Smoking cessation, weight gain and risk of cardiovascular disease

Heart ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. heartjnl-2021-318972
Author(s):  
Xiaowen Wang ◽  
Jia-Yi Dong ◽  
Renzhe Cui ◽  
Isao Muraki ◽  
Kokoro Shirai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
Never Smokers

ObjectiveTo examine whether the relationship between smoking cessation and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) was modified by weight gain.MethodsA total of 69 910 participants (29 650 men and 46 260 women) aged 45–74 years were grouped into six groups by smoking status in the first and 5-year surveys: sustained smokers, recent quitters according to postcessation weight gain (no weight gain, 0.1–5.0 kg, >5.0 kg), long-term quitters and never smokers. Quitting smoking within and longer than 5 years were defined as recent and long-term quitters, respectively. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the HR for incident CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke.ResultsWe identified 4023 CVDs (889 CHDs and 3217 strokes) during a median of 14.8 years of follow-up. Compared with sustained smokers, the multivariable HR (95% CI) for CVD was 0.66 (0.52 to 0.83) for recent quitters without weight gain, 0.71 (0.55 to 0.90) for recent quitters with weight gain of 0.1–5.0 kg, 0.70 (0.44 to 1.10) for recent quitters with weight gain of >5.0 kg, 0.56 (0.49 to 0.64) for long-term quitters, and 0.60 (0.55 to 0.66) for never smokers. The analysis restricted to men showed a similar association. Prespecified analysis by age suggested that recent quitters overall had a lower HR for CVD among those aged <60 years vs ≥60 years. Similar patterns of association were observed in CHD and stroke.ConclusionsPostcessation weight gain did not attenuate the protective association between smoking cessation and risk of CVD.

scholarly journals A Prospective Study of Grip Strength Trajectories and Incident Cardiovascular Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weida Liu ◽  
Runzhen Chen ◽  
Chenxi Song ◽  
Chuangshi Wang ◽  
Ge Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
A Prospective Study

Background: A single measurement of grip strength (GS) could predict the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the long-term pattern of GS and its association with incident CVD are rarely studied. We aimed to characterize the GS trajectory and determine its association with the incidence of CVD (myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, and heart failure).Methods: This study included 5,300 individuals without CVD from a British community-based cohort in 2012 (the baseline). GS was repeatedly measured in 2004, 2008, and 2012. Long-term GS patterns were identified by the group-based trajectory model. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the associations between GS trajectories and incident CVD. We identified three GS trajectories separately for men and women based on the 2012 GS measurement and change patterns during 2004–2012.Results: After a median follow-up of 6.1 years (during 2012–2019), 392 participants developed major CVD, including 114 myocardial infarction, 119 angina, 169 stroke, and 44 heart failure. Compared with the high stable group, participants with low stable GS was associated with a higher incidence of CVD incidence [hazards ratio (HR): 2.17; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.52–3.09; P &lt;0.001], myocardial infarction (HR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.05–3.83; P = 0.035), stroke (HR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.11–3.46; P = 0.020), and heart failure (HR: 6.91; 95% CI: 2.01–23.79; P = 0.002) in the fully adjusted models.Conclusions: The low GS trajectory pattern was associated with a higher risk of CVD. Continuous monitoring of GS values could help identify people at risk of CVD.

Abstract 041: Smoking Cessation and Subsequent Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Three Large Prospective Cohort Studies of Americans

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Hu ◽  
Geng Zong ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
Molin Wang ◽  
An Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
Never Smokers

