scholarly journals Tobacco company strategies to identify and promote the benefits of nicotine

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela M Ling ◽  
Stanton A Glantz
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Building Relationships ◽  
The Press ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Scientific Meetings ◽  
New Strategies

BackgroundIn response to a changing regulatory and consumer landscape, tobacco companies developed new strategies to promote cigarettes and smoking. We examined one of these strategies: to fund and conduct scientific research related to potential benefits of nicotine, and to use their findings to promote nicotine.MethodsQualitative analysis of previously secret tobacco industry documents from the Truth (formerly Legacy) Tobacco Documents Library (industrydocuments.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco), triangulated with data from other sources, including the online search engine Google, from the 1970s to December 2017.ResultsAfter publication of the 1988 Surgeon General’s report on nicotine addiction, tobacco companies (particularly RJ Reynolds) intensified efforts to promote the benefits of nicotine while downplaying its addictiveness and health risks. Activities included building relationships with academic institutions and funding scientific studies of the benefits of nicotine on cognition and other performance areas through intramural and extramural programmes. Companies then promoted their research findings through public relations campaigns, often minimising nicotine’s health risks by comparing it to caffeine or coffee. These comparisons appeared in highly publicised scientific meetings and interviews with the press. Nicotine-positive messages reappeared in the popular press and on some company websites in the 2010s.ConclusionsTobacco companies implemented strategies to promote benefits of nicotine to scientific and general audiences while minimising its health risks. These strategies reappeared at the time novel tobacco products like electronic cigarettes were introduced. A greater awareness of the source of claims related to purported benefits of nicotine could inform discussions about emerging tobacco products.

scholarly journals Views of prison staff in Scotland on the potential benefits and risks of e-cigarettes in smoke-free prisons: a qualitative focus group study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e027799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Brown ◽  
Helen Sweeting ◽  
Sean Semple ◽  
Linda Bauld ◽  
Evangelia Demou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Scientific Uncertainty ◽  
Smoking Ban ◽  
Focus Group Study ◽  
Prison Staff ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Potential Risks

ObjectiveElectronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were introduced into all Scottish prisons in February 2018, some months after prisons began preparing in 2017 for a smoking ban implemented in November 2018. In 2016/2017, prison staff views on the potential benefits and risks of e-cigarettes were explored in advance of the introduction of: (1) a smoking ban and (2) e-cigarettes.SettingFourteen prisons in Scotland.ParticipantsSeventeen focus groups and two paired interviews were conducted with 132 staff in 14 Scottish prisons 4–9 months before plans for a smoking ban were announced in July 2017. Both smoking and non-smoking staff were invited to participate.ResultsPrison staff highlighted three potential risks of e-cigarettes in smoke-free prisons: staff health risks from e-cigarette vapour; prisoner health risks from vaping; and risks to both groups from e-cigarette misuse, defects or accidents. Conversely, potential benefits of e-cigarettes in smoke-free prisons centred on: reducing smoking-related health harms to staff and prisoners; helping prisoners to manage without tobacco; and supporting staff to maintain safety and discipline in prison. Staff who participated in focus groups had limited experience of vaping and expressed some uncertainty and misunderstandings about e-cigarettes.ConclusionOur findings highlight that scientific uncertainty, misunderstanding about vaping, the complexity of prisons as workplaces and prison tobacco control policy all have implications for staff perceptions of the potential place of e-cigarettes in smoke-free prisons. To alleviate staff concerns, there is a need for reliable information on e-cigarettes. Staff may also require reassurances on whether products are ‘tamper proof’, and rules about vaping indoors.

scholarly journals Cancer potencies and margin of exposure used for comparative risk assessment of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes aerosols with cigarette smoke

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Rodrigo ◽  
Guy Jaccard ◽  
Donatien Tafin Djoko ◽  
Alexandra Korneliou ◽  
Marco Esposito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Predictive Tool ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Margin Of Exposure

Abstract Health risk associated with the use of combustible cigarettes is well characterized and numerous epidemiological studies have been published for many years. Since more than a decade, innovative non-combusted tobacco products have emerged like heated tobacco products (HTP) or electronic cigarettes (EC). Long-term effects of these new products on health remain, however, unknown and there is a need to characterize associated potential health risks. The time dedicated to epidemiological data generation (at least 20 to 40 years for cancer endpoint), though, is not compatible with innovative development. Surrogates need, therefore, to be developed. In this work, non-cancer and cancer risks were estimated in a range of HTP and commercial combustible cigarettes based upon their harmful and potentially harmful constituent yields in aerosols and smoke, respectively. It appears that mean lifetime cancer risk values were decreased by more than one order of magnitude when comparing HTPs and commercial cigarettes, and significantly higher margin of exposure for non-cancer risk was observed for HTPs when compared to commercial cigarettes. The same approach was applied to two commercial ECs. Similar results were also found for this category of products. Despite uncertainties related to the factors used for the calculations and methodological limitations, this approach is valuable to estimate health risks associated to the use of innovative products. Moreover, it acts as predictive tool in absence of long-term epidemiological data. Furthermore, both cancer and non-cancer risks estimated for HTPs and ECs highlight the potential of reduced risk for non-combusted products when compared to cigarette smoking.

