scholarly journals Adverse employment histories and allostatic load: associations over the working life

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2021-217607
Author(s):  
Morten Wahrendorf ◽  
Tarani Chandola ◽  
Marcel Goldberg ◽  
Marie Zins ◽  
Hanno Hoven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Composite Score ◽  
Occupational Position ◽  
Employment Trajectories ◽  
Stress At Work ◽  
Employment Histories

BackgroundMost studies on the health impact of occupational stress use single-point measures of stress at work. This study analyses the associations of properties of entire employment trajectories over an extended time period with a composite score of allostatic load (AL).MethodsData come from the French CONSTANCES cohort, with information on adverse employment histories between ages 25 and 45 and a composite score of AL (based on 10 biomarkers, range 0–10) among people aged 45 or older (47 680 women and 45 035 men). Data were collected by questionnaires (including retrospective employment histories) or by health examinations (including blood-based biomarkers). We distinguish six career characteristics: number of temporary jobs, number of job changes, number of unemployment periods, years out of work, mode occupational position and lack of job promotion.ResultsFor both men and women, results of negative binomial regressions indicate that adverse employment histories are related to higher levels of AL, particularly histories that are characterised by a continued disadvantaged occupational position, repeated periods of unemployment or years out of work. Findings are adjusted for partnership, age and education, and respondents with a health-related career interruption or early retirement are excluded.ConclusionsOur study highlights physiological responses as a mechanism through which chronic stress during working life is linked to poor health and calls for intervention efforts among more disadvantaged groups at early stages of labour market participation.

scholarly journals Social and spatial inequalities in allostatic load among adults in China: a multilevel longitudinal study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e031366
Author(s):  
Fan Mao ◽  
Thomas Astell-Burt ◽  
Xiaoqi Feng ◽  
Yunning Liu ◽  
Jianqun Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
University Level

ObjectivesTo investigate potential geographical and socioeconomic patterning of allostatic load (AL) in China.DesignMultilevel longitudinal study of the 2010 Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance linked to the National Death Surveillance up to 31 December 2015.SettingAll 31 provinces in China, not including Hong Kong, Macao or Taiwan.Participants96 466 ≥ 18 years old (women=54.3%).ExposuresPerson-level educational attainment and mean years of education in counties.OutcomeAL was measured using clinical guidelines for nine biomarkers: body mass index; waist circumference; systolic blood pressure; diastolic blood pressure; fasting blood glucose; total cholesterol; triglycerides; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.ResultsMultilevel logistic regressions adjusted for sex, age, marital status, person-level education, county mean years of education and urban/rural reported ORs of 1.22 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.38) for 5-year all-cause mortality (n=3284) and 1.20 (1.04–1.37) for deaths from non-communicable diseases (n=2891) among people in AL quintile 5 (high) compared with quintile 1 (low). The median rate ratio estimated from unadjusted multilevel negative binomial regression showed AL clustered geographically (province=1.14; county=1.12; town=1.11; village=1.14). After adjusting for aforementioned confounders, AL remained higher with age (rate ratio 1.02, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.02), higher in women compared with men (1.17, 1.15 to 1.19), lower among singletons (0.83, 0.81 to 0.85) and widowers (0.96, 0.94 to 0.98). AL was lower among people with university-level compared with no education (0.92, 0.89 to 0.96), but higher in counties with higher mean education years (1.03, 1.01 to 1.05). A two-way interaction suggested AL was higher (1.04, 1.02 to 1.06) among those with university-level compared with no education within counties with higher mean years of education. Similar results were observed for alternative constructions of AL using 75th and 80th percentile cut-points.ConclusionsAL in China is patterned geographically. The degree of association between AL and person-level education seems to be dependent on area-level education, which may be a proxy for other contextual factors that warrant investigation.

scholarly journals Changes in Glycemic Load Are Positively Associated with Small Changes in Primary Stress Markers of Allostatic Load in Puerto Rican Women

2019 ◽  
Vol 150 (3) ◽  
pp. 554-559
Author(s):  
Andrea Lopez-Cepero ◽  
Milagros C Rosal ◽  
Christine Frisard ◽  
Sharina Person ◽  
Ira Ockene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Puerto Ricans ◽  
Glycemic Load ◽  
Composite Score ◽  
Primary Stress ◽  
Puerto Rican Women ◽  
Stress Markers

