scholarly journals Straw cigarette branding: misleading descriptors and a new Marlboro man

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056983
Author(s):  
Graziele Grilo ◽  
Kevin Welding ◽  
André Salem Szklo ◽  
Joanna E Cohen ◽  
Katherine Clegg Smith
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Current Increase ◽  
Plain Packaging ◽  
Recent Increase ◽  
Recent Collection ◽  
Cigarette Packs

BackgroundStraw cigarettes are hand-rolled tobacco in a corn straw, common in Brazil and believed to be less harmful by consumers. Traditionally consumed in rural areas and by men, a recent increase in use among young people in urban areas was observed. This study assessed marketing appeals of straw cigarette packaging in Brazil.MethodsFollowing a systematic protocol, unique straw cigarette packs were purchased in 2013, 2016 and 2019 from three cities: Manaus, Salvador and São Paulo. Packs were double-coded for the absence/presence of marketing appeals (ie, luxury/quality, masculinity, classic/timeless, flavours and less harm).ResultsThe number of unique straw cigarette packs purchased as part of the overall sample increased in the most recent collection: 2.3% (n=3), 1.3% (n=2) and 15.5% (n=27) in 2013, 2016 and 2019, respectively. Across the years, all packs presented luxury/quality elements (eg, images of crests); 93.8% (n=30) included the word ‘artisanal’. Masculine appeal (eg, images of men) was present on 56.3% (n=18) of packs. Almost half had classic/timeless elements, including the words ‘tradition’/‘original’. In 2019, 59.3% (n=16) of the packs were flavoured compared with none in previous years. Over a quarter of all packs presented a less harm appeal (eg, ‘smooth’).ConclusionWe identified an increase in availability of unique straw cigarette packs, strong branding and use of misleading descriptors on the packs. The adoption of plain packaging and the implementation of Brazil’s additive ban could help to reduce the appeal of straw cigarettes and curb the current increase in use among youth.

scholarly journals Modelling of Social Policy and Initiatives under COVID-19: Rural NEET Youth Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 393
Author(s):  
Giedrė Kvieskienė ◽  
Ilze Ivanova ◽  
Karmen Trasberg ◽  
Viktorija Stasytytė ◽  
Eglė Celiešienė
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Young People ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Rural Regions

NEET (Not in Education, Employment, or Training) youth rates in Europe are generally higher in rural regions than in urban areas and the share in rural regions is constantly increasing. During the COVID-19 pandemic, young people became even more vulnerable as they experienced social exclusion and mental health problems. The objective of this paper is to analyse NEET youth-related statistics in Europe and distinguish positive initiatives for young people in rural areas of the Baltic countries to encourage positive emotions and willingness to learn. Statistical analysis and case study methods were employed. Data on youth unemployment, NEET youth by age and gender, and poverty and social exclusion of young people, is analysed. Social policy initiatives in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, mainly from rural municipalities, are presented and discussed. This research determines the key issues related to NEET youth and proposes initiatives to overcome existing problems among young people. Such social initiatives aim to promote positive social emotions of youth, promote their inclusion in society, and foster regional sustainability.

Young People and Employment in the South West

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Dunkerley ◽  
Claire Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
South West ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
The Family

From a comprehensive survey of over 1200 17 and 18 year olds in Devon and Cornwall, the paper concentrates on the economic position of young people. Important differences were found between the young people in urban and rural areas. Of interest here is the role played by them in the local economy. The rural South West is shown to be characterized by a prevalence of self-employment and small businesses. Furthermore, factors such as a shortage of housing and travelling difficulties leads to different kinds of interdependence between parents and children in rural areas from those found in urban areas. Although in rural areas a dependence of young people upon the family was found, this was balanced by the dependence of the family on them in the sense of a young person’s labour often being a crucial part of the family business. This interdependence is intensified in many rural businesses where there is often no geographical separation of home and workplace. The far South West experiences some of the highest unemployment and the lowest wages in the UK and yet young people in rural areas were found to have developed coping strategies manifested in both formal and informal work practices, casualization and self-employment. The ‘pluriactivity’ found shows young people socialized into long hours, hard work and poor rewards. It is clear from the results that young people are not simply passively dependent upon the household nor that the flow of resources goes simply from parents to children. Small scale rural enterprises in which young people are employed or seek to be employed still show a marked gender division of tasks. Further, it was difficult in many instances to make a clear distinction between work and non-work although again distinct gender differences are visible.