Pre-Registration in the Undergraduate Dissertation: A Critical Discussion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Pownall
Keyword(s):  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Perceived Barriers ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Statistics Anxiety ◽  
Questionable Research Practices ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Data Analysis Plan

Currently under review at Psychology Teaching Review. Over recent years, Psychology has become increasingly concerned with reproducibility and replicability of research findings (Munafò et al., 2017). One method of ensuring that research is hypothesis driven, as opposed to data driven, is the process of publicly pre-registering a study’s hypotheses, data analysis plan, and procedure prior to data collection (Nosek, Ebersole, DeHaven, & Mellor, 2018). This paper discusses the potential benefits of introducing pre-registration to the undergraduate dissertation. The utility of pre-registration as a pedagogic practice within dissertation supervision is also critically appraised, with reference to open science literature. Here, it is proposed that encouraging pre-registration of undergraduate dissertation work may alleviate some pedagogic challenges, such as statistics anxiety, questionable research practices, and research clarity and structure. Perceived barriers, such as time and resource constraints, are also discussed.

PERAN HUMAS PEMERINTAH DALAM PEMASARAN CITY BRANDING MELALUI MEDIA MASSA

Jurnal Common ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uud Wahyudin ◽  
Dedi Rumawan Erlandia
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
National Language ◽  
City Branding ◽  
City Region ◽  
Promotion Strategy ◽  
Interactive Communication ◽  
The Press ◽  
Government Public Relations ◽  
The Mass Media

Era globalisasi menuntut sebuah kota untuk mengelola citranya dan menjadikan citra itu sebagai komoditas, bersaing untuk menjadi yang terbaik. Media massa memainkan peran penting sebagai salah satu media pemasaran dalam membentuk city branding untuk sebuah kota. Dengan demikian, humas pemerintah harus melakukan komunikasi interaktif dengan media massa atau pers.Public Relations dan mitranya, media massa atau pers, tidak dapat dipisahkan satu sama lain. Melalui media massa, Public Relations sebagai strategi promosi city branding dapat menyampaikan informasi tentang kota secara lebih komprehensif.Penerapan branding kota pemasaran melalui media massa oleh public relations pemerintah, dapat dilakukan dengan membuat profil kota / daerah yang harus disebarluaskan ke media massa di Indonesia dengan bahasa nasional, dengan desain yang menarik, sehingga mereka dapat dengan mudah menarik perhatian. Dalam praktik pemasaran atau promosi branding kota melalui media massa oleh humas pemerintah, setiap pemimpin daerah seperti walikota atau bupati harus diberi tanggung jawab untuk mempromosikan branding kota, terutama melalui media massa, baik cetak maupun elektronik. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The era of globalization requires a city to manage its image and make the image like a commodity, competing to be the best. Mass media plays an important role as one of the marketing media in forming city branding for a city. Thus, government public relations must make an interactive communication with the mass media or the press.Public Relations and its partners, mass media or the press, can not be separated from each other. Through mass media, Public Relations as a promotion strategy of city branding can convey information about a city more comprehensively.The application of marketing city branding through the mass media by government public relations, can be done by making a profile of the city/region that must be disseminated to the mass media in Indonesia with national language, with attractive designs, so that they can easily draw the attention. In the practice of marketing or promoting of city branding through the mass media by government public relations, every regional leader like a mayor or a regent must be given the responsibility to promote city branding, especially through mass media, both print and electronic.

scholarly journals E-cigarettes from the perspective of teenagers – results of focus studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Pluta ◽  
Ł Balwicki
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Traditional Tobacco ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Natural Way

Abstract Research shows that over 80% of smokers start their habit under the age of 18. A few years ago young people undertook risky behaviors related to nicotine initiation mainly by smoking cigarettes. Today, next to traditional tobacco products, electronic cigarettes are becoming more and more popular. Due to the prevalence of new forms of nicotine addiction, modification of anti-tobacco prevention programs is required. The purpose of the research was exploration - learning the opinions and attitudes of young people towards e-cigarettes. The qualitative study was conducted using the FGI method (focus group interview). The meetings were modereted by specially trained psychologists. 48 students participated in the meetings of six focus groups, divided by gender and smoking status (smokers/non-smokers). The participants are young people aged 15-19, attending high schools in Warsaw, Kielce and Lublin. In conversations, young people emphasized the impact of e-cigarettes in smoking initiation - it usually occurs at the age of 12-14. E-cigarettes are perceived as cigarettes “for younger”, non-addictive, less serious, providing more entertainment. 'Cloud chasing' is particularly popular. They perform social functions - they are helpful in establishing relationships. Teenagers do not see the harmfulness of e-cigarettes. Participants mentioned their advantages over traditional tobacco products - they can be smoked everywhere and do not leave an unpleasant smell. Some of the respondents admit to the simultaneous use of electronic and traditional cigarettes. Moreover, many parents allow children to smoke electronic cigarettes. Vaping have become a natural way to relaxation and socialization for adolescents. E-cigarettes do not have such a negative connotation as traditional tobacco products. Young people do not see them as harmful, which is a challenge for effective preventive measures. Key messages Adolescents do not see e-cigarettes as harmful, which is a challenge for effective preventive measures. Vaping have become more and more popular - it's natural way to relaxation and socialization for young people.

