HOST REACTIONS TO THREE STRAINS OF ASTER YELLOWS VIRUS FROM MANITOBA

H. P. Richardson

doi:10.1139/b67-072

HOST REACTIONS TO THREE STRAINS OF ASTER YELLOWS VIRUS FROM MANITOBA

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b67-072 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 45 (5) ◽

pp. 657-664 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

H. P. Richardson

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Virus Strain ◽

Lactuca Sativa ◽

Plant Host ◽

Aster Yellows ◽

Thlaspi Arvense ◽

Virus Source ◽

Percentage Transmission ◽

China Aster

One non-celery-infecting strain of aster yellows virus (NAYV) and two celery-infecting strains (CAYV-Z and CAYV) were isolated in Manitoba. Percentage transmission of the three strains of AYV to 13 plant species by single, infective male or female six-spotted leafhoppers (Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål)) given a 2-day inoculation feed varied with the host and virus strain. Head lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.), and stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.) were superior to China aster (Callistephus chinensis Nees) as indicators of the proportion of infective leafhoppers. Acquisition of virus by vectors fed on the 13 plant species, as indicated by transmission to aster, differed according to strain and host. The differences between hosts in the percentages of plants infected with AYV was attributed to plant host – virus rather than the vector–virus relationships.There was no correlation between the susceptibility of a host and its value as a virus source. Head lettuce was the only one of the 13 plant species tested that was highly susceptible and from which all three strains of AYV could be readily acquired.

Three new species of eriophyoid mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyoidea) from Montenegro

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.2828.1.3 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2828 (1) ◽

pp. 38 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

IVONA JOČIĆ ◽

RADMILA PETANOVIĆ ◽

BILJANA VIDOVIĆ

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Plant Species ◽

Mentha Piperita ◽

Plant Host ◽

The Third ◽

Eriophyoid Mites ◽

Three New Species

Three new species of eriophyoid mites from Montenegro are described and illustrated. The first, Phytoptus alchemillae n. sp. (Phytoptidae), is found on the basic rosette of leaves of Alchemilla hoppeana (Rchb.) D. Torre, aggr. (Rosaceae). The second species, Leipothrix menthae n. sp. (Eriophyidae), is located on the undersurface of Mentha piperita L. (Lamiaceae) leaves and the third species, Aculus blagayanae n. sp. (Eriophyidae), inhabits the receptacles of the subendemic plant species, Daphne blagayana Frey. (Thymelaeaceae). All three species are vagrants, causing no visible damage to their plant host.

Plant-based expression of SARS-CoV-2 antigens for use in an oral vaccine

10.1101/2021.12.07.471131 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Monique Power ◽

Taha Azad ◽

John C Bell ◽

Allyson MacLean

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Receptor Binding ◽

Lactuca Sativa ◽

Oral Vaccine ◽

Receptor Binding Domain ◽

In Planta ◽

Edible Plant ◽

Suitable Candidate ◽

Collard Greens ◽

Lactuca Sativa L

Oral and intra-nasal vaccines represent a key means of inducing mucosal-based immunity against infection with SARS-CoV-2, yet such vaccines represent only a minority of candidates currently in development. In this brief communication, we assessed the expression of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) subunit of the surface-exposed Spike (S) glycoprotein in the leaves of nine edible plant species (lettuce, spinach, collard greens, tomato, cucumber, radish, arugula, pepper, and Coho greens), with a goal of identifying a suitable candidate for the development of a oral vaccine against COVID-19. We report lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Hilde II Improved) to be a preferred host to support in planta expression of SARS-CoV-2 RBD, representing an important first step towards development of a plant-based oral vaccine.

406 Plant Diversity Influences Effectiveness of Associated Arbuscular–Mycorrhizal Fungi

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.3.463a ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 463A-463

Author(s):

Rhoda Burrows ◽

Francis Pfleger

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Plant Diversity ◽

Fungal Community ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Fungal Spores ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽

Plant Host ◽

Little Bluestem

Growing a plant host in association with other plant species (i.e., increasing diversity) changes the composition of the associated arbuscular–mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community. We tested whether this alteration in the fungal community causes significant differences in the growth of Schizachyrium scoparium L. (Little Bluestem, a C4 grass) or Lespedeza capitata L. (Bush clover, a legume). Seedlings were transplanted into pasteurized soil inoculated with soil from monoculture plots of Schizachyrium or Lespedeza, respectively, vs. plots containing one, seven, or 15 additional plant species. Soil washes from a composite of the plots were added to all pots, including non-inoculated controls, to reduce differences in the non-AM microbial communities. Spore counts of the inoculum from Lespedeza plots showed increasing numbers of AM fungal spores and species richness with increasing plant diversity; this was not true with the Schizachyrium plots, possibly because Schizachyrium may be a better host to more species of AM fungi than Lespedeza. Both Schizachyrium and Lespedeza responded to inoculation with increased growth compared to non-inoculated controls. Tissue analyses of both species showed that inoculation increased the percentage of Cu, and lowered the percentage of Mn compared to control plants. Schizachyrium showed no significant differences in growth due to inoculum source (1-, 2-, 8-, or 16-species plots); while Lespedeza showed increases in root and shoot weights with increasing source-plot diversity.