ABSTRACT Background Puerto Ricans experience a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Dietary glycemic load (GL) and allostatic load (AL) have been linked with diabetes. AL, the wear and tear on the body from chronic stress, starts with secretion of primary stress markers from activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and immune system. GL can act as a physiological stressor, contributing to the primary AL response. Objective We examined the relation between GL and a composite score of primary stress markers of AL in Puerto Rican adults. Methods Data were from the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study, a cohort study of Puerto Ricans, aged 45–75 y, including 262 men and 697 women with complete data at baseline and 2-y follow-up. GL was calculated from dietary intake obtained with an FFQ. Sex-specific composite primary AL scores included markers of the HPA axis (cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate), SNS (epinephrine and norepinephrine), and immune system (C-reactive protein). Linear regression models were stratified by sex and adjusted for covariates. Results Mean ± SD baseline GL score was 155 ± 28 for men and 135 ± 34 for women. Mean primary stress AL score was 1.25 ± 1.14 for men and 1.25 ± 1.06 for women. GL was not associated with AL score in men. In women, increasing GL from baseline to 2 y was significantly associated with increasing AL, after adjusting for sociodemographics, physical activity, smoking, BMI, menopause, and baseline AL score (β = 0.03; P = 0.049). Results became marginally significant after further adjustment for chronic diseases (P = 0.06) and intake of fats (P values: saturated fats = 0.08; trans fats = 0.06; unsaturated fats = 0.07), but the magnitude of the association remained unchanged. Conclusions Increasing GL over 2 y was positively associated with increasing composite score of primary markers of AL in Puerto Rican women. More studies are needed to confirm our findings.

scholarly journals Late Working Life Patterns in Sweden

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 40-40
Author(s):  
Gülin Öylü ◽  
Susanne Kelfve ◽  
Andreas Motel-Klingebiel
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Working Life ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Life Patterns ◽  
Employment Trajectories ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
Education Groups

Abstract Late working life patterns differ across different social groups and birth cohorts. The mechanisms of these participation differences and role of working life policies can be understood better by using additional working life indicators and historical perspective. This paper investigates how late working life patterns of different age, gender, education groups and birth cohorts are structured in Sweden using participation, employment type, employment break and exit trajectories of different groups. Using Swedish National Registry Data, employment trajectories of the age groups of 60-68 of the birth cohorts 1930, 1935, 1940, 1945 and 1950 are followed. Results show that for all birth cohorts, participation is higher for younger age groups, men and higher educated; leaving the working life before 61 is more common among primary educated; changing employment type in late working life is observed more among higher educated men and usage of sickness compensation is higher among primary educated and women. However, the peak age that individuals exit, and experience employment breaks differs over the years. In addition, although higher educated individuals have lower shares in usage of unemployment and sickness compensation for all birth cohorts, the structure of benefits usage of the other education and gender groups change over the years. Overall, results give important insights how changes in working life policies affect working life patterns of different groups over the years.

scholarly journals Work-related mental health: current state of the art (literature review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (11) ◽  
pp. 1236-1243
Author(s):  
Igor V. Bukhtiyarov ◽  
Eduard I. Denisov ◽  
Evgeny V. Zhovnerchuk ◽  
Vasiliy V. Serikov ◽  
Dmitry E. Khatin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
Psychosocial Risks ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
Stress At Work ◽  
Integral Indicator

Introduction. Mental health is an integral part of health, and its disorders are fraught with social and economic costs for the individual and society. According to WHO, depression is the most common disease and the leading cause of disability globally; it affects 350 million people. The analysis of new data and concepts on these issues is relevant. The aim of the work is to study the problem of stress at work and mental health disorders with an analysis of the concept of allostasis and allostatic load as an integral indicator of stress. A literature search was conducted through September 2020 using the Scopus (https://www.scopus.com/home.uri) and MedLine/PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed) scientific literature databases. Key search terms included “mental health problems,” “mental health in the workplace,” “working condition,” “anxiety,” “burnout,” and “depression. Full-text articles published in English in journals with DOIs were reviewed. There are considered work-related stressors, also called psychosocial risks. Data on the types and amounts of medico-social damage from mental health disorders in European countries and the United States are presented. The Italian experience in limiting work-related stress is reviewed in detail. There are given examples of legislation to restrict psychosocial risks at work in European countries, as well as patterns of recognition of the connection between mental disorders and work. The biomedical paradigm shift - from homeostasis to allostasis - is analyzed, and allostasis and allostatic load is described as integral indicator of chronic work stress. Despite an abundance of work on anxiety and depression, there is no unity in the literature in understanding the mechanisms and stages of mental health disorders from stress at work. It is not clear what better reflects the effects of chronic work-related stress: allostatic stress or metabolic syndrome. Stress, depression and burnout - what is the relation between them? We can discuss a logical chain: occupational risk factors - fatigue, stress - depression, burnout, health disorder, and occupational deformity. The questions of ICD-11, expected to appear in 2021, and, in particular, burnout syndrome, are outlined. The possibilities of information technologies and the Internet in preventing and treating mental health disorders are considered. Conclusions. The increasing role of stress problems in the life of modern society is noted. The methods of psychosocial risk factors limitation and mental health disorders diagnostics need to be developed. Internet-based programs for the preservation and promotion of mental health (e-MentalHealth) are promising.