scholarly journals Perceived Harm, Addictiveness, and Social Acceptability of Tobacco Products and Marijuana Among Young Adults: Marijuana, Hookah, and Electronic Cigarettes Win

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla J. Berg ◽  
Erin Stratton ◽  
Gillian L. Schauer ◽  
Michael Lewis ◽  
Yanwen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Social Acceptability ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Perceived Harm

FDA’s reduced exposure marketing order for IQOS: why it is not a reliable global model

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056316
Author(s):  
Lauren Kass Lempert ◽  
Stella Bialous ◽  
Stanton Glantz
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Sales And Marketing ◽  
Philip Morris ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Difference

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued orders in July 2020 authorising Philip Morris Products S.A. to market its heated tobacco product (HTP) IQOS inside the USA with claims that it reduces exposure to some dangerous substances. FDA’s ‘reduced-exposure’ orders explicitly prohibit the marketing of IQOS with claims that IQOS will reduce harm or the risk of tobacco-related diseases. Under US law, FDA’s IQOS orders are problematic because FDA disregarded valid scientific evidence that IQOS increases exposure to other dangerous toxins and that Philip Morris Products S.A. failed to demonstrate that consumers understand the difference between reduced-exposure and reduced-harm claims. Unfortunately, both ‘reduced-exposure’ and ‘reduced-harm’ are classified as ‘modified risk tobacco products’ under US law. Exploiting this confusion, Philip Morris International used the FDA decision as the basis for marketing and public relations campaigns outside the USA to press governments to reverse policies that ban or regulate the sales and marketing of HTPs, including IQOS. Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control should reject tobacco companies’ unsubstantiated explicit or implied claims of reduced harm associated with HTPs and resist Philip Morris International’s and other companies’ calls to relax HTP regulations based on the FDA’s actions. Instead, parties should adopt policies aligned with the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control when dealing with HTPs and other novel tobacco products.

Knowledge and Beliefs Regarding Harm From Specific Tobacco Products: Findings From the H.I.N.T. Survey

2021 ◽  
pp. 089011712110261
Author(s):  
Wenxue Lin ◽  
Joshua E. Muscat
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Single Item ◽  
Knowledge And Beliefs ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
National Trends ◽  
Medical Recommendations

Purpose: Determine whether dual tobacco users have different levels of knowledge about nicotine addiction, perceived harm beliefs of low nicotine cigarettes (LNCs) and beliefs about electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) Design: Quantitative, Cross-sectional Setting: Health Information National Trends Survey 5 (Cycle 3, 2019) Participants: Nationally representative adult non-smokers (n=3113), exclusive cigarette smokers (n=302), and dual (cigarette and e-cigarette) users (n=77). Measures: The survey included single item measures on whether nicotine causes addiction and whether nicotine causes cancer. A five-point Likert scale assessed comparative harm of e-cigarettes and LNCs relative to conventional combustible cigarettes (1=much more harmful, 3=equally harmful…5 = much less harmful, or don’t know). Analysis: We used weighted multiple linear regression model to estimate means and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of e-cigarettes and LNCs beliefs by current tobacco user status. Results: Over 97% of dual users, 83% of non-smokers and 86% of exclusive cigarette smokers correctly identified that nicotine is addictive. The majority of subjects incorrectly identified nicotine as a cause of cancer, with dual users having the lowest proportion of incorrect responses (60%). Dual users rated e-cigarette harmfulness as less harmful than combustibles (mean=2.20; 95% CI=1.73, 2.66) while exclusive cigarette smokers and non-smokers rated them as similarly harmful. LNCs were considered equally harmful and addictive as conventional cigarettes. Conclusion: Dual users had a higher knowledge base of tobacco-related health effects. The effectiveness of policies or medical recommendations to encourage smokers to switch from cigarettes to LNCs or e-cigarettes will need to consider accurate and inaccurate misperceptions about the harm and addictiveness of nicotine. Improved public health messages about different tobacco products are needed.

Pediatric Collections: Vaping: Effects and Solutions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Pediatric Health ◽  
Pediatric Health Care

Electronic cigarettes are the tobacco products most commonly used by youths in the United States. The use of e-cigarettes, also known as vaping or JUULing, is a public health epidemic. This collection offers reviews and research to assist pediatric health care providers in identifying and treating adolescent use and exposure to e-cigarettes. https://shop.aap.org/pediatric-collections-vaping-effects-and-solutions-paperback/

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