Association between dietary flavonoid intake and obesity among adults in Korea

This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary flavonoid intake and the prevalence of obesity using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and percent body fat (%BF) according to sex among Korean adults. Based on the Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011, 23 118 adults in Korea were included. Dietary intakes were obtained using 24-h dietary recall data. A higher total intake of flavonoid was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity in women, based on %BF (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 0.82 [0.71–0.94]), and abdominal obesity (0.81 [0.71–0.92]). The intake of flavonols (0.88 [0.78–0.99]), flavanones (0.81 [0.72–0.92]), flavanols (0.85 [0.74–0.97]), isoflavones (0.85 [0.75–0.96]), and proanthocyanidins (0.81 [0.71–0.92]) was inversely associated with abdominal obesity, and a higher intake of flavanones (0.87 [0.76–0.99]) and proanthocyanidins (0.85 [0.75–0.98]) was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity, with respect to %BF in women. In contrast, the intake of flavonols (1.16 [1.02–1.33]), flavanones (1.18 [1.04–1.35]), and anthocyanidins (1.27 [1.11–1.46]) was positively associated with obesity based on BMI in men. In conclusion, high intake of dietary flavonoids may be associated with a decreased prevalence of abdominal obesity and obesity, based on %BF, among women. Novelty Higher flavonoid intake was associated with decreased prevalence of abdominal obesity and obesity based on %BF in Korean women. However, in men, the intake of flavonols, flavanones, and anthocyanidins was positively associated with obesity as given by BMI.

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Association between the Phytochemical Index and Lower Prevalence of Obesity/Abdominal Obesity in Korean Adults

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12082312 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 2312

Author(s):

Jihyun Im ◽

Minkyeong Kim ◽

Kyong Park

Keyword(s):

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Vegetable Consumption ◽

Response Patterns ◽

Lower Prevalence ◽

Spline Regression ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Korean Adults ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Recall Data ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity

The relatively high levels of vegetable consumption have highlighted the need to examine the association between phytochemical intake and disease prevention. We examined the association between the phytochemical index (PI) and obesity/abdominal obesity among Korean adults. We analyzed the data of 57,940 adults aged ≥ 19 years obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We calculated PI using the 24 h recall data, and multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression models. Dose–response patterns were analyzed using restricted cubic spline regression. After multivariable adjustment, a higher PI was found to be associated with a lower prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity; this association was notable in women (obesity, OR: 0.86, CI: 0.78–0.94, p for trend = 0.01; abdominal obesity, OR: 0.81, CI: 0.73–0.90, p for trend < 0.001). Spline regression showed linearity of the associations between PI and obesity/abdominal obesity in women. Our findings suggested that maintaining a phytochemical-rich diet may help to prevent obesity and abdominal obesity, especially in women, as an increased PI corresponded to lower prevalence of obesity. This study, using evidence-based data, highlighted the importance of consuming plant-derived foods to prevent obesity.

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Cooking at Home, Fast Food, Meat Consumption, and Dietary Carbon Footprint among US Adults

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph19020853 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 853

Author(s):

Julia A. Wolfson ◽

Amelia M. Willits-Smith ◽

Cindy W. Leung ◽

Martin C. Heller ◽

Donald Rose

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Carbon Footprint ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Fast Food ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Recall Data ◽

Eating Fast ◽

At Home

Shifting consumer behavior towards more sustainable diets can benefit environmental sustainability and human health. Although more frequent home cooking is associated with a better diet quality and fast-food consumption with worse diet quality, the environmental impact of diets based on frequency of cooking or eating fast food is not well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the frequency of cooking dinner at home or eating fast food is associated with dietary greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE). We linked 24-h dietary recall data from adult respondents in the 2007–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (N = 11,469) to a database of GHGE factors to obtain a measure of dietary GHGE (kgCO2-eq/2000 kcal) (the sum of emissions released in the production of food for an individual’s diet), adjusted by energy intake (kgCO2-eq/2000 kcal). We examined associations between frequency of cooking dinner (the only meal for which cooking frequency was measured), frequency of eating fast food, and dietary GHGE and protein sources (beef, pork, poultry, other meat, and fish and seafood (g/2000 kcal)) using generalized linearized regression models that controlled for age, sex, and other socio-economic characteristics. Greater cooking frequency was associated with higher dietary GHGE. In fully adjusted models, cooking 5–6 times/week was associated with an additional 0.058 kgCO2-eq/2000 kcal (SE 0.033) and cooking 7 times/week was associated with an additional 0.057 kgCO2-eq/2000 kcal (SE 0.027) when compared to cooking 0–2 times/week. Individuals in households who cooked dinner more frequently consumed significantly more meat, poultry, and fish (cooking 7 times/week: 148.7 g/2000 kcal vs. cooking 0–2 times/week: 135.4 g/2000 kcal, p-trend = 0.005), which could explain the association with a higher carbon footprint diet. There were few associations of note between fast-food frequency and GHGE. Policies and interventions that reduce consumption of meat and increase consumption of plants when both cooking meals at home and eating meals out are needed to shift toward diets that will be beneficial for both human health and the health of the planet.