scholarly journals Relationship of rural work with gender and education level / Relação do trabalho rural com gênero e nível de escolaridade

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2364-2378
Author(s):  
Eveline Barbosa S. Carvalho ◽  
Felipe Rocha Campos ◽  
José Wellington Saraiva Sousa Junior ◽  
Luis Henrique B. De Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Education Level ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Rural Work

The research analyzes the relationship between rural work gender and education level based on microdata from the Brazilian Federal Government's General Register of Employed and Unemployed. Using data from employment in the states of Ceará and São Paulo as a case study, the descriptive analysis from the demand curve confirms that male workers have higher average salary level than female workers, in rural areas and also in urban areas, regardless of schooling. The research used the calculation of the price elasticity of demand coefficient to capture the behavior of employment in response to wage variations and showed that for illiterate workers job is more stable in Ceará regardless of gender. On the other hand, for São Paulo illiterate workers have less job stability. For workers with incomplete elementary education, the demand for men and women is inelastic for both Ceará and São Paulo. The cross-elasticity coefficients showed that the higher the level of education, the lower the possibility of discrimination as both gender are considered substitute factors of production.

Young People and Disadvantaged Environments in Affluent Countries

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Visser
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Rural Environments

Many social scientists over the last decades have focused on the question of the impacts of poverty on people. Studies in this field primarily examine the effects of social, cultural, and economic resources and structural factors on the development, social outcomes, and well-being of an individual. In the last decades, scholarly interest has increasingly focused on poverty among children and adolescents (hereafter “young people”). Young people are seen as a nation’s future, which forms a reason for societal concern with their well-being and developmental outcomes. In addition, scholars increasingly acknowledge that poverty is multidimensional and heterogenous: the effects of poverty differ according to personal characteristics such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, or disability, but they are also exemplified by the disadvantaged environments in which young people find themselves, such as dysfunctional families, deprived neighborhoods, and low-quality schools. This article gives an overview of the most important works in the field of the effects of poverty and disadvantaged environments on young people (0–18 years of age). As the nature of poverty differs significantly between affluent countries and low-income developing countries, this review is focused on studies in the United States, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. Given the fact that disadvantage, and the different effects thereof on young people, can be approached from the perspectives offered by different social sciences, publications from geography, sociology, social work, anthropology, economics, and (environmental) psychology are included in this review. This article departs from the idea of ecological models, assuming that poverty impacts children within their various contexts such as the home, school, and neighborhood. After presenting general works on poverty among young people, attention is given to the impacts of disadvantages in home, neighborhood, and school environments. Most studies that are discussed in this review deal with disadvantage in urban areas, reflecting the focus of the overall literature in affluent countries. However, poverty and disadvantage also differ between urban and rural environments. Therefore, the article ends with an overview of literature on poverty among young people in rural areas.

scholarly journals The Kindness of Strangers: Exploring Interdependencies and Shared Mobilities of Elderly People in Rural Japan

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuyo (Jenny) Yamamoto ◽  
Junyi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Older People ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Personal Relationships ◽  
Current Policy ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
And Migration

For over forty years, most residents in rural areas of Japan have relied on private vehicles to meet their mobility needs. Today, however, the rapid ageing of the population, coupled with low birth rates and migration of young people to urban areas, is posing a variety of new transport challenges. Most notably, the proportion of drivers to non-drivers is getting smaller. This means that non-drivers who relied on family and neighbours for trips in the past, as well as elderly residents who give up their licenses, have fewer people to drive them. Current policy debates tend to focus on technological “solutions”, and underestimate the complex social, cultural and inter-personal relationships which underlie transport dependencies in these environments. Using a qualitative semi-structured survey, the current study explores the current mobilities of older people living in a small rural district in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. The resulting analysis reveals how cultural attitudes and social norms affect the ways in which older people manage their mobilities.

