scholarly journals Sex disparities in premature adult mortality in Estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e026210
Author(s):  
Kaja Rahu ◽  
Mati Rahu ◽  
Hajo Zeeb
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Alcohol Policy ◽  
National Register ◽  
Sex Disparities ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Over Time

ObjectivesTo quantify sex disparities in cause-specific premature adult mortality in Estonia, to determine the causes of death with the largest differences, to provide insight into related behaviours and to offer some guidance to public health policy-makers based on the results of the study.DesignA national register-based study.SettingEstonia.DataIndividual records of deaths at ages 20–69 years in 1995–2016 from the Estonian causes of death register; data on tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption in the adult population in 1996–2016 from the biennial postal survey of health behaviour.Main outcome measuresOverall and cause-specific age-standardised mortality rates, average annual percentage changes in mortality, and cause-specific men-to-women mortality rate ratios were calculated. In addition, the age-standardised prevalence proportions of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption and men-to-women prevalence rate ratios were determined.ResultsOverall premature adult mortality decreased considerably during 1995–2016, but no reduction was observed with respect to the large relative sex disparities. In circulatory disease mortality, the disparities widened significantly over time. Extremely high mortality rate ratios were observed for cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract and for lung cancer. There was a stable, more than fivefold male excess mortality from external causes. A fourfold male disadvantage was evident for alcohol poisoning, mental disorders due to alcohol and alcohol-related degeneration of the nervous system as a group. The prevalence of tobacco smoking and harmful alcohol consumption among men exceeded that among women by factors of two and six, respectively.ConclusionsEven though premature adult mortality has markedly decreased over time, there has been no success in diminishing the large sex differences in the mortality patterns, mostly associated with smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, both more prevalent among men. Estonia needs a comprehensive and consistent alcohol policy while maintaining and further developing antitobacco measures.

scholarly journals Measuring Substance-Related Disorders Using Canadian Administrative Health Databanks: Interprovincial Comparisons of Recorded Diagnostic Rates, Incidence Proportions and Mortality Rate Ratios

2021 ◽  
pp. 070674372110434
Author(s):  
Christophe Huỳnh ◽  
Steve Kisely ◽  
Louis Rochette ◽  
Éric Pelletier ◽  
Kenneth B. Morrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
Administrative Health Databases ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Substance Related Disorders

Context Assessing temporal changes in the recorded diagnostic rates, incidence proportions, and health outcomes of substance-related disorders (SRD) can inform public health policymakers in reducing harms associated with alcohol and other drugs. Objective To report the annual and cumulative recorded diagnostic rates and incidence proportions of SRD, as well as mortality rate ratios (MRRs) by cause of death among this group in Canada, according to their province of residence. Methods Analyses were performed on linked administrative health databases (AHD; physician claims, hospitalizations, and vital statistics) in five Canadian provinces (Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Québec, and Nova Scotia). Canadians 12 years and older and registered for their provincial healthcare coverage were included. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9 or ICD-10 codes) was used for case identification of SRD from April 2001 to March 2018. Results During the study period, the annual recorded SRD diagnostic rates increased in Alberta (2001–2002: 8.0‰; 2017–2018: 12.8‰), Ontario (2001–2002: 11.5‰; 2017–2018: 14.4‰), and Nova Scotia (2001–2002: 6.4‰; 2017–2018: 12.7‰), but remained stable in Manitoba (2001–2002: 5.5‰; 2017–2018: 5.4‰) and Québec (2001–2002 and 2017–2018: 7.5‰). Cumulative recorded SRD diagnostic rates increased steadily for all provinces. Recorded incidence proportions increased significantly in Alberta (2001–2002: 4.5‰; 2017–2018: 5.0‰) and Nova Scotia (2001–2002: 3.3‰; 2017–2018: 3.8‰), but significantly decreased in Ontario (2001–2002: 6.2‰; 2017–2018: 4.7‰), Québec (2001–2002: 4.1‰; 2017–2018: 3.2‰) and Manitoba (2001–2002: 2.7‰; 2017–2018: 2.0‰). For almost all causes of death, a higher MRR was found among individuals with recorded SRD than in the general population. The causes of death in 2015–2016 with the highest MRR for SRD individuals were SRD, suicide, and non-suicide trauma in Alberta, Ontario, Manitoba, and Québec. Discussion Linked AHD covering almost the entire population can be useful to monitor the medical service trends of SRD and, therefore, guide health services planning in Canadian provinces.