Background: The inter-relationships between smoking cessation, subsequent weight change, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk remain to be characterized. Methods: We prospectively followed 153,123 U.S. men and women from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1988-2012), Nurses’ Health Study (NHS, 1984-2012), and NHS II (1991-2013). Participants were followed biennially for smoking status, weight change, and diabetes risk. Self-reported T2D was confirmed using a validated supplementary questionnaire. Results: Compared with current smokers, T2D risk among quitters significantly increased and peaked after 5-7 years of quitting, and gradually decreased along extended durations. With a mean quitting duration of 9.9 years, the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (HR; 95% confidence intervals [95% CI]) of T2D was 1.26 (1.14, 1.39) for recent quitters (≤6 consecutive years) and1.04 (0.95, 1.14) for longer-term quitters in three cohorts. The T2D risk approached that of never smokers after 30 years of quitting among older nurses. There was, on average, 5.5 kg weight gain within 6 years of smoking cessation whereas 2.2 kg was gained in the same period among current smokers. The weight change significantly modified the association of smoking cessation with T2D risk ( p for interaction = 0.04): for quitters without weight gain (≤0 kg), 0-5 kg weight gain, and ≥5 kg weight gain within 6 years of smoking cessation, the HRs (95% CIs) of T2D were 0.92(0.73, 1.14), 1.27(1.10, 1.46) and 1.47(1.29, 1.67), respectively, compared with current smokers. We estimated that for quitters who did not gain weight within the first 6 years, their T2D risk approached that of never smokers after 5 years of quitting. Weight change within 6 years of quitting explained 22% (14.8%, 30.1%) of the elevated risk of T2D. Conclusions: Weight gain after quitting smoking may significantly attenuate the benefits of smoking cessation by increasing T2D risk. Our findings underscore the importance of weight control after quitting in maximizing the benefits of smoking cessation.

scholarly journals Adolescent wine consumption is inversely associated with long-term weight gain: results from follow-up of 20 or 22 years

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratiksha Poudel ◽  
Kamila Ismailova ◽  
Lars Bo Andersen ◽  
Sofus C. Larsen ◽  
Berit L. Heitmann
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Wine Consumption ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Several studies have suggested a link between the type of alcoholic beverage consumption and body weight. However, results from longitudinal studies have been inconsistent, and the association between adolescent alcohol consumption long-term weight gain has generally not been examined. Methods The study was based on data from 720 Danish adolescents aged between 15 to 19 years at baseline from the Danish Youth and Sports Study (YSS). Self-reported alcohol use, height, weight, smoking, social economic status (SES) and physical activity levels were assessed in baseline surveys conducted in 1983 and 1985, and in the follow up survey which was conducted in 2005. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the association between alcohol consumption in adolescence and subsequent weight gain later in midlife. Results There was no significant association between total alcohol consumption during adolescence and change in BMI into midlife (P = 0.079) (β − 0.14; 95% CI -0.28, 0.005). Wine consumption was found to be inversely associated to subsequent BMI gain (P = 0.001) (β − 0.46; 95% CI -0.82, − 0.09) while the results were not significant for beer and spirit. The relationship did not differ by gender, but smoking status was found to modify the relationship, and the inverse association between alcohol and BMI gain was seen only among non-smokers (P = 0.01) (β − 0.24; 95% CI -0.41, − 0.06) while no association was found among smokers. Neither adolescent nor attained socioeconomic status in adulthood modified the relationship between alcohol intake and subsequent BMI gain. Conclusion Among non-smoking adolescents, consumption of alcohol, and in particular wine, seems to be associated with less weight gain until midlife. Trial registration The YSS cohort was retrospectively registered on August 2017. (Study ID number: NCT03244150).

scholarly journals Smoking Cessation, Weight Gain, and the Trajectory of Estimated Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: 8-Year Follow-up From a Prospective Cohort Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanmei Chen ◽  
Yohei Kawasaki ◽  
Huanhuan Hu ◽  
Keisuke Kuwahara ◽  
Makoto Yamamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Change Rate ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Japanese Male ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
Body Weight Increase