scholarly journals Influenza viruses in adult dogs raised in rural and urban areas in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalva Assunção Portari Mancini ◽  
Rita Maria Zucatelli Mendonça ◽  
Aparecida Santo Pietro Pereira ◽  
Adélia Hiroko Nagamori Kawamoto ◽  
Camila Infantosi Vannucchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
The Mean

In 1970, searching for the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses led to the first study on influenza viruses in domestic animals. Birds and mammals, including human beings, are their natural hosts; however, other animals may also play a role in the virus epidemiology. The objective was to investigate the incidence of influenza viruses in adult dogs raised in rural (9, 19.56%) and urban (37, 80.43%) areas in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Dog serum samples were examined for antibodies to influenza viruses by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using the corresponding antigens from the circulating viruses in Brazil. Dogs from rural areas presented antibodies to influenza A H3N2, and influenza A H7N7 and H3N8. In rural areas, dog sera displayed mean titers as 94.37, 227.88, 168.14, 189.62 HIU/25 µL for subtypes H1N1, H3N2, H7N7, H3N8, respectively. About 84% and 92% of dogs from urban areas exhibited antibodies to human influenza A H1N1 and H3N2, respectively, with statistical difference at p < 0.05 between the mean titers of antibodies to H1N1 and H3N2. About 92% and 100% were positive for H7N7 and H3N8, respectively. In dogs from urban areas, the mean titers of antibodies against influenza A H1N1, H3N2, H7N7 and H3N8, were 213.96, 179.42, 231.76, 231.35 HIU/25 µL respectively. The difference among them was not statistically significant at p > 0.05. In conclusion, these dogs were positive for both human and equine influenza viruses. The present study suggests the first evidence that influenza viruses circulate among dogs in Brazil.

scholarly journals Determinantes del empleo no pleno de los jóvenes rurales del Ecuador durante el 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-154
Author(s):  
Maritza Satama-Bermeo ◽  
David Alejandro Singaña-Tapia
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Young People ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Full Employment ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Rural Youth ◽  
Structural Problem ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

In Ecuador, since 2017, the representativeness of full employment had been showing a decline among the number of employed persons in rural and urban areas. This structural problem joins a break in economic growth of the country and the region. In this sense, this study aims to highlight the factors that determine access to non-full employment of young people in rural areas. For this, the estimation of a probit model is carried out. The results show the need to establish differentiated policies for access to full employment for rural youth.

scholarly journals Ensino médio, o ensino pela metade: Geografia da negação de um direito

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Luiz Carlos Gil Esteves
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Brazilian Population ◽  
Mandatory Bid

Who are the victims of not abiding with the laws that determine the State’s offer of compulsory and free education to all young people from 15 to 17 years in Brazil? Starting with this question, based on Pnad/IBGE data from 2001 to 2015, this article delineates a brief profile of these individuals, whose contingent comprises more than 1.5 million young people. In absolute numbers, they belong to the poorest part of society, are predominantly blacks, and residents of urban areas of the Northeast and Southeast regions, especially in SP, MG and BA. In percentage terms, they are also the poorest and black, live in rural areas of the Northeast, Midwest and North, in the States of MS, RO and MT. Another finding of the survey indicates that neither the legislation requiring the mandatory bid of such young people nor the Fundeb implementation were able to accelerate the pace of growth of enrollments during the period. Despite this, there are important indicators of inclusion, clearly expressed by the incorporation of portions of the population historically more distant from school, such as the young people belonging to the poorest Brazilian population, race/color black and residents in rural areas. 

scholarly journals Geotecnologias Aplicadas à Análise de Ilhas de Calor de Superfície em Cidades do Interior do Estado de São Paulo

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2041
Author(s):  
Gislene Figueiredo Ortiz Porangaba ◽  
Margarete Cristiane de Costa Trindade Amorim
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Surface Heat ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Heat Islands