scholarly journals 208 Life Course Socioeconomic Position and Allostatic Load Burden

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii17-iii65
Author(s):  
Sinead McLoughlin ◽  
Cathal McCrory
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Later Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Physiological Dysregulation ◽  
The Life Course

Abstract Background Allostatic load (AL) is a measure of cumulative physiological dysregulation that is posited to capture the ‘wear and tear’ on the body resulting from exposure to chronic stress. AL has been shown to predict disease, morbidity and mortality. Multiple studies have shown an inverse relationship between AL and SEP, but few have examined the life course social patterning of AL. Methods Using baseline data from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), an AL index was calculated by summing the number of biomarkers for which respondents fell within high risk quartiles. 17 biomarkers were examined, representing cardiovascular, immune, metabolic and parasympathetic nervous systems. SEP and life course trajectories were determined using father’s occupation (at age 14) and current occupation, which were aggregated to create four categories of social mobility; stable high, downwardly mobile, upwardly mobile and stable low. Negative binomial regression models were fitted for each of the life course models of critical period, accumulation and social mobility, to examine the associations between SEP and AL (n=3,282). Results Higher SEP was associated with lower AL. A significant association between origin SEP and later life remained after controlling for destination SEP. The ‘stable high’ across the life course had the lowest AL burden, the ‘stable low’ had the highest burden, and the mobile groups ranked intermediate. Conclusion Findings suggest childhood to be a sensitive period for the embedding of early life disadvantage. The accumulation hypothesis suggests that those who spend more time disadvantaged fair worse in terms of health. This study supports this hypothesis, as those who were stable low / stable high were in the worst / best health respectively.

The Effect of China’s Compulsory Education Reforms on Physiological Health in Adulthood: A Natural Experiment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Ye ◽  
Dawei Zhu ◽  
Ruoxi Ding ◽  
Ping He
Keyword(s):  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Education Reforms ◽  
Socioeconomic Environment ◽  
Lower Education

Abstract Lower education is related to higher biological risks for physiological health, but it remains unclear whether the risks can be reduced through policies aimed at increasing years of education. We utilized China’s compulsory education reforms as a unique natural experiment, which stipulates that primary and lower secondary education is mandatory and free for all school-age children. Using a regression discontinuity design (RDD), we assessed the effect of the reform eligibility on biomarkers. The reforms resulted in an increase in years of education for those from communities with the middle 1/3 per capita income (PCI) (β = 2.44, 95% CI = 0.23 – 4.64). Reform eligibility had no impact on allostatic risks for the total sample (β = 0.065, 95% CI = -0.70 – 0.83) and for those from communities with the lowest (β = 0.35, 95% CI = -0.77 – 1.47) or highest third of PCI (β = 0.68, 95% CI = -0.64 – 2.00), while it reduced the metabolic risk (β = -0.14, 95% CI = -0.26 – -0.015) and total allostatic load (β = -1.58, 95% CI = -3.00 – -0.16) among those from communities with the middle third PCI. The results were confirmed by sensitivity analyses of different placebo cutoff points and bandwidths. The reforms led to better physiological health to some extent, but the effect only manifested in people from communities with a moderate community PCI, and had little impact on affluent or disadvantaged groups. Our findings stressed that the institutional context and respondents’ socioeconomic environment must be taken into account when assessing the health impact of China’s compulsory education reforms.

Toward Win-win Message Strategies: The Effects of Persuasive Message Content on Retweet Counts During Natural Hazard Events

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yajie Li ◽  
Amanda Lee Hughes ◽  
Peter D. Howe
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Message Content ◽  
Persuasive Message ◽  
Extreme Heat Events ◽  
Message Strategies ◽  
Heat Events

AbstractMessage diffusion and message persuasion are two important aspects of success for official risk messages about hazards. Message diffusion enables more people to receive lifesaving messages, and message persuasion motivates them to take protective actions. This study helps to identify win-win message strategies by investigating how an under-examined factor, message content that is theoretically important to message persuasion, influences message diffusion for official risk messages about heat hazards on Twitter. Using multilevel negative binomial regression models, the respective and cumulative effects of four persuasive message factors, hazard intensity, health risk susceptibility, health impact, and response instruction on retweet counts were analyzed using a dataset of heat-related tweets issued by U.S. National Weather Service accounts. Two subsets of heat-related tweets were also analyzed: 1) heat warning tweets about current or anticipated extreme heat events and 2) tweets about non-extreme heat events. This study found that heat-related tweets that mentioned more types of persuasive message factors were retweeted more frequently, and so were two subtypes of heat-related tweets. Mentions of hazard intensity also consistently predicted increased retweet counts. Mentions of health impacts positively influenced message diffusion for heat-related tweets and tweets about non-extreme heat events. Mentions of health risk susceptibility and response instructions positively predicted retweet counts for tweets about non-extreme heat events and tweets about official extreme heat warnings respectively. In the context of natural hazards, this research informs practitioners with evidence-based message strategies to increase message diffusion on social media. Such strategies also have the potential to improve message persuasion.