THE SIX-SPOTTED LEAFHOPPER, MACROSTELES FASCIFRONS (STÅL.) AND ASTER YELLOWS IN MANITOBA

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps61-044 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 320-331 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

P. H. Westdal ◽

C. F. Barrett ◽

H. P. Richardson

Keyword(s):

Local Population ◽

Virus Transmission ◽

Migrant Population ◽

Yellow Virus ◽

Aster Yellow ◽

Aster Yellows ◽

Percentage Transmission ◽

Early Maturing ◽

General Field ◽

New Generation

The six-spotted leafhopper overwintered in the egg stage only. Adults migrated into Manitoba in substantial numbers on strong south winds in mid-May. The migrant population reached a peak of about 80 leafhoppers per 100 sweeps in mid-June on cereals. There was a high mortality of migrants in late June and early July. The non-migrant population originated partly from overwintered eggs but mostly from eggs laid by migrants. New generation adults appeared in late June. Distinct broods were not apparent in the field because generations overlapped. The peak of population, about 400 leafhoppers per 100 sweeps, was reached about mid-August. Four generations were reared in a year. In general field collections the percentage of leafhoppers transmitting the aster yellow virus did not exceed 1 per cent. The percentage transmission was highest in the migrant population but dropped in July and August with the increase in local population. The rate of virus transmission was low in June and July but reached a peak in August in conjunction with the peak in population. Some weeds are a source of aster yellows virus. In Manitoba, early maturing crops generally escape severe aster yellows infection but it is often a problem on late crops.

Oviposition Behavior and Development of Aster Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on Selected Host Plants From the Canadian Prairies

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/toaa243 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (6) ◽

pp. 2695-2704

Author(s):

Berenice Romero ◽

Chrystel Olivier ◽

Tyler Wist ◽

Sean M Prager

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Host Plants ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Oviposition Behavior ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Potential Fecundity ◽

Canadian Prairies ◽

Aster Yellows ◽

Aster Leafhopper

Abstract Some plant pathogens are capable of manipulating their insect vectors and plant hosts in a way that disease transmission is enhanced. Aster leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is the main vector of Aster Yellows Phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris) in the Canadian Prairies, which causes Aster Yellows (AY) disease in over 300 plant species including cereals and oilseeds. However, little is known about the host range of Aster leafhoppers or their host-choice selection behavior in this geographical region. Several crop and noncrop species commonly found in the Canadian Prairies were evaluated as food and reproductive hosts for Aster leafhoppers through no-choice bioassays. To study possible effects of pathogen infection, AY-uninfected and AY-infected insects were used. Cereals and some noncrops like fleabane were suitable reproductive hosts for Aster leafhoppers, with numbers of offspring observed in treatments using both AY-uninfected and AY-infected insects, suggesting an egg-laying preference on these plant species. Development was similar across the different plant species, except for canola and sowthistle, where growth indexes were lower. Sex-ratios of Aster leafhopper adults did not differ among the plant species or with respect to AY infection. Potential fecundity differed across plant species and was affected by the infection status of the insect. These findings have implications for AY epidemiology and suggest that while cereals can be suitable host plants for Aster leafhopper oviposition and development, some noncrop species could act as alternate hosts for leafhoppers that migrate into the Canadian Prairies before emergence of cereal and canola crops.

Feeding preferences of Phyllotreta herbivores to winter rape and chosen weeds

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/40/2008-pps ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 45 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 156-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Štolcová

Keyword(s):

Brassica Napus ◽

Plant Species ◽

Feeding Preference ◽

Seedling Stage ◽

Feeding Preferences ◽

Winter Rape ◽

Model Experiments ◽

Thlaspi Arvense ◽

Flea Beetles ◽

Leaf Disks

In model experiments with leaf disks from Brassica napus L. subsp. napus and Thlaspi arvense L. and Sinapis arvensis L. in spring periods (May–June) of 2006–2007 feeding preferences of Phyllotreta herbivores to the above-mentioned crop and two common weeds were investigated. In seedlings of identical ontogenetic stages insignificantly higher feeding injuries were recorded in B. napus. Between the two monitored weeds insignificantly higher herbivory was found in S. arvensis compared to T. arvense. In a comparison of older crop and younger weeds and vice versa, flea beetles significantly preferred the four-leaf seedling stage to the cotyledon seedling stage irrespective of the monitored plant species. Though generally in feeding preference of flea beetles a general drift B. napus > S. arvensis > T. arvensis was recorded, the sequence of leaves also played its role under conditions of this experiment.

