Fluid, energy, and nutrient recovery via ad libitum intake of different commercial beverages and food in female athletes

This study investigated the effect of consuming different commercial beverages with food ad libitum after exercise on fluid, energy, and nutrient recovery in trained females. On 4 separate occasions, 8 females (body mass (BM): 61.8 ± 10.7 kg; maximal oxygen uptake: 46.3 ± 7.5 mL·kg−1·min−1) lost 2.0% ± 0.3% BM cycling at ∼75% maximal oxygen uptake before completing a 4-h recovery period with ad libitum access to 1 of 4 beverages: Water, Powerade (Sports Drink), Up & Go Reduced Sugar (Lower Sugar (LS)-MILK) or Up & Go Energize (Higher Protein (HP)-MILK). Participants also had two 15-min opportunities to access food within the first 2 h of the recovery period. Beverage intake, total water/nutrient intake, and indicators of fluid recovery (BM, urine output, plasma osmolality), gastrointestinal tolerance and palatability were assessed periodically. While total water intake (from food and beverage) (Water: 1918 ± 580 g; Sports Drink: 1809 ± 338 g; LS-MILK: 1458 ± 431 g; HP-MILK: 1523 ± 472 g; p = 0.010) and total urine output (Water: 566 ± 314 g; Sports Drink: 459 ± 290 g; LS-MILK: 220 ± 53 g; HP-MILK: 230 ± 117 g; p = 0.009) differed significantly by beverage, the quantity of ingested water retained was similar across treatments (Water: 1352 ± 462 g; Sports Drink: 1349 ± 407 g; LS-MILK: 1238 ± 400 g; HP-MILK: 1293 ± 453 g; p = 0.691). Total energy intake (from food and beverage) increased in proportion to the energy density of the beverage (Water: 4129 ± 1080 kJ; Sports Drink: 5167 ± 643 kJ; LS-MILK: 6019 ± 1925 kJ; HP-MILK: 7096 ± 2058 kJ; p = 0.014). When consumed voluntarily and with food, different beverages promote similar levels of fluid recovery, but alter energy/nutrient intakes. Providing access to food and understanding the longer-term dietary goals of female athletes are important considerations when recommending a recovery beverage.

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Decreased energy availability during training overload is associated with non-functional overreaching and suppressed ovarian function in female runners

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2020-0880 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Karine Schaal ◽

Marta D VanLoan ◽

Christophe Hausswirth ◽

Gretchen A Casazza

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Ovarian Function ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Poor Performance ◽

Performance Outcomes ◽

Energy Availability ◽

Exercise Energy Expenditure ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Plasma Leptin

Low energy availability (EA) suppresses many physiological processes, including ovarian function in female athletes. Low EA could also predispose athletes to develop a state of overreaching. This study compared the changes in ad libitum energy intake (EI), exercise energy expenditure (ExEE), and EA among runners completing a training overload (TO) phase. We tested the hypothesis that runners becoming overreached would show decreased EA, suppressed ovarian function and plasma leptin, compared to well-adapted (WA) runners. After 1 menstrual cycle (baseline), 16 eumenorrheic runners performed 4 weeks of TO followed by a 2-week recovery (131±3% and 63±6% of baseline running volume respectively). Seven-day ExEE, EI, running performance (RUNPERF) and plasma [leptin] were assessed for each phase. Salivary [estradiol] was measured daily. Urinary [luteinizing hormone] tests confirmed ovulation. Nine runners adapted positively to TO (WA,ΔRUNPERF: +4±2%); seven were non-functionally overreached (NFOR, ΔRUNPERF –9±2%) as RUNPERF remained suppressed after the recovery period. WA increased EI during TO, maintaining their baseline EA despite a large increase in ExEE (ΔEA=+1.9±1.3 kcal.kgFFM-1.d-1, P=0.17). By contrast, NFOR showed no change in EI, leading to decreased EA (ΔEA=-5.6±2.1 kcal.kgFFM-1.d-1, P=0.04). [Leptin]b, mid-cycle and luteal [estradiol]s decreased in NFOR only. Contrasting with WA, NFOR failed to maintain baseline EA during TO, resulting in poor performance outcomes and suppressed ovarian function.NCT02224976. NOVELTY BULLETS: -Runners adapting positively to training overload (TO) increased ad libitum energy intake, maintaining baseline EA and ovarian function through TO. -By contrast, NFOR runners failed to increase energy intake, showing suppressed EA and ovarian function during TO.

