Unregistered Polygamous Marriage of Civil Servants and its Implication for Wives’ Financial Problem, Social Fate and Loss of Children’s Welfare

Unregistered polygamous marriage carried out by civil servants has serious implication for wives’ financial problem, social fate and loss of children’s welfare. The Marriage Law allows polygamy with very strict requirements. In the Government Regulation governing civil servant polygamy, justice is the main requirement in polygamy, because it really determines welfare in polygamy families. Based on the results of in-depth interviews and participant observation by using the constructivism paradigm and socio-legal approaches, it was found that unregistered polygamous marriages carried out by civil servants have implication for the disciplinary punishment of employees, so the polygamists got the sack. This implies their family economic problems, because there is not enough income to meet the needs of family life. Finally, neglect and divorce occur. Wives and children will be victims. Hence, it is necessary for the government to regulate particular policies for the polygamists of civil servants, to save their wives and children’s life. Firing the polygamists is not such a solution, but will instead create more complicated problems for their families.

Barriers to Adherence to Iron Chelation Therapy in Thalassemia Patients

Background: Thalassemias are the most common inheritable blood disorders requiring regular blood transfusions and iron chelating therapy. Non-adherence to iron chelation therapy increases complications and is a problem in treating thalassemia. To assess the reasons of non-adherence to iron chelating drug in treating thalassemia. Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the thalassemia ward of Chattogram Maa Shishu-O-General Hospital, Chattogram from July, 2013 to June, 2014. 70 thalassemia patients aged 2-18 years previously treated with iron chelating drugs were included. Parents were interviewed according to a formulated questionnaire based on discontinuation of iron chelating drugs and its reasons. Data were analyzed by both manually and by SPSS-18. Results: About 48.6% patients needed blood transfusion >10 units/year and 62.9% patients were prescribed with iron chelating drugs. Near about half patients (47.7%) did not continued iron chelating therapy till full prescribed period. Deferiprone (31.8%) and combination of deferipronc & desferrioxamine (31.8%) was the most commonly prescribed drug. Deferiprone is the drug to which most of the patients (70%) were adherent and a good number of patients (65%) discontinued desferrioxamine. Financial problem (100%) was the only reason for discontinuation of oral chelator. In case of parenteral chelator, besides finanacial problem (38.5%), time consuming natures (38.5%), need of hospital admission (23%) are the other causes for non-adherence to iron chelation therapy. Conclusion: Financial problem is the main cause of non-adherence to iron chelation therapy. Iron chelating drugs should be available at low cost. Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.20 (2); July 2021; Page 45-49

Robust Volatility Estimation and Analysis of the Leverage Effect

<p>Using volatility estimation as the underlying commonality this thesis traverses the statistical problem of robust estimation of scale, through to the financial problem of valuing call options over stock. We use a large simulation study of robust scale estimators to benchmark a nonparametric volatility estimation procedure, which not only uses techniques which are particularly suited to observed financial returns, but also addresses the problem of bias in any robust volatility estimation procedure. Existing option pricing models are discussed with careful study of the assumed volatility and elasticity of volatility with respect to stock price relationships for each of these models. An option pricing formula is derived which extends existing methods, and provides a closed form solution which can be readily computed. Preliminary analysis of real price data suggests this model is able to explain observed leverage phenomena.</p>

Robust Volatility Estimation and Analysis of the Leverage Effect

<p>Using volatility estimation as the underlying commonality this thesis traverses the statistical problem of robust estimation of scale, through to the financial problem of valuing call options over stock. We use a large simulation study of robust scale estimators to benchmark a nonparametric volatility estimation procedure, which not only uses techniques which are particularly suited to observed financial returns, but also addresses the problem of bias in any robust volatility estimation procedure. Existing option pricing models are discussed with careful study of the assumed volatility and elasticity of volatility with respect to stock price relationships for each of these models. An option pricing formula is derived which extends existing methods, and provides a closed form solution which can be readily computed. Preliminary analysis of real price data suggests this model is able to explain observed leverage phenomena.</p>