scholarly journals Sex disparities in COVID-19 mortality vary considerably across time: The case of New York State

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Caroline Danielsen ◽  
Marion MN Boulicault ◽  
Annika Gompers ◽  
Tamara Rushovich ◽  
Katharine MN Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
New York State ◽  
York State ◽  
Cumulative Difference ◽  
Sex Disparities ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Mortality Rate Ratio

In order to characterize how sex disparities in COVID-19 mortality evolved over time in New York State (NY), we analyzed sex-disaggregated data from the US Gender/Sex COVID-19 Data Tracker from March 14, 2020 to August 28, 2021. We defined six different time periods and calculated mortality rates by sex and mortality rate ratios, both cumulatively and for each time period separately. As of August 28, 2021, 19 227 (44.2%) women and 24 295 (55.8%) men died from COVID-19 in NY. 72.7% of the cumulative difference in the number of COVID-19 deaths between women and men was accrued between March 14 and May 4, 2020. During this period, the COVID-19 mortality rate ratio for men compared to women was 1.56 (95% CI: 1.52-1.61). In the five subsequent time periods, the corresponding ratio ranged between 1.08 (0.98-1.18) and 1.24 (1.15-1.34). While the cumulative mortality rate ratio of men compared to women was 1.34 (1.31-1.37), the ratio equals 1.19 (1.16-1.22) if deaths during the initial COVID-19 surge are excluded from the analysis. This article shows that in NY the magnitude of sex disparities in COVID-19 mortality was not stable across time. While the initial surge in COVID-19 mortality was characterized by stark sex disparities, these were greatly attenuated after the introduction of public health controls.

Good survival rates in systemic lupus erythematosus in southern Sweden, while the mortality rate remains increased compared with the population

Lupus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1488-1494
Author(s):  
R F Ingvarsson ◽  
A J Landgren ◽  
A A Bengtsson ◽  
A Jönsen
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Observation Period

Objective To ascertain the mortality rate and causes of death in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) within a defined region in southern Sweden during the time period 1981–2014 and determine whether these have changed over time. Methods In 1981, a prospective observation study of patients with SLE was initiated in southern Sweden. All incident SLE patients within a defined geographic area were identified using previously validated methods including diagnosis and immunology registers. Patients with a confirmed SLE diagnosis were then followed prospectively at the Department of Rheumatology in Lund. Clinical data was collected at regular visits. Patients were recruited from 1981 to 2006 and followed until 2014. The patient cohort was split into two groups based on the year of diagnosis to determine secular trends. Causes of death were retrieved from medical records and from the cause of death registry at The National Board of Health and Welfare in Sweden. Results In all, 175 patients were diagnosed with SLE during the study period. A total of 60 deaths occurred during a total of 3053 years of follow-up. In the first half of the study inclusion period 46 patients died, compared with 14 in the latter. The majority of patients (51.7%) died of cardiovascular disease. Infections caused 15% of the deaths and malignancy was the cause of death in 13.3% of patients. SLE was the main cause of death for 6.7% of the patients and a contributing factor for half of the patients. Standardized mortality ratio was increased in patients by a factor of 2.5 compared with the general population. Deaths occurred at an even rate throughout the whole observation period. No significant difference in standardized mortality ratio was observed between genders but was increased in older female patients. Furthermore, secular mortality trends were not identified. Conclusions In this long-term epidemiologic follow-up study of incident SLE, we report a substantially raised mortality rate amongst SLE patients compared with the general population. The mortality rates have not changed significantly during the observation period that spanned three decades. The main cause of death was cardiovascular disease and this finding was consistent over time.

