines for salt, fat, SFA and NMES. However, other patterns tended to be high in either salt or NMES.

scholarly journals Are the Eatwell Guide and Nutrient Profiling Models Consistent in the UK?

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2732
Author(s):  
Ana-Catarina Pinho-Gomes ◽  
Asha Kaur ◽  
Peter Scarborough ◽  
Mike Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Nutrition Surveys ◽  
The Public ◽  
Dietary Index ◽  
Nutrient Profiling ◽  
Food Policies ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Dietary Score ◽  
Good Agreement

A nutrient profiling model (NPM) was developed in 2005 in the UK to regulate the marketing of foods to children. It was revised in 2018, but the new version has not been finalised. The Eatwell Guide (EWG) is the UK’s official food-based dietary guidelines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement between the 2005 and 2018 versions of the NPM and the EWG. Using recent National Diet and Nutrition Surveys, we estimated the healthiness of individual diets based on an EWG dietary score and a NPM dietary index. We then compared the percentage of agreement and Cohen’s kappa for each combination of the EWG score and NPM index across the range of observed values for the 2005 and 2018 versions. A total of 3028 individual diets were assessed. Individuals with a higher (i.e., healthier) EWG score consumed a diet with, on average, a lower (i.e., healthier) NPM index both for the 2005 and 2018 versions. Overall, there was good agreement between the EWG score and the NPM dietary index at assessing the healthiness of representative diets of the UK population, when a low cut-off for the NPM dietary index was used, irrespective of the version. This suggests that dietary advice to the public is broadly aligned with NPM-based food policies and vice-versa.

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