scholarly journals Validation of two case definitions to identify pressure ulcers using hospital administrative data

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e016438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester Ho ◽  
Jason Jiang ◽  
Cathy A Eastwood ◽  
Holly Wong ◽  
Brittany Weaver ◽  
...  

ObjectivePressure ulcer development is a quality of care indicator, as pressure ulcers are potentially preventable. Yet pressure ulcer is a leading cause of morbidity, discomfort and additional healthcare costs for inpatients. Methods are lacking for accurate surveillance of pressure ulcer in hospitals to track occurrences and evaluate care improvement strategies. The main study aim was to validate hospital discharge abstract database (DAD) in recording pressure ulcers against nursing consult reports, and to calculate prevalence of pressure ulcers in Alberta, Canada in DAD. We hypothesised that a more inclusive case definition for pressure ulcers would enhance validity of cases identified in administrative data for research and quality improvement purposes.SettingA cohort of patients with pressure ulcers were identified from enterostomal (ET) nursing consult documents at a large university hospital in 2011.ParticipantsThere were 1217 patients with pressure ulcers in ET nursing documentation that were linked to a corresponding record in DAD to validate DAD for correct and accurate identification of pressure ulcer occurrence, using two case definitions for pressure ulcer.ResultsUsing pressure ulcer definition 1 (7 codes), prevalence was 1.4%, and using definition 2 (29 codes), prevalence was 4.2% after adjusting for misclassifications. The results were lower than expected. Definition 1 sensitivity was 27.7% and specificity was 98.8%, while definition 2 sensitivity was 32.8% and specificity was 95.9%. Pressure ulcer in both DAD and ET consultation increased with age, number of comorbidities and length of stay.ConclusionDAD underestimate pressure ulcer prevalence. Since various codes are used to record pressure ulcers in DAD, the case definition with more codes captures more pressure ulcer cases, and may be useful for monitoring facility trends. However, low sensitivity suggests that this data source may not be accurate for determining overall prevalence, and should be cautiously compared with other prevalence studies.

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 973-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Magnani Fernandes ◽  
Maria Helena Larcher Caliri

Pressure ulcers remain a major health issue for critical patients. The purpose of this descriptive and exploratory study was to analyze the risk factors for the development of pressure ulcers in patients hospitalized at an intensive care unit of a university hospital. Patients were assessed through the Braden scale to determine the risk for the development of pressure ulcers and to identify individual risks, and the Glasgow scale was used to assess their consciousness. It was found that the risks associated with pressure ulcer development were: low scores on the Braden Scale on the first hospitalization day and low scores on the Glasgow scale. The results showed that these tools can help nurses to identify patients at risk, with a view to nursing care planning.


Author(s):  
Jane McChesney-Corbeil ◽  
Karen Barlow ◽  
Hude Quan ◽  
Guanmin Chen ◽  
Samuel Wiebe ◽  
...  

AbstractBackground: Health administrative data are a common population-based data source for traumatic brain injury (TBI) surveillance and research; however, before using these data for surveillance, it is important to develop a validated case definition. The objective of this study was to identify the optimal International Classification of Disease , edition 10 (ICD-10), case definition to ascertain children with TBI in emergency room (ER) or hospital administrative data. We tested multiple case definitions. Methods: Children who visited the ER were identified from the Regional Emergency Department Information System at Alberta Children’s Hospital. Secondary data were collected for children with trauma, musculoskeletal, or central nervous system complaints who visited the ER between October 5, 2005, and June 6, 2007. TBI status was determined based on chart review. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for each case definition. Results: Of 6639 patients, 1343 had a TBI. The best case definition was, “1 hospital or 1 ER encounter coded with an ICD-10 code for TBI in 1 year” (sensitivity 69.8% [95% confidence interval (CI), 67.3-72.2], specificity 96.7% [95% CI, 96.2-97.2], PPV 84.2% [95% CI 82.0-86.3], NPV 92.7% [95% CI, 92.0-93.3]). The nonspecific code S09.9 identified >80% of TBI cases in our study. Conclusions: The optimal ICD-10–based case definition for pediatric TBI in this study is valid and should be considered for future pediatric TBI surveillance studies. However, external validation is recommended before use in other jurisdictions, particularly because it is plausible that a larger proportion of patients in our cohort had milder injuries.


