scholarly journals Industrially producedtransfat in popular foods in 15 countries of the former Soviet Union from 2015 to 2016: a market basket investigation

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e023184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steen Stender
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Similar Term ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Confectionery Fat ◽  
Coronary Mortality

ObjectiveTo minimise the intake of industrially producedtransfat (I-TF) and decrease the risk of coronary heart disease, several countries have implemented a legislative restriction on I-TF in foods. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of I-TF in biscuits/cakes/wafers in 15 countries of the former Soviet Union that all have a high coronary mortality rate compared with countries in Western Europe.MethodsThree large supermarkets in 15 capitals were visited in 2015 or 2016. Prepackaged biscuits/cakes/wafers were bought if the list of ingredients disclosed that the product contained more than 15 g of fat per 100 g of product and if partially hydrogenated fat or a similar term, including margarine, refined fat or confectionery fat, were mentioned. Samples of the foods were subsequently analysed for total fat and TF.ResultsSome 994 products contained more than 2% total fat as I-TF (illegal in Denmark). In Armenia, 91 different products had a mean value (SD) of 21 (11)% fat as I-TF. In Estonia, there were eight products with 14 (10)% fat as I-TF. The other 13 countries had values between those of Armenia and Estonia. In several countries, a major portion of the products was imported from Russia and Ukraine. The mean shelf life (SD) of 673 packages was 218 (75) days. The % TF in the fat of the products produced in Russia and in Ukraine in relation to the date of production both declined by approximately 10% points during the 2-year collection period.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that I-TF is used in popular foods in all 15 countries of the former Soviet Union. Therefore, these findings indicate a possible way for some reduction of the high coronary mortality rate in these countries.

scholarly journals To the 100th anniversary of Vadim Evgen’evich Garutt (October 12, 1917 – March 28, 2002)

2018 ◽  
Vol 322 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-214
Author(s):  
V.S. Baygusheva ◽  
I.V. Foronova ◽  
S.V. Semenova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Mammuthus Primigenius ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Woolly Mammoth

The article contains a biography of the famous Russian paleontologist V.E. Garutt (1917–2002), the oldest research worker of the Zoological institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, who studied the Pleistocene elephants of Northern Eurasia. He published more than 70 scientific papers on the origin and evolution of elephants of mammoth line, the morphology, changeability and features of the development of ancient proboscides. V.E. Garutt suggested two subfamilies Primelephantinae and Loxodontinae. He is the author of several taxa of fossil elephants of the generic, specific and subspecific levels. On his initiative, the skeleton of the Taimyr mammoth was adopted as the neotype of the woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius. He actively defended the independence of the genus Archidiskodon. A number of famous and important for the science paleontological specimens (skulls and skeletons of southern elephants, trogontherine and woolly mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses and elasmotherium) were restored and mounted by V.E. Garutt. They adorn a number of museums and institutes in Russia (St. Petersburg, Stavropol, Pyatigorsk, Azov, Rostov-on-Don) and abroad (Tbilisi, Vilnius, Edersleben, Sangerhausen). In addition, V.E. Garutt was an active popularizer of paleontological science. He collected a scientific archive on the remains of elephants from many regions of the former Soviet Union and some countries of Western Europe, which is now stored in the Azov museum-reserve (Azov). Several grateful pupils began their way in paleontology under the leader ship of V.E. Garutt. And they continue active work nowadays.

Ethno-Separatism and its Prospects

2011 ◽  
pp. 32-42
Author(s):  
O. Bolotnikova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Law ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Territorial Integrity

The author explores the phenomenon of today's ethnic conflicts which are less frequently turning into the wars between states. The author uses the cases of the countries of former Soviet Union, Western Europe, Africa in order to examine important aspects of the ethnic conflicts settlement. It is concluded that the heart of the problems is the correlation between two fundamental principles of the international law (usually regarded as antagonists in terms of the settlement of such conflicts). Namely, these are the principle of states’ territorial integrity and the principle of peoples’ right to self-determination.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 217-246
Author(s):  
Conor O'Dwyer
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Organizational Development ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Applied Lessons ◽  
Lgbt Activism ◽  
The Face

This chapter begins with a review of the book’s argument and principal findings. It then discusses theoretical and applied lessons for the study of sexual citizenship and the practice of LGBT activism in the new EU member-states of postcommunist Europe. The chapter’s remaining sections reflect on the argument’s implications for other social issues and regional contexts. These include the women’s movement in contemporary Poland, Roma activism in Hungary, and LGBT activism outside the sphere of potential EU applicant-states (especially the former Soviet Union and Latin America). Animating this discussion is the question of how to account for instances when social movements fail to thrive, or even wither, in the face of backlash. A second animating question is what counts as social movement “success,” policy gains or organizational development? The chapter concludes with some speculation about LGBT activism in the US and Western Europe in light of the contemporary turn to populist-nationalist politics in both places.