Phenomenology of Parenting while Schooling among Filipino College Student Mothers in the Province

This phenomenological study sought to explore the lived experiences of student mothers enrolled in a Philippine higher education institution situated in the province. Participants were determined using a purposive sampling technique with the following criteria: currently enrolled in the higher education institution; has at least a child; 20 years old or above. FB Messenger was used in interviewing and gathering the research data. From the thematic data analysis, four major themes were revealed: (1) challenges faced by student mothers; (2) advantages of being a student mother; (3) managing time in dual roles; and (4) support by others. The student mothers face challenges in performing their dual role such as bullying, time management, and financial problem. The student mothers, however, get source of inspiration, respect, school excuses, and important lessons in life. Their parenting experience gives them a strong personality and an inspiration to continue their education pursuits. Though managing time is really hard for them, they are able to surpass it through time management and parental help. Support systems such as their teachers, classmates, parents, friends, and relatives also play a significant role in their lives. This study provides understanding on how to make tertiary education more accessible and transformational most especially to women who handle the dual roles as students and parents.

A STUDY ON PROBLEM AND CHALLENGES OF WOMEN COIR WORKERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ALAPPUZHA DISTRICTS

Coir is a major traditional village business in India, which is centered on agrobased employment. India is the world's largest coir producer with over 80 percent of the world's total coir fiber production. Kerala is India's major coir and coir manufacturer. The coir industry has been developed in Kerala, and spreads to other coconut growing states of India. Coir industry is an export and employment industry. The study analysis the problems and challenges of women workers in household units of Alappuzha districts of Kerala. The study aims to know the family problem, employment related problem, financial problem, poor living condition of workers and identifying the problem and challenges faced by the women workers and provide them with suitable suggestions to overcome issues.

P–512 When COVID–19 pandemic seems to be a never-ending story: Fear and anxiety do not discourage infertility patients to seek for the treatment

Study question Do fear, anxiety and perceptions related to COVID–19 infection significantly impact infertility patients in seeking and continuing the treatment? Summary answer Despite fear and anxiety related to COVID–19 pandemic, 94.4% of infertility patients still decided to proceed with the infertility treatment. What is known already: It has been commonly acknowledged that infertility has a momentous impact on the psychological well-being of both partners. COVID–19 pandemic might significantly exacerbate the feeling of stress, anxiety and depression in patients with infertility problem. However, the concern that delaying the treatment may negatively impact the outcome has led to the continuation of infertility management during the pandemic era. In this context, social distancing and loss of social support could possibly be deepened, contributing to higher levels of distress. The patients may face a high level of uncertainty due to the inability to conceive and the spread of COVID–19 infection. Study design, size, duration This is a cross-sectional study utilising a questionnaire distributed to infertility patient in Jakarta. All the women gave their informed consent to collect and use their data for conducting this study. An anonymous electronic survey on Google Forms web application was e-mailed to infertile couples. The purpose of this survey was explained to all participants with a brief introduction. Survey participation was voluntary. Participants/materials, setting, methods This study utilising a questionnaire distributed to infertility patient in Jakarta. Patients were identified, and demographic data were collected between 1 September 2020 and 25 January 2021. The survey was distributed to a total of 178 patients with phone and email reminders. Main results and the role of chance A total of 178 patients were replied and filled the google form completely. The average age of the patients and the length of infertility were 32.6 ± 1.4 years and 60 ± 2.9 months, respectively. Most of the patients were University graduated (71.8%). Among all participants, 94.4% decided to proceed with the infertility treatment despite the COVID–19 pandemic. Ovulatory dysfunction was the most common type of infertility in women (46%). However, the percentage of the treatment delay due to hospital protocol or the patient’s decision was 39.5%. The age and the length of infertility were significantly associated with higher anxiety levels (p &lt; 0.05). Patients knowledge regarding the COVID–19 infection was not significantly impact the level of anxiety (p &gt; 0.05). It was demonstrated that 37.3% of the patients preferred fresh compared to frozen embryo transfer despite COVID–19 pandemic, and 33.4% of the participants admitted that they had a financial problem during the COVID–19 pandemic. However, 25.9% of the patients decided to continue the treatment during the pandemic regardless of this financial problem. Limitations, reasons for caution The use of a cross-sectional study may lead to limited information regarding patients’ characteristics prior to the COVID–19 pandemic. The length and implications of this pandemic are unpredictable that the outcomes of this study may not reflect sustained consequences of COVID–19 pandemic on psychological well being of women with infertility. Wider implications of the findings: It is imperative to offer emotional support to reduce stress and concerns in women with infertility. As the willingness of infertility patients to continue the treatment despite pandemic COVID–19, the risks and consequences of COVID–19 infection should be addressed in managing patients with infertility during the pandemic era. Trial registration number Not applicable