2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsokuang Wu ◽  
Shin-Tien Wang ◽  
Pi-Chu Lin ◽  
Chien-Lin Liu ◽  
Yann-Fen C. Chao

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-density foam (HDF) pads versus viscoelastic polymer (VP) pads in the prevention of pressure ulcer formation during spinal surgery and their cost-effectiveness. Subjects were 30 patients who underwent spinal surgery for more than 3 hr in a prone position. One side of the chest and iliac crest was padded with HDF pads and the other side was padded with VP pads. An Xsensor® pressure measuring sheet was placed between the pad and the patient. Bilateral chest and iliac crest points were observed for the presence of pressure ulcers at 30 min after the operation. Results showed that a pressure ulcer had occurred at 9 of 120 compression points (7.5% of the total), 30 min after the operation. Risk evaluation showed that female gender, weight <50 kg, and body mass index (BMI) <18 kg/m2 as well as location (the iliac crest) were all risk factors for development of pressure ulcers. The most significant factor was BMI <18 kg/m2. The average and peak pressures measured at the points padded with the VP pads were significantly lower than those padded with the HDF pads. However, there was no significant difference between the VP and the HDF pads regarding ulcer prevention. Because the cost of a VP pad is 250 times greater than that of an HDF pad of similar size, the VP pad should only be considered for use in high-risk patients.


2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  

Skin inspection should be seen as an essential part of patient assessment and therefore should be compulsory for all hospital admissions. Recognising this as a key factor of risk assessment can ensure healthcare professionals are providing the best possible care and protection for their patients. Identifying skin damage on initial assessment ensures appropriate and early intervention, thus minimising or even preventing the risk of damage to the skin and avoiding pressure ulcer development. Once a pressure has developed the patient is generally dependent on others to manage, treat and care for their ulcer. Healthcare providers need to recognise that a pressure ulcer is a crucial element in preventing a full recovery, it can lead to increased hospital stay, resulting in ongoing treatment which may take weeks, even months of nursing care. Patients may also experience pain and discomfort, which has serious consequences on a patient’s quality of life, as well as a very costly exercise for the National Health Service (NHS). Understanding the mechanism of how the skin can be damaged and identifying the different stages of pressure damage can help in reducing, or even avoiding hospital acquired pressure ulcers. However, failure to identify pressure ulcers correctly can lead to inaccurate reporting and consequently inappropriate management. This article aims to explain the development and introduction of a new strategy to aid healthcare professionals overcome the difficulties in classifying pressure ulcers and differentiating superficial pressure ulcers from moisture lesions. Using the European Pressure Ulcer classification guide (EPUAP 2014) a pressure ulcer guide wheel, or ‘PUG wheel/ tool’, was designed to help healthcare professionals understand pressure ulcer categories and differentiate between pressure ulcers and moisture lesions [1]. To test the accuracy regarding classification, a group of 20 Tissue Viability Link Nurses were tested using this new tool against various verified pressure ulcer and moisture lesion images. A supporting poster was also designed to help healthcare professionals understand the staging system.


Author(s):  
Deborah Glover ◽  
Trevor Jones ◽  
Henning von Spreckelsen

The heel of the foot is particularly susceptible to pressure, friction and shear forces. In consequence, heel pressure ulcers account for approximately 18% of all hospital-acquired pressure ulcers in England. To ameliorate the effects of friction and shear forces, the use of heel protectors made from silk-like fabric is recommended. This article outlines how one such product, the Parafricta bootee (APA Parafricta), has facilitated a reduction in heel pressure ulcer development, resulting in both time and cost savings in an acute NHS trust over the course of 8 years and thousands of patients. A cost-analysis will also be detailed to show that if the products and processes pioneered by this trust were used throughout NHS England, over £300 million in resource savings could be achieved each year.


2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 770-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Ferris ◽  
Annie Price ◽  
Keith Harding

Background: Pressure ulcers are associated with significant morbidity and mortality as well as high cost to the health service. Although often linked with inadequate care, in some patients, they may be unavoidable. Aim: This systematic review aims to quantify the prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers in patients receiving palliative care and identify the risk factors for pressure ulcer development in these patients as well as the temporal relationship between pressure ulcer development and death. Design: The systematic review is registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42017078211) and conducted in accordance with the ‘PRISMA’ pro forma. Articles were reviewed by two independent authors. Data sources: MEDLINE (1946–22 September 2017), EMBASE (1996–22 September 2017), CINAHL (1937–22 September 2017) and Cochrane Library databases were searched. In all, 1037 articles were identified and 12 selected for analysis based on pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Overall pressure ulcer prevalence and incidence were found to be 12.4% and 11.7%, respectively. The most frequently identified risk factors were decreased mobility, increased age, high Waterlow score and long duration of stay. Conclusion: The prevalence of pressure ulcers is higher in patients receiving palliative care than the general population. While this should not be an excuse for poor care, it does not necessarily mean that inadequate care has been provided. Skin failure, as with other organ failures, may be an inevitable part of the dying process for some patients.


