TERMINOLOGY OF PALEOZOIC PLACODERM FISHES (ANTIARCHI) EXOSKELETAL ELEMENTS

The terminology and morphology of plates of the posterior part of the antiarch head shield (Placodermi, Antiarchi) are discussed. The terms «zatilochnaya» and «bokovaya (kraevaya) zatilochnaya» was previously accepted in antiarch skulls and are suggested for use in Russian-language literature. These terms are more correct and clearly define a position and development of these plates in the head shield of antiarchs. The titles «zagrivkovaya (nuchalnaya)» and «bokovaya zagrivkovaya (paranuchalnaya)», recently applied to them in Russian-language literature may indicate a connection in development with an anterior part of a trunk. A similar term is used for acipenserid exoskeleton. The acipenserid «nuchalnaya kost’» is located posterior to the «verchnezatilochnaya» (after Gurtovoi), and embryonically developed in an anterior part of the trunk over basidorsals and bones of the shoulder girdle. The name «pervaya spinnaya plastinka» (first dorsal scute: after Hilton and others) is also use for this bone. The term «zagrivkovaya plastinka» is used in other vertebrate skeletons, for example, in turtles; this name denotes the unpaired element of a carapace (postcranial skeleton). Using the terms «zagrivkovaya (nuchalnaya)» and «bokovaya zagrivkovaya (paranuchalnaya)» in the morphology of antiarchs and other placoderms may lead confusion in the terminology of skeletal elements at early vertebrates, incorrect conclusion of their homology, structure and development of the head shield of these unusual fishes.

The impact of myosteatosis on outcomes following surgery for gastro-intestinal malignancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

e15540 Background: Recent research has demonstrated the impact that body composition parameters can have on the outcomes following cancer surgery. Adipose tissue deposition in muscle, known as myosteatosis, can be detected on pre-operative imaging. This systematic review aims to analyse the impact of pre-operative myosteatosis on long-term outcomes following surgery for gastro-intestinal malignancy. Methods: Using MeSH terms, a systematic search of the databases PubMed MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, CINAHL and AMED was performed. Studies were included if they reported hazard ratios (HR) analysing the impact of pre-operatively defined myosteatosis, or similar term, on the long-term outcomes following surgery for gastro-intestinal malignancy. A total of 39 full texts articles were reviewed for inclusion, with 19 being included after the inclusion criteria were applied. A sub-group analysis was performed for those studies reporting outcomes for colorectal cancer patients only. Results: The total number of included patients across all studies was 14,481. Patients with myosteatosis had a significantly poorer overall survival, according to univariate (HR 1.82, 95% CI 1.67 – 1.99) and multivariable (HR 1.66, 95% CI 1.49 – 1.86) analysis. This was also demonstrated with regards to cancer-specific survival (univariate HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.18 – 2.22, multivariable HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.48 – 2.03) and recurrence-free survival (univariate HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.10 – 1.48, multivariable HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.07 – 1.77). Conclusions: This review demonstrates that patients with pre-operative myosteatosis have poorer long-term outcomes following surgery for gastro-intestinal malignancy. Therefore, myosteatosis should be used for pre-operative optimisation and as a prognostic tool before surgery. More standardised definitions of myosteatosis and further cohort studies of patients with non-colorectal malignancies are required.

Statistical sustainability of a digital organization

An important feature of a digital organization is its ability to change rapidly. For an organization to remain capable of rapid change, it must be on the brink of resilience, since a resilient organization always resists change. The article examines the borderline state of the organization, which is on the verge of its stability and instability. In this state, the organization begins to lose predictability in the details of behavior, but still retains predictability in general. The authors called this borderline state the statistical sustainability of the organization. The phenomenon of statistical sustainability of an organization is very similar to the property of stability of the frequency of mass events and average values described in mathematical statistics by a similar term. To analyze the nature of the statistical sustainability of the organization, the authors used the ideas of strange attractors and modes with sharpening from the theory of complex systems. A strange attractor is an area of the organization’s behavior that, outside this area, is an area of stability for the organization, and inside it is an area of complete unpredictability. The theory of complex systems has shown that it is in the regions of strange attractors that the conditions for the variability of systems are created, and the theory of modes with aggravation shows the conditions under which this variability can lead to self-organization, that is, the spontaneous emergence of new structures. This article shows that systematic digitalization objectively leads to the formation of the statistical sustainability of the organization and creates the preconditions for maintaining the organization’s ability to make rapid changes. In traditional management, the statistical sustainability of an organization is viewed as a threat and a source of risk. Therefore, in the context of systematic digitalization, traditional approaches to management should be significantly refined.