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Comparison of Various Methods to Determine Added Sugars Intake to Assess the Association of Added Sugars Intake and Micronutrient Adequacy

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12092816 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2816

Author(s):

Victor L. Fulgoni ◽

P. Courtney Gaine ◽

Maria O. Scott

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Practical Reasons ◽

Adequate Intake ◽

Added Sugars ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Recall Data ◽

Average Intake ◽

Similar Association ◽

Method Preference

Different methods for determining the effect of added sugars intake among children and adults on meeting recommended nutrient intakes were compared using 24 h dietary recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014. Four methods were used to determine deciles of added sugars intake (as the percentage of total calories): 1 day intake, 2 day average intake, and individual usual intake (UI) determined with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the multivariate Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. Percentages of the population below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for calcium and vitamin D/above the Adequate Intake (AI) for potassium and dietary fiber for each decile of added sugars intake were assessed with the NCI method. Using regression analyses, added sugars intake deciles (by any method) in children were inversely associated (p < 0.001) with percentages below the EAR/above the AI of vitamin D, calcium, potassium, and fiber. In adults, added sugars intake deciles were inversely associated with meeting recommendations for vitamin D, potassium, and fiber. There were no significant between-method differences for regression coefficients for any nutrients investigated. Overall, these methods showed a similar association of added sugars intake with nutrient inadequacy/adequacy; therefore, method preference may depend more on practical reasons.

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A Modified Recommended Food Score Is Inversely Associated with High Blood Pressure in Korean Adults

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12113479 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 3479

Author(s):

Kyuyoung Han ◽

Yoon Jung Yang ◽

Hyesook Kim ◽

Oran Kwon

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

High Blood Pressure ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Adult Population ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Lower Prevalence ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Korean Adult ◽

Stage 1

Hypertension is associated with an increase in cardiovascular disease and mortality. The interplay between dietary intake—especially sodium intake—and high blood pressure highlights the importance of understanding the role of eating patterns on cardiometabolic risk factors. This study investigates the relationship between a modified version of the Recommended Food Score (RFS) and hypertension in 8389 adults aged 19–64 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2015. A dish-based, semi-quantitative, 112-item food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intakes. Modified RFS (mRFS) is based on the reported consumption of foods recommended in the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet modified for Korean foods. High blood pressure included hypertension and prehypertension, also known as stage 1 hypertension. Men and women with the highest quintile of mRFS had a 27.2% (OR: 0.728, 95% CI: 0.545–0.971, p-trend = 0.0289) and 32.9% (OR: 0.671, 95% CI: 0.519–0.867, p-trend = 0.0087) lower prevalence of high blood pressure than those with the lowest quintile of mRFS, respectively. Our finding suggests that a higher mRFS may be associated with a lower prevalence of high blood pressure among the Korean adult population.

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Dietary Flavonoids as Cancer Chemopreventive Agents: An Updated Review of Human Studies

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8050137 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 137 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Carmen Rodríguez-García ◽

Cristina Sánchez-Quesada ◽

José J. Gaforio

Keyword(s):

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Population Based ◽

Chemopreventive Agents ◽

Dietary Polyphenols ◽

Different Types ◽

Flavonoid Intake ◽

Global Goal ◽

Dietary Flavonoid ◽

Vegetables And Fruits ◽

Dietary Flavonoids

Over the past few years, interest in health research has increased, making improved health a global goal for 2030. The purpose of such research is to ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing across individuals of all ages. It has been shown that nutrition plays a key role in the prevention of some chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. One of the aspects that characterises a healthy diet is a high intake of vegetables and fruits, as both are flavonoid-rich foods. Flavonoids are one of the main subclasses of dietary polyphenols and possess strong antioxidant activity and anti-carcinogenic properties. Moreover, some population-based studies have described a relationship between cancer risk and dietary flavonoid intake. In this context, the goal of this review was to provide an updated evaluation of the association between the risk of different types of cancers and dietary flavonoid intake. We analysed all relevant epidemiological studies from January 2008 to March 2019 using the PUBMED and Web of Science databases. In summary, this review concludes that dietary flavonoid intake is associated with a reduced risk of different types of cancer, such as gastric, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers.