scholarly journals Cohort Trends in Working Life Expectancies at Age 50 in the United States: A Register-Based Study Using Social Security Administration Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 1504-1514
Author(s):  
Christian Dudel ◽  
Mikko Myrskylä
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Working Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Social Security Administration ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Key Indicator ◽  
Employment Trajectories ◽  
Crucial Information

Abstract Objectives Little is known about the length of working life, even though it is a key indicator for policy-makers. In this paper, we study how the length of working life at age 50 has developed in the United States from a cohort perspective. Methods We use a large longitudinal sample of U.S. Social Security register data that covers close to 1.7 million individuals of the cohorts born from 1920 to 1965. For all of these cohorts, we study the employment trajectories and working life expectancy (WLE) at age 50 by gender and nativity (native-born/foreign-born). For the cohorts with employment trajectories that are only incompletely observed, we borrow information from older cohorts to predict their WLE. Results The length of working life has been increasing for the native-born males and females, and the younger cohorts worked longer than the older cohorts. However, WLE might soon peak, and then stall. The gap in WLE between the native-born and the foreign-born has increased over time, although latter group might be able to catch up in the coming years. Discussion Our findings show that studying employment from a cohort perspective reveals crucial information about patterns of working life. The future development of the length of working life should be a major concern for policy-makers.

scholarly journals RACE DIFFERENCES IN ALLOSTATIC LOAD AMONG BLACK AND WHITE MEN: DOES AGE MATTER?

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S712-S712
Author(s):  
Roland J Thorpe ◽  
Hossein Zare ◽  
Paul Archibald ◽  
Marino A Bruce ◽  
Keith Norris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Race Differences ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cumulative Impact ◽  
Physiological Dysregulation

Abstract Although Black-White disparities in health and mortality among men persist, there is a paucity of work focusing on race differences in physiological dysregulation of biological processes resulting from the cumulative impact of stressors among men. The purpose of this study was to assess potential race differences in Allostatic Load (AL) among adult men and if such differences vary by age. Data were drawn from the 1999-2010 NHANES, and the study population included 2700 non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and 19930 Non-Hispanic White (NHW) born in US. AL was derived by summing across cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory biomarkers considered to be high risk, resulting in a count variable ranging from 0 to 9. Race was based on self-report. Age was categorized: 18-24, 25-44, 45-64, and 65 years and older. Negative binomial regression was used to examine the relationship between race and AL score. Models included education, marital status, family income, health insurance and self-reported health. Adjusting for potential confounders, NHB men had a higher AL score ((incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01, 1.11) than NHW men. NHB men 25-44 years old had a higher AL score than (IRR = 1.14, 95% CI;1.04, 1.24) than their NHW peers. No race differences with respect to AL score were observed among the other age groups. Race differences in AL vary by age categories. Efforts to improve longevity should focus on developing age-tailored health promoting strategies to reduce stress among Black men during early adulthood.

Previous employment histories and quality of life in older ages: sequence analyses using SHARELIFE

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 1928-1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
MORTEN WAHRENDORF
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Domestic Work ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Sequence Analyses ◽  
Parental History ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Employment Histories

ABSTRACTThis article summarizes previous employment histories and studies associations between types of histories and quality of life in older ages. Retrospective information from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) was used and the occupational situation for each age between 30 and 65 of 4,808 men and 4,907 women aged 65 or older in Europe was considered. Similar histories were regrouped using sequence analyses, and multi-level modelling was applied to study associations with quality of life. To avoid reverse causality, individuals with poor health prior to or during their working life were excluded. Men's employment histories were dominated by long periods of paid employment that ended in retirement (‘regular’ histories). Women's histories were more diverse and also involved domestic work, either preceding regular careers (‘mixed’ histories) or dominating working life (‘home-maker’ histories). The highest quality of life was found among women with mixed histories and among men with regular histories and late retirement. In contrast, retirement between 55 and 60 (but not earlier) and regular histories ending in unemployment or domestic work (for men only) were related to lower quality of life, as well as home-maker histories in the case of women. Findings remain significant after controlling for social position, partnership and parental history, as well as income in older ages. Results point to the importance of continuous employment for health and wellbeing, not only during the working life, but also after labour market exit.

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