Author(s):  
Lina H. Al-Sakran ◽  
Ruth Ann Marrie ◽  
David F. Blackburn ◽  
Katherine B. Knox ◽  
Charity D. Evans

AbstractObjective: To validate a case definition of multiple sclerosis (MS) using health administrative data and to provide the first province-wide estimates of MS incidence and prevalence for Saskatchewan, Canada. Methods: We used population-based health administrative data between January 1, 1996 and December 31, 2015 to identify individuals with MS using two potential case definitions: (1) ≥3 hospital, physician, or prescription claims (Marrie definition); (2) ≥1 hospitalization or ≥5 physician claims within 2 years (Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System [CCDSS] definition). We validated the case definitions using diagnoses from medical records (n=400) as the gold standard. Results: The Marrie definition had a sensitivity of 99.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 92.3-99.2), specificity of 98.5% (95% CI 97.3-100.0), positive predictive value (PPV) of 99.5% (95% CI 97.2-100.0), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 97.5% (95% CI 94.4-99.2). The CCDSS definition had a sensitivity of 91.0% (95% CI 81.2-94.6), specificity of 99.0% (95% CI 96.4-99.9), PPV of 98.9% (95% CI 96.1-99.9), and NPV of 91.7% (95% CI 87.2-95.0). Using the more sensitive Marrie definition, the average annual adjusted incidence per 100,000 between 2001 and 2013 was 16.5 (95% CI 15.8-17.2), and the age- and sex-standardized prevalence of MS in Saskatchewan in 2013 was 313.6 per 100,000 (95% CI 303.0-324.3). Over the study period, incidence remained stable while prevalence increased slightly. Conclusion: We confirm Saskatchewan has one of the highest rates of MS in the world. Similar to other regions in Canada, incidence has remained stable while prevalence has gradually increased.


Author(s):  
Ahmet Erdemir

Prolonged mechanical loading of tissue in between a bony prominence and a support surface can lead to pressure ulcers. Despite recent initiatives to curb down incidence rates, the health care burden of pressure ulcer prevention remains significant [1]. Etiology of pressure ulcers are commonly attributed to interface pressures. As a result, interventions, e.g., support surfaces, routinely aim to reduce contact pressures. However, the clinical effectiveness of such an objective can be questionable [2]. Recent studies have shown that internal mechanics of the tissue can be associated with pressure ulcer development [3], potentially indicating the inefficacy of interventions targeted solely at contact pressure relief. Tissue characteristics at a bony prominence, e.g., tissue thickness and material properties, also influence load distribution within and on the surface of the tissue. Given the variability in patient populations and for a bony region of interest [4], it is possible that patient specific risk and load relief (with the use of support surface) may differ widely.


Author(s):  
Debbie Bronneberg ◽  
Lisette H. Cornelissen ◽  
Cees W. J. Oomens ◽  
Frank P. T. Baaijens ◽  
Carlijn V. C. Bouten

Pressure ulcers are areas of soft tissue breakdown resulting from sustained mechanical loading of the skin and underlying tissues. These ulcers are painful, difficult to treat, and represent a burden to the community in terms of health care and money. Currently, pressure ulcer risk assessment is dominated by subjective measures and does not predict pressure ulcer development satisfactorily [1]. Objective measures are therefore needed for early, non-invasive detection.


2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Donatas Samsanavičius ◽  
Kęstutis Maslauskas ◽  
Rytis Rimdeika