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Age-related variations in flavonoid intake and sources in the Australian population

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/phn2006971 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1045-1054 ◽

Cited By ~ 85

Author(s):

Lidwine Johannot ◽

Shawn M Somerset

Keyword(s):

International Comparisons ◽

Black Tea ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Australian Population ◽

Age Related ◽

Recall Data ◽

Consumption Data ◽

Flavonoid Intake ◽

24 Hour Recall ◽

Dietary Flavonoid

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate flavonoid intake in the Australian population.DesignFlavonoid consumption was estimated from 24-hour recall data and apparent consumption data using US Department of Agriculture flavonoid composition data.SubjectsThe National Nutrition Survey 1995 assessed dietary intake (24-hour recall) in a representative sample (n = 13 858) of the Australian population aged 2 years and over.ResultsAnalysis of the 24-hour recall data indicated an average adult intake (>18 years) of 454 mg day− 1 (92% being flavan-3-ols). Apple was the highest quercetin source until age 16–18 years, after which onion became an increasingly important prominent source. Variations in hesperetin consumption reflected orange intake. Apple, apricot and grapes were the major sources of epicatechin and catechin for children, but subsided as wine consumption increased in adulthood. Wine was the main source of malvidin. Naringenin intake remained static as a percentage of total flavonoid intake until age 19–24 years, corresponding to orange intake, and then increased with age from 19–24 years, corresponding to grapefruit intake. Apparent dietary flavonoid consumption was 351 mg person− 1 day− 1, of which 75% were flavan-3-ols. Black tea was the major flavonoid source (predominantly flavan-3-ols) representing 70% of total intake. Hesperetin and naringenin were the next most highly consumed flavonoids, reflecting orange intake. Both 24-hour recall and apparent consumption data indicated that apigenin intake was markedly higher in Australia than reported in either the USA or Denmark, presumably due to differences in consumption data for leaf and stalk vegetables and parsley.ConclusionsTea was the major dietary flavonoid source in Australia. Flavonoid consumption profiles and flavonoid sources varied according to age. More consistent methodologies, survey tools validated for specific flavonoid intakes and enhanced local flavonoid content data for foods would facilitate better international comparisons of flavonoid intake.

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Role of Dietary Flavonoid Compounds in Driving Patterns of Microbial Community Assembly

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.01205-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kerry L. Ivey ◽

Andrew T. Chan ◽

Jacques Izard ◽

Aedin Cassidy ◽

Geraint B. Rogers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Community ◽

Community Assembly ◽

Gastrointestinal Microbiome ◽

Content Type ◽

Flavonoid Compounds ◽

Wide Range ◽

Flavonoid Intake ◽

Dietary Flavonoid ◽

Microbial Community Assembly ◽

Dietary Flavonoids

ABSTRACT Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic dietary compounds found in many different plant-based foods. There is increasing evidence that higher flavonoid intake may be causally linked to a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. The bioactivity and bioavailability of many dietary flavonoids can be influenced by gastrointestinal microbiome metabolism. However, the role that habitual flavonoid intake plays in shaping the human gut microbiome is poorly understood. We describe an application of an ecosystem-based analytic approach to nutritional, microbiome, and questionnaire data from a cohort of more than 240 generally healthy adult males to assess the role of dietary flavonoid compounds in driving patterns of microbial community assembly. We identified six subclass-specific microbial communities (SMCs) uniquely and independently associated with intakes of the six flavonoid subclasses. Eggerthela lenta was positively associated with intakes of flavonol and flavanone, and Adlercreutzia equolifaciens was positively associated with intakes of flavonols and flavanol monomers. In contrast, for nearly all flavonoid subclasses, Flavonifractor plautii was inversely associated with subclass consumption. Consuming tea at least once per week explained 10.4% of the total variance in assembly of the 20 species comprising the flavanol monomer SMC. The novel methodology employed, necessitated by multidimensional microbiome data that consist of nonindependent features that exhibit a wide range of distributions and mean values, addresses a major challenge in our ability to understand associations of the microbiome in a wide range of clinical and epidemiologic settings. IMPORTANCE Dietary flavonoids, which have been implicated in lowering chronic disease risk and improving blood pressure, represent a diverse group of polyphenolic compounds found in many commonly consumed foods such as tea, red wine, apples, and berries. The bioactivity and bioavailability of more dietary flavonoids can be influenced by gastrointestinal microbiome metabolism. With demonstrated prebiotic and antimicrobial effects in in vitro and in animal models, it is surprising that there are not many human studies investigating the role dietary flavonoids play in shaping the gastrointestinal microbiome. Our analysis revealed patterns of community assembly that uniquely and independently characterize an individual’s exposure to various flavonoid compounds. Furthermore, this study confirmed, independent from effects of other dietary and lifestyle factors included in the multivariate-adjusted model, that flavonoid intake is associated with microbial community assembly.