Identification of New Hosts of Pseudocercospora fijiensis Suggests Innovative Pest Management Programs for Black Sigatoka Disease in Banana Plantations

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9100666 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 666 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vázquez-Euán ◽

Chi-Manzanero ◽

Hernández-Velázquez ◽

Tzec-Simá ◽

Islas-Flores ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Present Report ◽

Black Sigatoka ◽

Successful Management ◽

Plant Host ◽

Diagnostic Pcr ◽

Banana Production ◽

Initial Inoculum ◽

Pseudocercospora Fijiensis

Black Sigatoka is the main constraint to banana production worldwide, and epidemic outbreaks are continuously causing huge losses. Successful management of diseases requires a profound knowledge of the epidemiological factors that influence disease dynamics. Information regarding alternative hosts of Pseudocercospora fijiensis, the causal agent, is still very scarce. To date, only Heliconia psittacorum has been reported as an alternative plant host, and we hypothesized that other plants can house P. fijiensis. In the present report, ten plant species with suspicious leaf spots were collected inside and around commercial banana crops in Mexico. Diagnostic PCR gave positive amplification for six of these plant species, and DNA sequencing confirmed the presence of the pathogen in four. This is the first report of the presence of P. fijiensis in unrelated plants and it represents a breakthrough in the current knowledge of black Sigatoka. This finding is very important given the polycyclic nature of this disease whose successful management requires the control of initial inoculum to minimize epidemic outbreaks. The results presented herein can be used to introduce innovations in integrated black Sigatoka management programs to reduce initial inoculum, and help the international initiative to reduce the use of fungicides in banana production.

First Report of Phytoplasmas in Soybean, Alfalfa, and Lupinus sp. in Lithuania

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2000.84.2.198c ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 84 (2) ◽

pp. 198-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

R. Jomantiene ◽

R. E. Davis ◽

L. Antoniuk ◽

J. Staniulis

Keyword(s):

16S Rdna ◽

Type Strain ◽

Sequence Data ◽

Sequence Similarity ◽

Dna Amplification ◽

Plant Host ◽

Nucleotide Sequence Data ◽

Aster Yellows ◽

Veinal Necrosis ◽

Aster Yellows Phytoplasma

Plants of cultivated soybean (Glycine max) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in Dotnuva and of wild Lupinus sp. in Ledakalnis, Lithuania, exhibited symptoms that suggested phytoplasmal infections. Soybean plants were of normal growth habit but exhibited veinal necrosis. Alfalfa and Lupinus plants exhibited stunting, abnormally small leaves, and witches'-broom symptoms. Diseases in the plants were termed soybean veinal necrosis (SVN), alfalfa stunt (AlfS), and Lupinus stunt (LupS), respectively. The presence of phytoplasmas in diseased plants was assessed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplification of phytoplasma-specific 16S rDNA. A phytoplasma-characteristic 1.2-kbp DNA fragment was amplified from all diseased plants but not from known healthy plants in nested PCRs in which the first DNA amplification was primed by primer pair P1/P7 and reamplification of DNA was primed by primer pair F2n/R2 (2,4). Products from the nested PCR primed by F2n/R2 were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, and the RFLP patterns obtained were compared with patterns previously published (1–4). On the basis of AluI, HaeIII, HhaI, HpaI, KpnI, MseI, and RsaI RFLP patterns, the SVN and LupS phytoplasmas were classified in group 16SrIII (peach X-disease phytoplasma group), subgroup B (III-B, type strain clover yellow edge phytoplasma), and the AlfS phytoplasma was classified in group 16SrI (aster yellows phytoplasma group), subgroup B (I-B, type strain aster yellows phytoplasma). Nucleotide sequences were determined for 16S rDNA fragments amplified from SVN and AlfS phytoplasmas in nested PCRs primed by F2n/R2. The sequences were deposited in GenBank under Accession nos. AF177383 for SVN and AF177384 for AlfS. Sequence similarity between the 16S rDNAs of SVN and Canadian clover yellow edge (strain CYE-C, GenBank Accession no. AF175304) phytoplasmas was 99.8%; sequence similarity between 16S rDNAs of AlfS and aster yellows (strain SAY, GenBank Accession no. M86340) phytoplasmas was 99.6%. The SVN phytoplasma 16S rDNA shared 100% sequence similarity with a 16S rDNA from the Lithuanian clover yellow edge (CYE-L, GenBank Accession no. AF173558) phytoplasma. The nucleotide sequence data supported the conclusion that the SVN and AlfS phytoplasmas were closely related to strains classified in subgroups III-B and I-B, respectively. Our findings extend the known geographic ranges of phytoplasma subgroups I-B and III-B to northern Europe, including Lithuania, and expand the known plant host ranges of these pathogens. References: (1) R. E. Davis et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47:262, 1997. (2) R. Jomantiene et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:269, 1998. (3) R. Jomantiene et al. HortScience 33:1069, 1998. (4) I.-M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:1153, 1998.