Investigating the volume and structure of alcohol consumption in Russian regions

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Kossova ◽  
Elena Kossova ◽  
Maria Sheluntcova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Policy ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Absolute Alcohol ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Over Time

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine macroeconomic factors that are significantly related to consumption of various alcoholic beverages in Russia. Design/methodology/approach The authors consider 78 Russian regions for the period from 2008 to 2012. Data were collected from the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia. The authors investigate differences in the volume and structure of consuming absolute alcohol in aggregate, vodka, beer, and wine. Estimating fixed effect panel models enables us to reveal the relationship between alcohol consumption and the set of macroeconomic factors that include economic development of regions and living standards, the effect of unemployment, and the degree of urbanization. Findings Alcohol consumption is procyclical in Russia. Two main alcoholic beverages in Russia are vodka and beer. Economic development and urbanization of regions are positively related to consuming alcohol. Unemployment rate affects consumption of different types of alcoholic drinks in a different way. For absolute alcohol, vodka and beer, this relationship is negative. However, it is positive for wine. The effect of unemployment on absolute alcohol and vodka increases over time. For beer, it is remained unchanged. For wine, this effect weakens over time. Originality/value To the authors knowledge, the paper is the first one to analyze macro-level factors of consumption of different alcoholic beverages in Russia. Conclusions made on aggregate macroeconomic data add to understanding of drinking patterns in Russia as a country with the large territory and great regional variations. Findings can be used for correcting the alcohol policy at the national and regional level.

Gender Gap in Life Expectancy in Russia: The Role of Alcohol Consumption

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-53
Author(s):  
Tatiana Kossova ◽  
Elena Kossova ◽  
Maria Sheluntcova
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Alcohol Policy ◽  
Income Support ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators

We investigate alcohol consumption as one of the main factors contributing to variation in the gender gap in life expectancy in the Russian regions. We consider the socioeconomic indicators and mortality coefficients that enable us to capture the causes of death related primarily to alcohol abuse and smoking. We assume that macroeconomic situation, coupled with alcohol consumption are substantial determinants of the gender gap in life expectancy in the Russian regions. A panel data analysis confirms that alcohol consumption has a significant influence on the gender gap in life expectancy and reduces the life expectancy of men first and foremost, as they are more inclined toward unhealthy behaviours. We have determined that employment and income support policies should be conducted in conjunction with the anti-alcohol policy. Social policy aimed at reducing alcohol consumption should be vigorously reinforced during an economic recovery.

scholarly journals P.1.40 Farmer’s suicide with the use of pesticides in different areas in spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A87.2-A87
Author(s):  
Guanlan Zhao ◽  
Elena Ronda ◽  
Gregorio Barrio ◽  
Enrique Regidor
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Agricultural Pesticides ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Annual Amount ◽  
Southeast Spain

IntroductionThere is considerable interest in the potential relation of suicide with the pesticide. Agriculture is the leading professional sector for pesticide use in the world with a turnover of about 40 billion US dollars in 2010. According to the WHO report in 2014, autointoxication with agricultural pesticides contributes greatly to the global burden of suicide. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether suicide of farmers was associated with the use of pesticide in different areas during the period 2001–2011 in Spain.MethodsThe cohort study followed 9.5 million men in Spain from 2001 to 2011. Participants aged 20–64 years were employed in 2001. The study subjects were grouped as farmers and non-farmers. We divided Spain into two areas depending on both geographical location and the mean annual amount of pesticides used: southeast Spain and the rest of Spain. The southeast Spain shows higher use of pesticides than the rest of Spain. For three major causes of death (suicide, unintentional accidents and rest of causes of death), we estimated the age-standardized mortality rates per 1000,000 person-years of follow-up, the ratio of age-standardized mortality rates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) between farmers and non-farmers in two areas were calculated.ResultsWith respect to the rest area of Spain, farmers in the southeast showed a lower mortality rate of suicide and unintentional accidents, which mortality rate ratios were 0.74 (95% CI 0.65–0.85) and 0.57 (95% CI 0.52–0.62).ConclusionOur findings do no support a possible association between pesticide use and suicide of farmers in Spain.