Abstract Introduction The effect of weight gain following smoking cessation on cardiovascular risks is unclear. We aimed to prospectively investigate the association of weight gain following smoking cessation with the trajectory of estimated risks of coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods In a cohort of 18 562 Japanese male employees aged 30–64 years and initially free of cardiovascular diseases, participants were exclusively grouped into sustained smokers, quitters with weight gain (body weight increase ≥5%), quitters without weight gain (body weight increase <5% or weight loss), and never smokers. Global 10-year CHD risk was annually estimated by using a well-validated prediction model for the Japanese population. Linear mixed models and piecewise linear mixed models were used to compare changes in the estimated 10-year CHD risk by smoking status and weight change following smoking cessation. Results During a maximum of 8-year follow-up, both quitters with and without weight gain had a substantially decreased level of estimated 10-year CHD risk after quitting smoking, compared with sustained smokers (all ps for mean differences < .001). The estimated 10-year CHD risk within the first year after cessation decreased more rapidly in quitters without weight gain than in quitters with weight gain (change rate [95% confidence interval, CI] −0.90 [−1.04 to −0.75] vs. −0.40 [−0.60 to −0.19] % per year, p < .0001). Thereafter, the estimated 10-year CHD risk in both groups increased at similar rates (change rate [95% CI] −0.07 [−0.21 to 0.07] vs. 0.11 [−0.09 to 0.30] % per year, p = .16, from year 1 to year 2; and 0.10 [0.05 to 0.15] vs. 0.11 [0.04 to 0.18] % per year, p = .80, from year 2 to year 8). Conclusions In this population of middle-aged, Japanese male workers, smoking cessation greatly reduces the estimated 10-year risk of CHD. However, weight gain weakens the beneficial effect of quitting smoking in a temporary and limited fashion. Implications To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the effect of weight gain following smoking cessation on the trajectory of the absolute risk of CHD. Our data imply that the benefits of cessation for reducing the absolute risk of CHD outweigh the potential risk increase due to weight gain, and suggest that in order to maximize the beneficial effects of quitting smoking, interventions to control post-cessation weight gain might be warranted.

scholarly journals Change in smoking cessation stage over 1 year in patients with schizophrenia: a follow up study in Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Higuchi ◽  
Masaki Fujiwara ◽  
Naoki Nakaya ◽  
Maiko Fujimori ◽  
Chinatsu Hayashibara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Intention To Quit ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Smoking Cessation Treatment ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
Smoking Behaviors

Abstract Background We performed a follow up study about willingness and behaviors to quit smoking among smokers with schizophrenia in Japan. Methods Participants were outpatients with schizophrenia aged 20–69 years who had been visiting the hospital for ≥1 year as of April 1, 2016, and had visited the hospital more than once in the previous 6 months. A baseline survey on smoking behaviors including current smoking status and smoking cessation stage, was administered in 420 participants that were randomly extracted from a patient pool (n = 680) in 2016, and a follow-up survey was administered in 2017. We calculated the distribution and change in smoking cessation stage, number of smokers and nonsmokers after 1 year, and quitting rate from a naturalistic 1-year smoking-cessation follow up. Results The number of baseline respondents was 350; 113 current smokers and 68 former smokers. Among the 113 current smokers, 104 (92.0%) were followed for 1 year, 79 (70.0%) were interested in smoking cessation, and only 7 had received smoking cessation treatments at baseline. Among the tracked 104 participants, only 6 (5.8%) stopped smoking after 1 year. Among the 25 participants who had intentions to quit smoking within 6 months at baseline, 6 (24.0%) maintained their intention to quit smoking for 1 year, and 16 (64.0%) did not maintain their intention to quit smoking. Conclusions Our findings showed that many smokers with schizophrenia were interested in quitting smoking, but few patients received treatment and actually quit smoking. Timely intervention, including the option to receive smoking cessation treatment, is necessary for those patients with schizophrenia who smoke. Trial registration UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000023874, registered on August 31, 2016).

Prenatal and childhood antecedents of suicide: 50-year follow-up of the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1245-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-C. Geoffroy ◽  
D. Gunnell ◽  
C. Power
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
Childhood Antecedents

