scholarly journals Changes in workplace car parking and commute mode: a natural experimental study

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig S Knott ◽  
Stephen J Sharp ◽  
Oliver T Mytton ◽  
David Ogilvie ◽  
Jenna Panter
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Health Changes ◽  
Generalised Estimating Equations ◽  
Mode A ◽  
Natural Experimental Study

BackgroundThe use of private motor vehicles places a considerable burden on public health. Changes in workplace car parking policies may be effective in shifting behaviour. We use a natural experimental design to assess whether changes in policy were associated with differences in commute mode.MethodsWe used cohort data from participants working in Cambridge (2009–2012). Commuters reported their trips and travel modes to work over the last week, workplace car parking policy and socioeconomic, environmental and health characteristics. Changes in policy were defined between phases (1608 transition periods; 884 participants). Using generalised estimating equations, we estimated associations between changes in parking policy and the proportion of trips that (i) were exclusively by motor vehicle, (ii) involved walking or cycling and (iii) involved public transport at follow-up.Results25.1% of trips were made by motor vehicle, 54.6% involved walking or cycling and 11.7% involved public transport. The introduction of free or paid workplace parking was associated with higher proportions of motor vehicle trips (11.4%, 95% CI (6.4 to 16.3)) and lower proportions involving walking or cycling (−13.3%, 95% CI (−20.2 to –6.4)) and public transport (−5.8%, 95% CI (−10.6 to –0.9)) compared with those with no workplace parking. Restrictive changes in policy were associated with shifts in the expected direction but these were not statistically significant.ConclusionRelaxation of parking policy was associated with higher proportions of trips made by motor vehicle. Further longitudinal and intervention research is required to assess generalisability of these findings.

scholarly journals Psychiatry, the law and death on the roads

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 439-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Road ◽  
History Of ◽  
On The Road

The motor vehicle on the road has a history of only just over 100 years. It is a major form of personal and public transport, but is also associated with hazards and risks. Many more people are killed on the roads each year in Britain than are the victims of homicide. General and forensic pyschiatric evaluation of offenders charged with or convicted of motoring offences is, however, infrequent, despite the presence of mental health problems in some of them. I describe psychiatric, criminological and legal factors associated with driving of motor vehicles, as many psychiatric patients have driving licences and have access to a vehicle or, indeed, may decide to drive unlicensed.

Road Traffic Accidents and the Prevention of Injury and Death of Vehicle Occupants

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon D. Plueckhahn
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
The State ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Legislative Measures

This paper discusses some of the human factors involved in the occurrence of road traffic accidents, and in particular those which are related to the drivers of the motor vehicles concerned. The occurrence of injury and death among persons involved in such accidents now ranks among the major public health tragedies of modern living. The paper discusses also the results and circumstances surrounding the various legislative measures which have been introduced in the State of Victoria since 1965 in an attempt to reduce and prevent injury and death among motor vehicle occupants, including children under eight years of age.

scholarly journals Cohort study of medical cannabis authorization and motor vehicle crash-related healthcare visits in 2014–2017 in Ontario, Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cerina Lee ◽  
Don Voaklander ◽  
Jasjeet K. Minhas-Sandhu ◽  
John G. Hanlon ◽  
Elaine Hyshka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Motor Vehicle Crash ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background With increasing numbers of countries/jurisdictions legalizing cannabis, cannabis impaired driving has become a serious public health concern. Despite substantive research linking cannabis use with higher rates of motor vehicle crashes (MVC), there is an absence of conclusive evidence linking MVC risk with medical cannabis use. In fact, there is no clear understanding of the impact of medical cannabis use on short- and long-term motor vehicle-related healthcare visits. This study assesses the impact of medical cannabis authorization on motor vehicle-related health utilization visits (hospitalizations, ambulatory care, emergency department visits, etc) between 2014 and 2017 in Ontario, Canada. Methods A matched cohort study was conducted on patients authorized to use medical cannabis and controls who did not receive authorization for medical cannabis – in Ontario, Canada. Overall, 29,153 adult patients were identified and subsequently linked to the administrative databases of the Ontario Ministry of Health, providing up to at least 6 months of longitudinal follow-up data following the initial medical cannabis consultation. Interrupted time series analyses was conducted to evaluate the change in rates of healthcare utilization as a result of MVC 6 months before and 6 months after medical cannabis authorization. Results Over the 6-month follow-up period, MVC-related visits in medical cannabis patients were 0.50 visits/10000 patients (p = 0.61) and − 0.31 visits/10000 patients (p = 0.64) for MVC-related visits in controls. Overall, authorization for medical cannabis was associated with an immediate decrease in MVC-related visits of − 2.42 visits/10000 patients (p = 0.014) followed by a statistically significant increased rate of MVC-related visits (+ 0.89 events/10,000 in those authorized medical cannabis) relative to controls in the period following their authorization(p = 0.0019). Overall, after accounting for both the immediate and trend effects, authorization for medical cannabis was associated with an increase of 2.92 events/10,000 (95%CI 0.64 to 5.19) over the entire follow-up period. This effect was largely driven by MVC-related emergency department visits (+ 0.80 events/10,000, p < 0.001). Conclusions Overall, there was an association between medical cannabis authorization and healthcare utilization, at the population level, in Ontario, Canada. These findings have public health importance and patients and clinicians should be fully educated on the potential risks. Continued follow-up of medically authorized cannabis patients is warranted to fully comprehend long-term impact on motor vehicle crash risk.

scholarly journals The congestion relief benefit of public transit: evidence from Rome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin W Adler ◽  
Federica Liberini ◽  
Antonio Russo ◽  
Jos N van Ommeren
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Point Reduction ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Bus Travel Time ◽  
Public Transport Service