Donatas Samsanavičius, Kęstutis Maslauskas, Rytis RimdeikaVilniaus universiteto Anesteziologijos ir intensyviosios terapijos klinika,Kauno medicinos universiteto klinikų Plastinės chirurgijos ir nudegimų skyrius,Eivenių g. 2, LT-50009 KaunasEl paštas: [email protected] Įvadas / tikslas Pragulos – tai odos ir gilesniųjų audinių nekrozė, kuri susidaro sutrikus mitybai spaudžiamosiose kūno paviršiaus vietose. Literatūros duomenimis, daugiau nei du trečdaliai pragulų susidaro vyresniems nei 70 metų ligoniams. Tarp neurologinių ligonių pragulos pasireiškia 5–8%, pragulos kaip mirties priežastis – 7–8% paraplegijos ištiktų ligonių. Pagrindinės pragulų priežastys: kraujotakos sutrikimas, sumažėjęs judrumas, sumažėjęs jutimas, drėgmė, bloga mityba, amžius, spaudimas, edema, trintis. Norėdami įvertinti dažniausias pragulų priežastis, vieno ar kito gydymo metodo pranašumus, efektyvumą ir veiksmingumą, nusprendėme atlikti retrospektyvųjį pragulų gydymo tyrimą. Tikimės, kad straipsnis padės išsamiau susipažinti su šia patologija, kurią gydo bendrosios praktikos gydytojai, chirurgai ir reabilitologai, slaugytojai, padės įvertinti gydymo metodus ir jų veiksmingumą. Ligoniai ir metodai Atlikta retrospektyvioji duomenų analizė 108 sergančiųjų pragulomis, kurie nuo 1996 m. sausio iki 2005 m. gruodžio gydėsi Kauno medicinos universiteto klinikų Chirurgijos klinikos Plastinės chirurgijos ir nudegimų skyriuje. Rezultatai KMUK Chirurgijos klinikos Plastinės chirurgijos ir nudegimų skyriuje nuo 1996 m. sausio iki 2005 m. gruodžio nuo pragulų operuoti 108 ligoniai. 73 ligoniams, operuotiems gydymo stacionare metu, pragulos sugijo visiškai, t. y. pragulos žaizda po operacijos sugijo pirminiu būdu, neliko odos defekto. Operuotiems 35 ligoniams pragulos iki galo nesugijo ir išvykstant iš stacionaro liko odos defektas. Pacientų amžiaus vidurkis buvo 41 ± 12,95 m. (M = 31), jiems pragulos buvo atsivėrusios vidutiniškai 8,6 ± 9,2 mėn. (M = 3). Guldant į KMUK ligoninę pragulų dydis buvo 41,18 ± 56,65 cm2 (M = 10). Pragulos dydis statistiškai reikšmingai priklauso nuo paraplegijos trukmės (p < 0,05). Vieno gulėjimo KMUK metu operuota 1,14 ± 0,47 karto (M = 1). Operacijų metodika įvairi. Dažniausiai buvo atliekama miokutaninė pragulos plastika – 77 atvejais, iš jų 13 atvejų atlikta V–Y plastika kryžmens srityje, 11 atvejų – V–Y plastika Harmstringo metodu. Išvados Jauname amžiuje atsiradusias pragulas dažniausiai sukelia trauminiai stuburo pažeidimai, lemiantys paraplegiją. Paraplegiškiems ligoniams pirmoji pragula atsiveria po 75,14 ± 63,74 mėnesių nuo paraplegijos pradžios. Pragulos dažniausiai atsiranda ties sėdynkaulio sėdimuoju gumburu. Sėkmingiausiai pragulos gydomos miokutaninės plastikos būdu. Reikšminiai žodžiai: pragulos, miokutaninė pragulos plastika, fasciokutaninė pragulos plastika Surgical pressure ulcer treatment at the Kaunas Medical University Hospital Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns in 1996–2005 Donatas Samsanavičius, Kęstutis Maslauskas, Rytis RimdeikaKaunas Medical University Hospital, Division of Plastic Surgery and Burns,Eivenių str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, LithuaniaE-mail: [email protected] Background / objective Pressure sore is a skin and deeper tissue necrosis which is due to nutrition (microcirculation) disorder in prolonged pressure body areas. Two thirds of pressure ulcers occur in patients older than 70 years. Among patients who are neurologically impaired, pressure sores occur with an annual incidence of 5–8%. Moreover, decubitus ulcers are listed to be the direct cause of death in 7–8% of all paraplegics. The main causes are circulatory problems, decreased movement, decreased sensation, moisture, poor nutritional status, advanced age, pressure, edema and friction. To evaluate most common decubitus ulcer causes, the quality of one or another method of treatment, we decided to perform a retrospective study of pressure ulcers. We hope that this article will help to be more aware of this pathological condition that general practitioners, surgeons, rehabilitation specialists and care takers are treating and confronting, as well as to evaluate the management methods and their efficiency. Patients and methods A retrospective data analysis involving 108 pressure sore patients who had been treated during January 1996 – December 2005 period at the Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns of Kaunas Medical University Hospital was performed. Results There were 108 pressure sore patients operated on at the Kaunas Medical University Hospital Plastic Surgery and Burns Department during January 1996 – December 2005. In 73 cases operated on in the stationary phase, decubitus ulcer healed up completely: the wound healed up by primary intention; no skin defect was left. In 35 cases, pressure sores did not heal up completely and a skin defect after discharging from the hospital was left. The average age of patients was 41 ± 12.95 years (M = 31). The pressure ulcers were on average 8.6 ± 9.2 months (M = 3). In the stationary phase, pressure sore size was 41.18 ± 56.65 cm2 (M = 10). The size of decubitus ulcer was statistically reliable according to paraplegic duration (p < 0.05). During one hospitalization, operation was performed 1.14 ± 0.47 times (M = 1). The methods of surgery varied. Myocutaneous pressure ulcer plastics have been performed in 77 cases: in 13 cases V–Y plastics in sacrum area, and in 11 cases – V–Y plastics by Harmstring. Conclusions Decubitus ulcers appearing in young age are due to a traumatic vertebral injury, which causes paraplegia. First pressure sore appear 75.14 ± 63.74 months after paraplegia initiation. The most common location of pressure ulcers is ischial tuberosities. Most efficacious operation is myocutaneous pressure ulcer plastics. Key words: decubitus ulcer, myocutaneous pressure sore plastics, fasciocutaneous decubitus ulcer plastics


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