BackgroundWe aimed to elucidate early antecedents of suicide including possible mediation by early child development.MethodUsing the 1958 birth cohort, based on British births in March 1958, individuals were followed up to adulthood. We used data collected at birth and at age 7 years from various informants. Suicides occurring up to 31 May 2009 were identified from linked national death certificates. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate risk factors.ResultsAltogether 12399 participants (n = 44 suicides) had complete data. The strongest prenatal risk factors for suicide were: birth order, with risk increasing in later-born children [ptrend = 0.063, adjusted hazard ratio (HR)], e.g. for fourth- or later-born children [HR = 2.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.90–5.75]; young maternal age (HR = 1.18, 95% CI 0.34–4.13 for ⩽19 years and HR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.19–0.91 for >29 years, ptrend = 0.034); and low (<2.5 kg) birth weight (HR = 2.48, 95% CI 1.03–5.95). The strongest risk factors at 7 years were externalizing problems in males (HR = 2.96, 95% CI 1.03–8.47, ptrend = 0.050) and number of emotional adversities (i.e. parental death, neglected appearance, domestic tension, institutional care, contact with social services, parental divorce/separation and bullying) for which there was a graded association with risk of suicide (ptrend = 0.033); the highest (HR = 3.12, 95% CI 1.01–9.62) was for persons with three or more adversities.ConclusionsRisk factors recorded at birth and at 7 years may influence an individual's long-term risk of suicide, suggesting that trajectories leading to suicide have roots in early life. Some factors are amenable to intervention, but for others a better understanding of causal mechanisms may provide new insights for intervention to reduce suicide risk.

Second-Hand Smoke As a Predictor of Smoking Cessation Among Lung Cancer Survivors

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 564-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawson Eng ◽  
Jie Su ◽  
Xin Qiu ◽  
Prakruthi R. Palepu ◽  
Henrique Hon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
Peer Smoking ◽  
After Cancer

Purpose Second-hand smoke (SHS; ie, exposure to smoking of friends and spouses in the household) reduces the likelihood of smoking cessation in noncancer populations. We assessed whether SHS is associated with cessation rates in lung cancer survivors. Patients and Methods Patients with lung cancer were recruited from Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models evaluated the association of sociodemographics, clinicopathologic variables, and SHS with either smoking cessation or time to quitting. Results In all, 721 patients completed baseline and follow-up questionnaires with a mean follow-up time of 54 months. Of the 242 current smokers at diagnosis, 136 (56%) had quit 1 year after diagnosis. Exposure to smoking at home (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.18; 95% CI, 2.83 to 13.5; P < .001), spousal smoking (aOR, 6.01; 95% CI, 2.63 to 13.8; P < .001), and peer smoking (aOR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.33 to 4.66; P = .0043) were each associated with decreased rates of cessation. Individuals exposed to smoking in all three settings had the lowest chances of quitting (aOR, 9.57; 95% CI, 2.50 to 36.64; P < .001). Results were similar in time-to-quitting analysis, in which 68% of patients who eventually quit did so within 6 months after cancer diagnosis. Subgroup analysis revealed similar associations across early- and late-stage patients and between sexes. Conclusion SHS is an important factor associated with smoking cessation in lung cancer survivors of all stages and should be a key consideration when developing smoking cessation programs for patients with lung cancer.

scholarly journals Varenicline and Bupropion for Long-Term Smoking Cessation (the MATCH Study): Protocol for a Real-World, Pragmatic, Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie Zawertailo ◽  
Tara Mansoursadeghi-Gilan ◽  
Helena Zhang ◽  
Sarwar Hussain ◽  
Bernard Le Foll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Real World ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Randomized Controlled

BACKGROUND Varenicline and bupropion are efficacious, prescription-only pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation; however, their real-world impact is limited by prescriber knowledge, affordability, and accessibility. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of the MATCH (Medication Aids for Tobacco Cessation Health) study was to evaluate the real-world, long-term effectiveness of mailed bupropion and varenicline in a sample of interested smokers with the utilization of Web-based recruitment and follow-up. In addition, the study aims to investigate the genotypic and phenotypic predictors of cessation. METHODS This is a two-group, parallel block, randomized (1:1) open-label clinical trial. This study will be conducted online with the baseline enrollment through the study’s website and follow-up by emails. In addition, medication prescriptions will be filled by the study contract pharmacy and couriered to participants. Individuals who smoke ≥10 cigarettes per day and intend to quit within the next 30 days will be recruited through Public Health Units and Tobacco Control Area Networks throughout Ontario by word-of-mouth and the internet. Eligible participants will receive an email with a prescription for 12-week assigned medication and a letter to take to their physician. The recruitment and randomization will continue until 500 participants per arm have received medication. All participants will receive weekly motivational emails during the treatment phase. The primary outcome measure is the smoking status after 6 months, biochemically confirmed by mailed-in salivary cotinine. Follow-ups will be conducted through emails after 4, 8, 12, 26, and 52 weeks of starting the treatment to assess the smoking prevalence and continuous smoking abstinence. In addition, mailed-in saliva samples will be used for genetic and nicotine metabolism analyses. Furthermore, personality characteristics will be assessed using the Big Five Aspect Scales. RESULTS The project was funded in 2014 and enrollment was completed in January 2017. Data analysis is currently underway. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first randomized controlled trial to mass distribute prescription medications for smoking cessation. We expect this method to be logistically feasible and cost effective with quit outcomes that are comparable to published clinical trials. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02146911; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02146911 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/72CZ6AvXZ) REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER RR1-10.2196/10826