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Changes in Endurance Performance in Young Athletes During Two Training Seasons

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.1515/hukin-2015-0117 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 149-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Łukasz Tota ◽

Marcin Maciejczyk ◽

Ilona Pokora ◽

Jerzy Cempla ◽

Wanda Pilch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Ventilatory Threshold ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Relative Volume ◽

Running Economy ◽

Track And Field ◽

First Year ◽

Exercise Tests

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess changes in endurance performance in young runners (females and males) during two training seasons. It involved 19 male and 16 female athletes aged 15-17 specializing in track-and-field middle and long distances runs. The following parameters were measured three times during the training season: maximal oxygen uptake, running economy, and the level of the second ventilatory threshold. Training volume and intensity during each season were analyzed within an 8-week period prior to the exercise tests. The volume and intensity of training at various stages of preparation in both seasons were similar. During the first year of observation, significant improvements in relative volume of maximal oxygen uptake were reported both in female and male athletes. During the second training season, it was found that running economy improved both in women and men, with no changes in maximal oxygen uptake. The same (in terms of volume and intensity) endurance training carried out with young runners during two consecutive training seasons can result in different training effects.

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Maximal oxygen uptake and related functions in male and female athletes

British Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1136/bjsm.6.2.53 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 53-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R. Watson ◽

K. Devenney

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Male And Female

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The Effect of Ad Libitum Consumption of a Milk-Based Liquid Meal Supplement vs. a Traditional Sports Drink on Fluid Balance After Exercise

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0229 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 347-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Brenton J. Baguley ◽

Jessica Zilujko ◽

Michael D. Leveritt ◽

Ben Desbrow ◽

Christopher Irwin

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Fluid Balance ◽

Urine Output ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Fluid Loss ◽

Liquid Meal ◽

Sports Drink ◽

Gastrointestinal Tolerance ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Exercise Induced

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of ad libitum intake of a milk-based liquid meal supplement against a carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drink following exercise induced fluid loss. Seven male participants (age 22.3 ± 3.4 years, height 179.3 ± 7.9 cm, body mass 74.3 ± 7.3 kg; mean ± SD) completed 4 separate trials and lost 1.89 ± 0.44% body mass through moderate intensity exercise in the laboratory. After exercise, participants consumed ad libitum over 2 h a milk-based liquid meal supplement (Sustagen Sport) on two of the trials (S1, S2) or a carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drink (Powerade) on two of the trials (P1, P2), with an additional 1 hr observational period. Measures of body mass, urine output, gastrointestinal tolerance and palatability were collected throughout the recovery period. Participants consumed significantly more Powerade than Sustagen Sport over the 2 h rehydration period (P1 = 2225 ± 888 ml, P2 = 2602 ± 1119 mL, S1 = 1375 ± 711 mL, S2 = 1447 ± 857 ml). Total urine output on both Sustagen trails was significantly lower than the second Powerade trial (P2 = 1447 ± 656 ml, S1 = 153 ± 62 ml, S2 = 182 ± 118 mL; p < .05) and trended toward being lower compared with the first Powerade trial (P1 = 1057 ± 699 ml vs. S1, p = .067 and vs. S2, p = .061). No significant differences in net fluid balance were observed between any of the drinks at the conclusion of each trial (P1 = −0.50 ±0. 46 kg, P2 = −0.40 ± 0.35 kg, S1 = −0.61 ± 0.74 kg, S2 = −0.45 ± 0.58 kg). Gastrointestinal tolerance and beverage palatability measures indicated Powerade to be preferred as a rehydration beverage. Ad libitum milk-based liquid meal supplement results in similar net fluid balance as a carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drink after exercise induced fluid loss.

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Improved endurance capacity following chocolate milk consumption compared with 2 commercially available sport drinks

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/h08-137 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 78-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Kevin Thomas ◽

Penelope Morris ◽

Emma Stevenson

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Endurance Exercise ◽

Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Fluid Replacement ◽

Endurance Capacity ◽

Milk Consumption ◽

Chocolate Milk ◽

Experimental Trials

This study examined the effects of 3 recovery drinks on endurance performance following glycogen-depleting exercise. Nine trained male cyclists performed 3 experimental trials, in a randomized counter-balanced order, consisting of a glycogen-depleting trial, a 4-h recovery period, and a cycle to exhaustion at 70% power at maximal oxygen uptake. At 0 and 2 h into the recovery period, participants consumed chocolate milk (CM), a carbohydrate replacement drink (CR), or a fluid replacement drink (FR). Participants cycled 51% and 43% longer after ingesting CM (32 ± 11 min) than after ingesting CR (21 ± 8 min) or FR (23 ± 8 min). CM is an effective recovery aid after prolonged endurance exercise for subsequent exercise at low-moderate intensities.

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