A Different Approach to the History of Islam and Muslims in Europe: A North-Eastern Angle, or the Need to Reconsider the Research Field

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Göran Larsson ◽  
Egdūnas Račius
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Research Field ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
History Of ◽  
Muslims In Europe ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
Eastern Baltic

AbstractWhile the ever more strongly felt presence of Muslims in western Europe has already stimulated numerous scholars of various social sciences to embark upon research on issues related to that presence, it is apparent that just a few studies and introductory text books have so far dealt with the evolution of Muslim communities in other parts of Europe, especially in countries of central, eastern, and northern Europe. Without appreciation of and comprehensive research into the more than six-hundred-year-long Muslim presence in the eastern Baltic rim the picture of the development of Islam and Muslim-Christian relations in Europe remains incomplete and even distorted. Therefore, this article argues for the necessity of approaching the history of Islam and Muslims in Europe from a different and ultimately more encompassing angle by including the minorities of Muslim cultural background that reside in the countries of the European part of the former Soviet Union—the Baltic states and Belarus. Besides arguing that it is necessary to reconsider and expand the research field in order to develop more profound studies of Islam and Muslims in Europe, the article also outlines suggestions as to why the Muslim history in the eastern Baltic rim has been generally excluded from the history of Islam in Europe.

Nuclearizing NATO, 1957–1959: the ‘Anglo-Saxons’, nuclear sharing and the fourth country problem

1994 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Melissen
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Western World ◽  
Nuclear Strategy ◽  
Nuclear Issue ◽  
European Nuclear ◽  
The Cold War

The spread of nuclear weapons outside the Western world has become the most important nuclear issue since the end of the Cold War. By contrast, the debate about Europe's nuclear strategy has subsided. Nuclear collaboration in Western Europe now seems an unlikely prospect and so too does proliferation, despite instability in the former Soviet Union, and occasional speculation about Germany's nuclear appetite. A very different atmosphere prevailed during the Cold War, when the need for a European nuclear force was endlessly debated, without any prospect of this political demand being fulfilled, and, in the late 1950s and 1960s, several European countries appeared to be at the threshold of obtaining nuclear power.

scholarly journals Early Transition Trends and Differences of Higher Education Attainment in the Former Soviet Union, Central and Eastern European Countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 105-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Terama ◽  
Anu Kõu ◽  
KC Samir
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Higher Education Policy ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Education Attainment ◽  
Higher Education Attainment ◽  
Eastern European Countries

The past trends in tertiary education attainment of selected post-communist countries are investigated through population projections. Did a common higher education policy manifest itself through attainment levels, and how did the situation change after the collapse of the Soviet regime? The approach is based on comprehensive back-projections ranging from year 2000 to 1970. Descriptive findings for most countries show that the level of tertiary education attainment for women has surpassed that of men sooner than in Western Europe. Results are discussed in light of individual countries’ pre-war higher education models and former communist policy, and possible implications are derived for future study of higher education attainment.

scholarly journals Diphtheria in the 1990s - do we have all the answers?

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Collective Editorial Committee
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Major Threat

The recent epidemic of diphtheria in the former Soviet Union has been a major threat to countries in western Europe, where levels of diphtheria anti-toxin in adults are less than optimal. The total number of cases in western Europe linked to countries fur

International Labour Office. World Employment Report 1998-99. Employability in the Global Economy: How Training Matters. Geneva: ILO. 248pp.Paperback. Price US$34.95.

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Far East ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Global Workforce ◽  
The World ◽  
National Economies

Statistics reveal that some one billion employable workers are unemployed— almost 33 percent of the total global workforce. Unemployment has therefore come to be a significant political issue in Western Europe, the developing world, and the former ‘tiger’ economies of the Far East and South East Asia. Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, undergoing a process of structural reform, have also significant populations that are in search of employment. The world outlook for employment is therefore very grim. Such high levels of unemployment cause major economic losses not only to national economies but also to the world economy by reducing growth rates, thereby further adding to the problem of unemployment, a vicious cycle indeed. The rise of unemployment levels requires radical new measures that need to be put in place if this problem is to be tackled effectively at the national and international levels.

A Review of the Scientific Literature and Methods for Production of Factitious Hosts for Use in Mass Rearing of Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in the Former Soviet Union, the United States, Western Europe and China

1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Greenberg ◽  
R. K. Morrison ◽  
Donald A. Nordlund ◽  
E. G. King
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Selection Of

Trichogramma spp. are important biological control agents for lepidopterous pests. Insectaries for mass rearing them, using factitious hosts, have been constructed in many countries. Selection of factitious hosts is based on the simplicity of their mass production, mechanization of rearing processes, and cost of production compared to that of utilizing target pest eggs. Scientific literature and personal experiences with the techniques used for production of factitious hosts for Trichogramma spp. in the former Soviet Union, the United States, Western Europe, and China are presented.

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