New regulatory requirements for selector valves of gas fire extinguishing systems

Статья посвящена изучению современного уровня требований к распределительным устройствам, которые являются одним из основных элементов централизованных установок газового пожаротушения. Приведен краткий анализ указанных устройств, изготавливаемых в России. На основе действующих нормативных документов, а также опыта проведения сертификационных испытаний устройств в нашей стране и за рубежом разработан проект межгосударственного стандарта. Введение новых нормативных требований к распределительным устройствам установок газового пожаротушения, содержащихся в данном документе, позволит повысить их технические характеристики до уровня передовых серийно изготавливаемых изделий, а также ограничий применение наиболее устаревших технических решений. Selector valves are one of the main elements of centralized automatic gas fire extinguishing systems. They carry out the passage of a gas extinguishing agent in the supply directions to one of several objects of protection. The centralized storage and selective supply of fire extinguishing gas to one of several objects of protection lead to more economical use of gas that reduces the material costs for fire extinguishing system. Currently, the Russian industry has mastered the serial production of selector valves for various working pressures. The draft interstate standard was developed on the basis of existing regulatory documents and contains new requirements and test methods for selector valves. The draft interstate standard contains the term “working pressure”, which is consistent with the similar term from ISO 16003:2008, in which the widely used foreign term “maximum working pressure” is not used. In order to comply with ISO 16003:2008, the manual starting force of the selector valve is increased from 150 N to 180 N when switching on with the hand. The minimum duration of the electric starting impulse is limited to 2 seconds, and the maximum value is not normalized. There are introduced requirements for monitoring methods for closed and open position of the valve locking body in service, and for quickly manual closing the valve after activation. It will improve the technical characteristics to the level of advanced mass-produced products. When developing the draft standard, the main provisions of international and European standards in this area are taken into account.

La retórica violenta y la teoría de la neutralización en el ejercicio del derecho de reunión en España | Violent retoric and neutralization theory in the exercise of the right of assembly in Spain

El derecho de reunión representa una realidad socio-jurídica de máxima actualidad, pues su ejercicio se encuentra más presente que nunca en la vida de cualquier país democrático. La situación de crisis económica mundial ha elevado, de manera muy significativa, el ejercicio de esta libertad en nuestro país, de tal manera, que se hace más necesario que nunca garantizar el efectivo y eficaz ejercicio de este derecho. Por todo ello, la violencia, el uso de la fuerza, o cualquier otro término que utilicemos, que se oponga a la paz y tranquilidad social en el ejercicio del derecho de reunión, no tiene cabida en nuestra norma fundamental de convivencia. En este trabajo nos preguntamos: ¿Qué motivación existe en estos sujetos para ejercer el uso de la violencia, en detrimento de muchas de las normas jurídicas y sociales que imperan en nuestra sociedad, en lugar de utilizar otras alternativas posibles?, ¿qué razones pueden justificar este tipo de conductas violentas?, ¿el uso de la violencia es una elección libre o se trata de una conducta irracional producto de una despersonalización en el interior de la masa?Este estudio pretende aportar un mayor conocimiento sobre la libertad de reunión. Trataremos de ahondar en su realidad, conocer sus intereses en conflicto, los problemas que plantea su ejercicio, la aparición del fenómeno de los comportamientos delictivos violentos en las reuniones y manifestaciones, así como aproximarnos a los sujetos titulares individuales de esta libertad, mediante un método de análisis cualitativo, que permita explorar y explicar la realidad tal como la experimentan sus protagonistas.________________________________The right of assembly is an extremely current socio-legal reality, since its practice is becoming more and more part of everyday life in democratic countries. The world economic crisis has significantly increased the practice of this right in our country, making it more necessary than ever to warrant the effective and efficient practice of this right. This means that violence, force or any other similar term, that jeopardizes peace and social calm during the practice of this right, has no place in our fundamental regulation of coexistence. We ask in the present paper:For what reasons do these subjects exercise the use of violence, at the expense of many legal and social regulations that prevail in our society, instead of other alternatives? How can they justify this kind of violent behaviour? Is the use of violence a question of free choice or is it an irrational behaviour caused by depersonalization when the subject forms part of a group?In this study we would like to point out some of these questions. This study claims to increase the understanding of the right of assembly and demonstration, and in the appearance of the phenomenon of violent criminal behaviour during gatherings and demonstrations.Finally, we will approach the individual entitled subjects of this right, by means of a qualitative analysis, that will allow us to explore and explain the reality in the way its main subjects experience it.

THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SPATIAL LOCATION OF LVIV IN THE LAST THIRD OF THE 13TH CENTURY

The researches during the last 20 years have shown that there were some spatial features of Magdeburg (city) rule in that time. Primarily the structure of the town was similar to other Central or Western European towns: a castle (castrum, burg, grad, dytynets) and an extensive settlement (podil), the latter having no fortifications and being where merchants and craftsmen lived. The initial formation of the city territory based on the principles of the spatial location of the cities of the German law started around the 70-th years of 13 century – the times of rule of duke Lev.No research this period the author has applied the methodology of recreating the historical topography based on the retrospective comparison of the prestatictical sources and applying it to the historical maps of the period. The primary Lviv space of the 13th century was based on the real-estate of the first Lviv «advocatus», Bertold Stecher, and the «laneus» area of Maria Snizhna Church. (Laneus – medieval measure of area, the similar term «mansus»). The 1368th manuscript explained the German family Stecher received land from Duke Lev without being subject to any rent. This real-estate consisted of three parts; the villa (a house in the countryside); allod (the land owned andnot subject to any rent); and the molendinum (mill).After the late 19th-century comment to Latin text insisted that all of these parts of real-estate were Everyone of Lviv`s historians knows were sure these advocates Bertold Stecher`s real-estate (villa Maly Vinyk, allod Podpresk and molendinum Schilzkikut) were nearby contemporary town Vynnyky and far from 13th -14th cc. town of Lviv and far one from another.Using both the method of the retrospective location of real estate and systematic-criterion approach allows to made hard conclusion, that originally, the Maria Snizhna church «laneus» was near the Stecher mill and this «laneus» had divided the Duke`s jurisdiction from the Stecher settlement. Villa Maly Vinyk have changed its name to «Zamarstyniv ». All these real-estate parts constituted the core of the town of the Magdeburg rule. Lviv`s downtown (town within walls) has the typical Middle Age’s spatial urban form, but some specific of it shows it was founded in the 13th century

Industrially producedtransfat in popular foods in 15 countries of the former Soviet Union from 2015 to 2016: a market basket investigation

ObjectiveTo minimise the intake of industrially producedtransfat (I-TF) and decrease the risk of coronary heart disease, several countries have implemented a legislative restriction on I-TF in foods. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of I-TF in biscuits/cakes/wafers in 15 countries of the former Soviet Union that all have a high coronary mortality rate compared with countries in Western Europe.MethodsThree large supermarkets in 15 capitals were visited in 2015 or 2016. Prepackaged biscuits/cakes/wafers were bought if the list of ingredients disclosed that the product contained more than 15 g of fat per 100 g of product and if partially hydrogenated fat or a similar term, including margarine, refined fat or confectionery fat, were mentioned. Samples of the foods were subsequently analysed for total fat and TF.ResultsSome 994 products contained more than 2% total fat as I-TF (illegal in Denmark). In Armenia, 91 different products had a mean value (SD) of 21 (11)% fat as I-TF. In Estonia, there were eight products with 14 (10)% fat as I-TF. The other 13 countries had values between those of Armenia and Estonia. In several countries, a major portion of the products was imported from Russia and Ukraine. The mean shelf life (SD) of 673 packages was 218 (75) days. The % TF in the fat of the products produced in Russia and in Ukraine in relation to the date of production both declined by approximately 10% points during the 2-year collection period.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that I-TF is used in popular foods in all 15 countries of the former Soviet Union. Therefore, these findings indicate a possible way for some reduction of the high coronary mortality rate in these countries.