Without the Power to Drink or Contract

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-48
Author(s):  
Warren Swain
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Current Position ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
Over Time

Intoxication as a ground to set aside a contract is not something that has proved to be easy for the law to regulate. This is perhaps not very surprising. Intoxication is a temporary condition of varying degrees of magnitude. Its presence does however raise questions of contractual autonomy and individual responsibility. Alcohol consumption is a common social activity and perceptions of intoxication and especially alcoholism have changed over time. Roman law is surprisingly quiet on the subject. In modern times the rules about intoxicated contracting in Scottish and English law is very similar. Rather more interestingly the law in these two jurisdictions has reached the current position in slightly different ways. This history can be traced through English Equity, the works of the Scottish Institutional writers, the rise of the Will Theory, and all leavened with a dose of judicial pragmatism.

scholarly journals Trends in mortality from external causes in the Republic of Seychelles between 1989 and 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Abio ◽  
Pascal Bovet ◽  
Joachim Didon ◽  
Till Bärnighausen ◽  
Masood Ali Shaikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
African Region ◽  
Road Traffic Injuries ◽  
External Causes ◽  
Over Time

AbstractData on injury-related mortality are scarce in the African region. Mortality from external causes in the Seychelles was assessed, where all deaths are medically certified and the population is regularly enumerated. The four fields for underlying causes of death recorded were reviewed in the national vital statistics register. The age-standardised mortality rates were estimated (per 100,000 person-years) from external causes in 1989–1998, 1999–2008, and 2009–2018. Mortality rates per 100,000 person-years from external causes were 4–5 times higher among males than females, and decreased among males over the three 10-year periods (127.5, 101.4, 97.1) but not among females (26.9, 23.1, 26.9). The contribution of external causes to total mortality did not change markedly over time (males 11.6%, females 4.3% in 1989–2018). Apart from external deaths from undetermined causes (males 14.6, females 2.4) and “other unintentional injuries” (males 14.1, females 8.0), the leading external causes of death in 2009–2018 were drowning (25.9), road traffic injuries (18.0) and suicide (10.4) among males; and road traffic injuries (4.6), drowning (3.4) and poisoning (2.6) among females. Mortality from broad categories of external causes did not change consistently over time but rates of road traffic injuries increased among males. External causes contributed approximately 1 in 10 deaths among males and 1 in 20 among females, with no marked change in cause-specific rates over time, except for road traffic injuries. These findings emphasise the need for programs and policies in various sectors to address this large, but mostly avoidable health burden.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Perceived Impact and Psychological Variables as Predictors of Unhealthy Food and Alcohol Consumption Trajectories: The Role of Gender and Living with Children as Moderators

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4542
Author(s):  
Camila Salazar-Fernández ◽  
Daniela Palet ◽  
Paola A. Haeger ◽  
Francisca Román Mella
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Unhealthy Food ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Curve Modeling ◽  
Perceived Impact ◽  
Mental Health Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The present study examines the trajectories of unhealthy food and alcohol consumption over time and considers whether perceived impact of COVID-19 and psychological variables are predictors of these trajectories. We ascertained whether these predictors are different in women vs. men and between women living with vs. without children. Data were collected through online surveys administered to 1038 participants from two universities (staff and students) in Chile, across five waves (July to October 2020). Participants provided information about their past-week unhealthy food and alcohol consumption and mental health. Using latent growth curve modeling analysis, we found that higher perceived health and interpersonal COVID-19 impact, younger age and lower depression symptoms were associated with more rapid increases over time in unhealthy food consumption. On the other hand, higher perceived COVID-19 economic impact and older age were associated with more rapid diachronic decreases in alcohol consumption. Gender and living with or without children, for women only, were moderators of these trajectories. This longitudinal study provides strong evidence identifying the multiple repercussions of COVID-19 and mental health factors on unhealthy food and alcohol consumption. These findings highlight the need for interventions aimed at minimizing the impact of the pandemic on unhealthy food and alcohol consumption over time.

scholarly journals Testing the association between tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of periodontitis: A Mendelian randomization study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian‐Edgar Baumeister ◽  
Dennis Freuer ◽  
Michael Nolde ◽  
Thomas Kocher ◽  
Hansjörg Baurecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Mendelian Randomization
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