scholarly journals Smoking Cessation Carries a Short-Term Rising Risk for Newly Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus Independently of Weight Gain: A 6-Year Retrospective Cohort Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Ting Sung ◽  
Cheng-Ting Hsiao ◽  
I-Jen Chang ◽  
Yu-Chih Lin ◽  
Chen-Yu Yueh
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
First Year ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Diagnosed Diabetes ◽  
Newly Diagnosed Diabetes

Background.The effects of smoking on human metabolism are complex. Although smoking increases risk for diabetes mellitus, smoking cessation was also reported to be associated with weight gain and incident diabetes mellitus. We therefore conducted this study to clarify the association between smoking status and newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus.Methods. An analysis was done using the data of a mass health examination performed annually in an industrial park from 2007 to 2013. The association between smoking status and newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus was analyzed with adjustment for weight gain and other potential confounders.Results.Compared with never-smokers, not only current smokers but also ex-smokers in their first two years of abstinence had higher odds ratios (ORs) for newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (never-smokers 3.6%, OR as 1; current smokers 5.5%, OR = 1.499, 95% CI = 1.147–1.960, andp=0.003; ex-smokers in their first year of abstinence 7.5%, OR = 1.829, 95% CI = 0.906–3.694, andp=0.092; and ex-smokers in their second year of abstinence 9.0%, OR = 2.020, 95% CI = 1.031–3.955, andp=0.040).Conclusion.Smoking cessation generally decreased risk for newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. However, increased odds were seen within the first 2 years of abstinence independently of weight gain.

scholarly journals Association of smoking cessation after new-onset type 2 diabetes with overall and cause-specific mortality among Korean men: a nationwide population-based cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e001249
Author(s):  
Jae Woo Choi ◽  
Euna Han ◽  
Tae Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Onset Type ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
New Onset

IntroductionThis study aimed to examine the association between smoking cessation after new-onset type 2 diabetes and overall and cause-specific mortality risks among Korean men.Research design and methodsThe Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort database was searched, and 13 377 Korean men aged ≥40 years diagnosed with new-onset type 2 diabetes between 2004 and 2007 were included and followed up until 2013. We defined smoking status changes by comparing participants’ answers in the last survey before diagnosis to those in the first survey after diagnosis. We estimated the adjusted HR (AHR) and 95% CI for mortality risk using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models.ResultsWe identified 1014 all-cause mortality events (cancer, n=406 and cardiovascular disease (CVD), n=184) during an average follow-up duration of 7.2 years. After adjustment for all confounding factors, the reduced risk of all-cause mortality was more significant among short-term quitters (AHR 0.78; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.95), long-term quitters (AHR 0.68; 95% CI 0.54 to 0.85), and never smokers (AHR 0.66; 95% CI 0.56 to 0.78) compared with current smokers (p for trend <0.001). The lower risk of mortality from cancer was significant among the short-term quitters (AHR 0.60; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.83), long-term quitters (AHR 0.67; 95% CI 0.46 to 0.90), and never smokers (AHR 0.50; 95% CI 0.39 to 0.65) compared with current smokers (p for trend <0.001). There was no significant association between changes in smoking status and death from CVD. Smoking cessation after diagnosis in non-obese individuals (AHR 0.73; 95% CI 0.58 to 0.92) and exercisers (AHR 0.54; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.76) was significantly associated with reduced mortality risk than current smoking.ConclusionsSmoking cessation after new-onset type 2 diabetes was associated with reduced mortality risk.

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