Search of Web Service Based on Weighted Association Rule

The rapid growth of web services need efficiently discovering the desired web services for the users. Web service interfaces are defined with WSDL that is described by a bag of terms. Many similarity metrics are proposed to solve this problem, it is hardly to resolve the problem that only few pairs of terms between two services have high semantic distance, the semantic distance of other terms between two services are low. Using traditional keyword search metrics may acquire a wrong result that these two web services are similar, in addition, semantics of the web services is hardly to exploit. In this work the authors firstly help the request service to find the services that belong to the same class, and then they use association rule to find terms that are often appear together and find the most similar terms. The authors weaken the weight of the most similar term contained in an association rule and enhance the other terms' weight contained in an association rule to solve the situation above. The experiments show that our approach outperforms some searching methods.

Optimates/Populares

Populares and optimates are two political denominations, especially used in ancient Roman politics during the 1st century bce during the Late Roman Republic (although the sources apply them sometimes to the 2nd century bce). The basis of such differentiation is Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 bce), Pro Sestio 96, which defined populares and optimates as two distinct political categories. Popularis (adjective, singular of the plural populares in Latin) is an ambiguous term: it could connote “pleasing to the people” or “in the interest of the people”; the term to define the opposite of the senatorial majority, a combination of a certain political strategy and a certain type of political eloquence (eloquentia popularis) or, finally, a certain political tradition. Many politicians termed populares were tribunes of the plebs and some of them died or were murdered in violent confrontations with the Senate. The term optimates, or boni (a similar term, not exactly a synonym), rarely occur in the sources. People ascribed to this group in modern scholarship are those who believed in senatorial authority and/or those supporting the interests of the wealthy. However, identification can be also problematic. Some of the main sources are Cicero, Pro Sestio 96 (takes a negative view; main locus of the confrontation optimates-populares); Sallust, Bellum Catilinae 20; Bellum Iugurthinum 31 (Memmius’s speech) and 85 (Marius’s speech); Historiae 1.55 (Lepidus’s speech) and 3.48 (Macer’s speech). Sallust’s Epistulae ad Caesarem have been considered to be both fake and authentic (latest edition Antonio Duplá, Guillermo Fatás, and Francisco Pina Polo, Rem publicam restituere: una propuesta popularis para la crisis republicana: las Epistulae ad Caesarem de Salustio [Zaragoza, Spain: Departamento de ciencias de la antigüedad Universidad de Zaragoza, 1994] considers them authentic). Best introductions in English: Zvi Yavetz, Plebs and princeps (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1988); Nicola Mackie, Popularis ideology and popular politics at Rome in the first century B. C. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 135 (1992): 49–73; Margaret Robb, Beyond « populares » and « optimates »: political language in the late Republic (Stuttgart: Steiner, 2010); Antonio Duplá, “Consules populares,” in Consuls and res publica: holding high office in the Roman Republic, edited by Hans Beck, Antonio Duplá, Martin Jehne and Francisco Pina Polo (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011), pp. 279–298; Claudia Tiersch, “Political Communication in the Late Roman Republic: Semantic Battles between Optimates and Populares?” in Institutions and Ideology in Republican Rome. Speech, Audience and Decision, edited by H. van der Blom, C. Gray and C. Steel (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2018), pp. 35–68.

The Consequences of the Iraq War – Lesson Learned?

In his first address to the United Nations in September 2017, the American President Donald Trump blamed North Korea and Iran for developing missiles and nuclear weapons program, suppressing human rights and sponsoring terrorism. He also called Iran a “rogue state” what relived the memories from 2003, when President Bush used similar term of “axis of evil” to describe the regime of Saddam Hussein. Soon after, the US intervened to Iraq to launch a war against terrorism and the Hussein´s undemocratic regime. This article seeks to analyse what impact had the Iraq war on the stability and security of the country and its region. The war in Iraq also teaches us a lesson of how dangerous and counterproductive it can be, when a world superpower labels other country a “rogue state” and decides to fight alleged threats by using military power. If the US President fulfils his promise of “destroying North Korea” if under threat and launching action against its government, it could result in a very similar situation as in Iraq. A creation of another failed state would not only bring more instability but also open new military threats for the US as well as the world economy.