LOCKDOWN ENGAGEMENT AND ENRICHMENT OF COLLEGE STUDENTS

There are several studies have been conducted at a global level to assess the COVID-19 Lockdown related issues. But in the study is to assess the lockdown engagement and enrichment of college students during COVID-19 on various college students and university students in Tirunelveli District. An online survey was conducted from 13th May to 22nd May 2020 to collect data. A structural Questionnaire link was sent to students via Whatsapp and email using the “Google Form”. A total number of respondents is 80, the students provided complete information regarding the study survey. The researcher has applied the statistical tools like percentage analysis, reliability test, t-test, chi-square test, and cluster analysis to analyse the results. Most of the respondents stated that the financial problem is the major reason for not updating themselves and distraction, laziness, parental/child pressures are the least reasons for not updating as per the modern scenario which is expressed by the sample respondents. The researcher suggested that the universities and colleges should make their own uniform academic plan and also generate a proper Non-stop Continuity Education Plan to continue the college students' learning process during this pandemic lockdown and to have encouraged the students to upgrade their skills.

Irrigation Practices under Boro Rice Cultivation in Haor Areas of Sunamganj, Bangladesh

A field study was conducted in the ‘haor’ areas of Sunamgonj district, Bangladesh, aimed to investigate the present irrigation practices to identify the related problems for ‘Boro’ rice cultivation. The primary field data were collected by interviewing 120 farmers (landless, small, medium, and large farmers) through survey. Most of the farmers used ‘beel’ (37.5%) as the main source of irrigation water. As water-lifting devices, they mostly used Low Lift Pumps (77.5%). The cost of irrigation was observed the lowest at Derai [Tk. 12,232 ($ 146.784) per season] and the highest was at Dakshin Sunamganj [Tk. 46109 ($ 553.31) per season], respectively. The highest benefit-cost ratio (BCR) was observed at Derai (2.48) and the lowest was at Dowarabazar (2.01). The financial problem, less water supply, lack of irrigation equipment, and knowledge about operating the equipment were identified as the main problems suffered by the farmers. These problems can be solved by distributing irrigation equipments at a reasonable price, and arranging training programs to develop the farmers’ skills.

Impact of Covid-19 Lockdown on Socio-Economic Conditions of Semi-Skilled Returnee Migrant Workers of Bangladesh

The study explores immediate impact of COVID-19 lockdown on socio-economic conditions of the returnee migrants in Bangladesh. Using digital platform the study collects primary data through survey on returnee migrants of Bangladesh, and it follows descriptive mode of analysis. The study finds that the majority of the returnee migrant’s family members are dependent on the remittance. The workers return home because of the shutting down of their income sources due to a prolong period of lockdown. After returning home many returnee migrants get harassed by their neighbour and have problems in receiving healthcare services and maintain quarantine. Most of the returnee workers spend their savings to survive during lockdown. After four month of lockdown, the returnee migrants who think about remigration and re-join their previous job, they face several challenges like financial problem, visa renewing, job contract renewing, unavailability of plane tickets, and getting corona negative certificate.