A qualidade dos ambientes urbanos tem se mostrado de maneira inadequada para parcela significativa da população, devido ao fato de não se considerar, no seu processo de expansão territorial, as características físicas desses ambientes. No intuito de amenizar os problemas relacionados à qualidade desses ambientes, particularmente no que se refere às características da temperatura e à geração de ilhas de calor de superfície, a comunidade científica vem desenvolvendo formas de análise para auxiliar no planejamento ambiental das cidades tendo o sensoriamento remoto como grande aliado. Nas análises acerca das ilhas de calor de superfície, o sensoriamento remoto auxilia na representação da temperatura dos alvos urbanos em relação ao entorno próximo e na avaliação da cobertura vegetal, que é um importante elemento para amenizar as ilhas de calor superficiais. Nesse sentido, no presente artigo tem-se por objetivo analisar a cobertura vegetal por meio do Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) e sua interferência na temperatura da superfície nas cidades de Assis, Cândido Mota, Maracaí e Tarumã (São Paulo/Brasil). Para isso foram utilizadas imagens do satélite Landsat 8, banda 10, para o cálculo da temperatura dos alvos e as bandas 4 e 5 para o cálculo do NDVI.  Pode-se concluir por meio da análise do NDVI que a vegetação exuberante e/ou ativa (alto NDVI) tem papel fundamental na amenização das temperaturas dos alvos. Por outro lado, NDVI baixo, devido à alta densidade construtiva nas áreas urbanas ou em período de estiagem, particularmente nas áreas rurais próximas, favorece o aquecimento superficial. Heat Islands in Cities in the Interior of the State of São Paulo, Brazil A B S T R A C TThe quality of urban environments has proven inappropriate for a significant portion of the population due to a failure to consider, in their territorial expansion process, the physical characteristics of these environments. In order to mitigate issues related to the quality of these environments, particularly regarding characteristics of temperature and generation of surface heat islands, the scientific community has developed analysis methods to assist in the environmental planning of cities, using remote sensing as a key ally. In the analysis of surface heat islands, remote sensing assists in the representation of the temperature of urban targets in relation to the near surroundings and the assessment of the vegetation, which is a key element to mitigate surface heat islands. In this sense, this paper aims to analyze the vegetation cover using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and its interference on surface temperature in the cities of Assis, Cândido Mota, Maracaí and Tarumã (São Paulo, Brazil). To do that, we used images from the Landsat 8 satellite, band 10, to calculate the temperature of the targets, and bands 4 and 5, to calculate the NDVI. It can be concluded through the NDVI analysis that the exuberant and/or active vegetation (high NDVI) plays a key role in reducing temperatures in the targets. On the other hand, a low NDVI, due to the high building density in urban areas or the dry season, particularly in nearby rural areas, favors surface heating.Keywords: Remote sensing, NDVI, Surface temperature, Urban climate.

scholarly journals Roma Youth Between Traditional Education and Current Occupations

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-140
Author(s):  
Diana-Maria Hulea
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Traditional Education ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Family ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Traditionally, in the Roma family, the woman is responsible for educating the children, from birth to marriage. Thus, she has an educational role of prime importance that helps to ensure the group’s survival, along with its characteristics and traditions. The father teaches his sons the traditional craft.The main purpose of this article is to present aspects of the traditional education provided by the Roma family and to explain the Roma attitude towards school, but also to explain the relationship between traditional education and current occupation of Roma young people. The data collection method used was the semi-structured interviews on 42 people, both from rural and urban areas.It was found that the traditional Roma family provides continuing education based on mutual respect between children and adults without a division between theoretical education and the apprenticeship of roles in the family. The family also provides the economic discipleship, as the child learns ways to support his family. It was noted that for Roma living in urban and rural areas, schooling is not particularly important. However it was also noted that they have changed their way of thinking to some extent, because they realize that it is very important to know how to read and write. Regarding the current occupations it can be argued that, in general, Roma young people develop economic activities that imply some degree of independence. We observe an attitude of rejection towards income-generating activities that involve compliance with a fixed schedule, inclusion in a group of colleagues and strict conditions in the workplace.

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