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Micronutrient Dilution and Added Sugars Intake in U.S. Adults: Examining This Association Using NHANES 2009–2014

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12040985 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 985 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Victor L. Fulgoni ◽

P. Courtney Gaine ◽

Maria O. Scott ◽

Laurie Ricciuto ◽

Loretta DiFrancesco

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Threshold Effect ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Added Sugars ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Nutrient Adequacy ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Recall Data ◽

The Impact

There is inconsistent evidence regarding the impact of added sugars consumption on micronutrient dilution of the diet. We examined the associations between added sugars intake deciles and nutrient adequacy for 17 micronutrients in U.S. adults 19+ (n = 13,949), 19–50 (n = 7424), and 51+ y (n = 6525) using two days of 24 hour dietary recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009–2014 and regression analysis. Added sugars intake deciles ranged from <3.8 to >23.3% of calories among adults 19+ y, with a median intake of 11.0% of calories. Significant associations (p ≤ 0.01) between added sugars intake deciles and percentage of the population below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) were found for magnesium, vitamin C, vitamin D, and vitamin E; only the association with magnesium remained significant after dropping the two highest and lowest deciles of intake, suggesting a threshold effect. Intakes below approximately 18% of calories from added sugars were generally not associated with micronutrient inadequacy. However, even at the lower deciles of added sugars, large percentages of the population were below the EAR for these four micronutrients, suggesting that adequate intakes are difficult to achieve regardless of added sugars intake.

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Common ways Americans are incorporating fruits and vegetables into their diet: intake patterns by meal, source and form, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2010

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980016000586 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (14) ◽

pp. 2535-2539 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Latetia V Moore ◽

Heather C Hamner ◽

Sonia A Kim ◽

Karen Dalenius

Keyword(s):

National Health ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Recall Data ◽

Retail Outlets ◽

Diet Intake

AbstractObjectiveWe explored how Americans aged ≥2 years who consumed the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables on a given day incorporated fruits and vegetables into their diet compared with those who did not consume recommended amounts.DesignWe used 1 d of dietary recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2010 to examine cross-sectional differences in mean intakes of fruits and vegetables in cup-equivalents by meal, source and form between the two groups.SettingUSA.SubjectsNHANES 2007–2010 participants aged ≥2 years (n 17 571) with 1 d of reliable 24 h recall data.ResultsOn a given day, the proportions of fruits and vegetables consumed at different meals were similar between those who consumed recommended amounts and those who did not. Among adults, 59–64 % of their intake of fruits was consumed at breakfast or as a snack and almost 90 % came from retail outlets regardless of whether they consumed the recommended amount or not. Adults who consumed the recommended amount of fruits ate more fruits in raw form and with no additions than those who did not. Among children and adults, 52–57 % of vegetables were consumed at dinner by both groups. Retail outlets were the main source of vegetables consumed (60–68 %).ConclusionsOur findings indicate that habits of when, where and how consumers eat fruits and vegetables might not need to change but increasing the amount consumed would help those not currently meeting the recommendation.

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Consumption of Korean Foods with High Flavonoid Contents Reduces the Likelihood of Having Elevated C-Reactive Protein Levels: Data from the 2015–2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11102370 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 2370 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ham ◽

Jun ◽

Kang ◽

Paik ◽

Joung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

National Health ◽

Consumption Rate ◽

Health Examination ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Flavonoid Intake

This study was conducted to investigate associations between C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and Korean food (KF) consumption and flavonoid intake from the 2015–2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 6025 men and 8184 women (≥19 years) who completed a 24-h dietary recall and health examination were analyzed. The individual KF consumption rate was defined as the proportion of KF of total food consumed and categorized into tertiles. Odds ratios (ORs) for elevated CRP levels (>3.0 mg/L) according to KF consumption rate and flavonoid intake/dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (<median; ≥median) were obtained by multiple logistic regression. KF consumption was inversely associated with CRP levels in women (p = 0.0236) and positively associated with flavonoid intake/dietary TAC in both sexes (p < 0.0001). Compared to women who consumed less than the median amount of flavonoid or TAC with KF consumption rates in the lowest tertile, those who consumed more flavonoid (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.42–0.83) or TAC (OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.41–0.82) in the highest tertile showed significantly lower ORs for elevated CRP levels. Thus, consuming KFs rich in flavonoid is effective for regulating CRP levels.

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