Methanol utilizers of the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of a common grass and forb host species

10.21203/rs.3.rs-789178/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Saranya Kanukollu ◽

Rainer Remus ◽

Alexander Martin Ruecker ◽

Caroline Buchen Tschiskale ◽

Mathias Hoffmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Host Species ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Stratospheric Ozone ◽

Oxidative Capacity ◽

Stable Isotope Probing ◽

Plant Host ◽

Oxidation Rates ◽

Plant Microbiota ◽

Ecological Unit

Abstract Background: Managed grasslands are global sources of atmospheric methanol, which is one of the most abundant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere and promotes oxidative capacity for tropospheric and stratospheric ozone depletion. The phyllosphere is a favoured habitat of plant-colonizing methanol-utilizing bacteria. These bacteria also occur in the rhizosphere, but their relevance for methanol consumption and ecosystem fluxes is unclear. Methanol utilizers of the plant-associated microbiota are key for the mitigation of methanol emission through consumption. However, information about grassland plant microbiota members, their biodiversity and metabolic traits, and thus key actors in the global methanol budget is largely lacking.Results: We investigated the methanol utilization and consumption potentials of two common plant species ( Festuca arundinacea and Taraxacum officinale ) in a temperate grassland. The selected grassland exhibited net methanol emission. The detection of 13 C derived from 13 C-methanol in 16S rRNA of the plant microbiota by stable isotope probing (SIP) revealed distinct methanol utilizer communities in the phyllosphere, roots and rhizosphere but not between plant host species. The phyllosphere was colonized by members of Gamma - and Betaproteobacteria . In the rhizosphere, 13 C-labelled Bacteria were affiliated with Deltaproteobacteria , Gemmatimonadates, and Verrucomicrobiae. Less-abundant 13 C-labelled Bacteria were affiliated with well-known methylotrophs of Alpha -, Gamma -, and Betaproteobacteria . Additional metagenome analyses of both plants were consistent with the SIP results and revealed Bacteria with methanol dehydrogenases (e.g., MxaF1 and XoxF1-5 ) of known but also unusual genera (i.e., Methylomirabilis , Methylooceanibacter , Gemmatimonas , Verminephrobacter ). 14 C-methanol tracing of alive plant material revealed divergent methanol oxidation rates in both plant species but similarly high rates in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere.Conclusions: Our study revealed the rhizosphere as an overlooked hotspot for methanol consumption in temperate grasslands. We also identified unusual methanol utilizers in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere. We did not observe a plant host-specific methanol utilizer community. Our results suggest a model for methanol turnover in which both the sources (plants) and sinks (microbiota) of a volatile are separated but in the same ecological unit.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities and root colonisation differ in relation to plant host and soil nutrients

Fróðskaparrit - Faroese Scientific Journal ◽

10.18602/fsj.v62i0.23 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 62 ◽

Author(s):

Erla Olsen

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Soil Nutrients ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Communities ◽

Agrostis Capillaris ◽

Plant Host ◽

Root Colonisation ◽

Field Samples ◽

Ranunculus Acris ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal

Field samples from two coexisting plant species were examined to see whether they were colonised by distinct fungal communities, and whether the colonisation pattern differed between the two plant species. Two plant species, Agrostis capillaris and Ranunculus acris from four mountain slopes in the Faroe Islands were examined for percentage root length colonisation (%RLC) including the amount of arbuscules and vesicles, and the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal types in the roots identified by cloning and sequencing. Fewer AM fungal types were found in Ranunculus acris than in Agrostis capillaris, but the %RLC was greater in Ranunculus acris, which also showed seasonal variability. Vesicles were more abundant in Ranunculus acris. Statistical analysis suggested that the AM fungal communities colonising the two plant species were distinct. The root colonisation in Ranunculus acris responded to other soil nutrients than the root colonisation in Agrostis capillaris.