Abstract We estimate the effect of public transport supply on travel times of motor-vehicle and bus users in Rome, Italy. We apply a quasi-experimental methodology exploiting hourly information on public transport service reductions during strikes. We find that a 10-percentage point reduction in public transit supply increases the travel time of motor-vehicles by about 1.6% in the morning peak. The effect on bus travel time is similar. The congestion-relief benefit of public transport is thus sizeable and bus travel time gains account for an important share of it.

scholarly journals Cohort Study of Medical Cannabis Authorization and Motor Vehicle Crash-Related Healthcare Visits in 2014-2017 in Ontario, Canada

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cerina Lee ◽  
Don Voaklander ◽  
Jasjeet K. Minhas-Sandhu ◽  
John G. Hanlon ◽  
Elaine Hyshka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Healthcare Utilization ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Crash ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: With increasing numbers of countries/jurisdictions legalizing cannabis, cannabis impaired driving has become a serious public health concern. Despite substantive research linking cannabis use with higher rates of motor vehicle crashes (MVC), there is an absence of conclusive evidence linking MVC risk with medical cannabis use. In fact, there is no clear understanding of the impact of medical cannabis use on short- and long-term motor vehicle-related healthcare visits. This study assesses the impact of medical cannabis authorization on motor vehicle-related health utilization visits (hospitalizations, ambulatory care, emergency room visits, etc) between 2014-2017 in Ontario, Canada. Methods: A matched cohort study was conducted on patients authorized to use medical cannabis and controls who did not receive authorization for medical cannabis – in Ontario, Canada. Overall, 29153 adult patients were identified and subsequently linked to the administrative databases of the Ontario Ministry of Health, providing up to at least 6 months of longitudinal follow-up data following the initial medical cannabis consultation. Interrupted time series analyses was conducted to evaluate the change in rates of healthcare utilization as a result of MVC 6 months before and 6 months after medical cannabis authorization. Results: Over the 6-month follow-up period, MVC-related visits in medical cannabis patients were 0.50 visits/10 000 patients (p=0.61) and -0.31 visits/10 000 patients (p=0.64) for MVC-related visits in controls. Overall, authorization for medical cannabis was associated with an immediate decrease in MVC-related visits of -2.42 visits/10 000 patients (p=0.014) followed by a statistically significant increased rate of MVC-related visits (+0.89 events/10,000 in those authorized medical cannabis) relative to controls in the period following their authorization(p=0.0019). Overall, after accounting for both the immediate and trend effects, authorization for medical cannabis was associated with an increase of 2.92 events/10,000 (95%CI 0.64 to 5.19) over the entire follow-up period. This effect was largely driven by MVC-related emergency department visits (+0.80 events/10,000, p<0.001). Conclusions: Overall, medical cannabis authorization was associated with increased healthcare utilization as a result of a MVC, at the population level, in Ontario, Canada. These findings have public health importance and patients and clinicians should be fully educated on the potential risks. Continued follow-up of medically authorized cannabis patients is warranted to fully comprehend long-term impact on motor vehicle crash risk.

The Language of New Terrorism: Differences in Psychological Dimensions of Communication in Dabiq and Inspire

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Vergani ◽  
Ana-Maria Bliuc
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
English Language ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Psychological Dimensions ◽  
New Terrorism

We investigate differences in the psychological aspects underpinning Western mobilisation of two terrorist groups by analysing their English-language propaganda. Based on a computerized analysis of the language used in two English-language online magazines circulated by ISIS and al-Qaeda (i.e., Dabiq and Inspire), we found significant differences in their language - the ISIS’ language being higher in authoritarianism and its level of religiousness. In a follow-up experimental study, we found that being high in religiousness and authoritarianism predicts more positive attitudes towards the language used by ISIS, but not towards the language used by al-Qaeda. The results suggest that ISIS’ propaganda may be more effective in mobilising individuals who are more authoritarian and more focused on religion than that of al-Qaeda. These findings are consistent with the behaviour observed in recent homegrown terrorist attacks in the USA and Europe.

Complex Solution of Ecological and Economic Problems of Traffic Jams

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Oleksandr M. Matsenko ◽  
Yaroslav S. Kovalev ◽  
Olena M. Tkachenko ◽  
Yaroslava V. Chorna
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Traffic Lights ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Traffic Jams ◽  
Economic Sphere ◽  
Flows Over Time

The article explores the congestion level in traffic of motor vehicles and its negative environmental and economic consequences in case of Kiev. The amount of pollution from traffic jams in Kiev and the number of vehicles which got into them in 2009-2018 is analyzed. The loss of earnings on the side of automobile owners from their standby are calculated with corresponding quantitative expressions found and described. For the course of the research, the methods of system-structural and comparative analysis were used for analyzing the environmental and economic problems of modern automobile systems; methods of formal logical analysis were used for substantiating the innovative infrastructure of transport routes. Separately economic and statistical methods were used in the study for trends development, structure analysis, and estimation of the influence of road congestion on the environmental and economic sphere. Pearson test has indicated a close relationship between the number of cars in Kiev and the number of values from traffic jams in environmental and economic sphere. Solutions to this problem are offered in forms of automated traffic control systems, improvisation of organizational and technical methods for the distribution of traffic flows over time, namely reverse traffic, road junctions, smart traffic lights, road extension, and the transition to alternative modes of transport. In all countries of the world there are new research methods that affect pollutants from motor vehicles. It is proved that they are forced by the recipients. In addition, landscaping can improve landscape design, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, surface water runoff and noise pollution. In this regard the policy implication of the research are aimed to eliminate the negative consequences from the use of vehicles during traffic jams, and the necessary number of trees for planting in Kiev is calculated. Key words: motor transport, congestion, traffic jam, motor vehicle, greening, compensation effect, lost profits, losses.

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