scholarly journals GDSL-domain containing proteins mediate suberin biosynthesis and degradation, enabling developmental plasticity of the endodermis during lateral root emergence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robertas Ursache ◽  
Cristovao De Jesus Vieira-Teixeira ◽  
Valérie Dénervaud Tendon ◽  
Kay Gully ◽  
Damien De Bellis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
Casparian Strips ◽  
Endodermal Cells

ABSTRACTRoots anchor plants and deliver water and nutrients from the soil. The root endodermis provides the crucial extracellular diffusion barrier by setting up a supracellular network of lignified cell walls, called Casparian strips, supported by a subsequent formation of suberin lamellae. Whereas lignification is thought to be irreversible, formation of suberin lamellae was demonstrated to be dynamic, facilitating adaptation to different soil conditions. Plants shape their root system through the regulated formation of lateral roots emerging from within the endodermis, requiring local breaking and re-sealing of the endodermal diffusion barriers. Here, we show that differentiated endodermal cells have a distinct auxin-mediated transcriptional response that regulates cell wall remodelling. Based on this data set we identify a set of GDSL-lipases that are essential for suberin formation. Moreover, we find that another set of GDSL-lipases mediates suberin degradation, which enables the developmental plasticity of the endodermis required for normal lateral root emergence.

Probable sites for passive movement of ions across the endodermis

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Dumbroff ◽  
D. R. Peirson
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Effective Barrier ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
The Relationship

The endodermis, with its associated Casparian strip, is generally believed to act as an effective barrier to the passive movement of ions from the cortex to the xylem in young roots. However, several workers have suggested that the functional integrity of the endodermis might be somewhat impaired with the emergence of branch roots from the pericycle, thus providing pathways for the mass flow of water and ions into the stele. The present work was undertaken to examine the validity of this hypothesis.Sections of lateral roots embedded in glycol methacrylate were stained and examined by fluorescence microscopy, and a general picture of the relationship between branch root development and concomitant changes in the endodermis emerged. The endodermal cells of the parent root were found to maintain a continuous, unbroken, suberized layer over the surface of a very young lateral root, but with continued elongation there is a period when formation of the Casparian strip lags behind division of endodermal cells. It appears likely that, at this stage, water and ions can enter the stele of the parent root by mass flow.

scholarly journals Early development and gravitropic response of lateral roots in Arabidopsis thaliana

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1595) ◽  
pp. 1509-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Guyomarc'h ◽  
S. Léran ◽  
M. Auzon-Cape ◽  
F. Perrine-Walker ◽  
M. Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Root Induction ◽  
Root Gravitropism ◽  
Auxin Transporter

Root system architecture plays an important role in determining nutrient and water acquisition and is modulated by endogenous and environmental factors, resulting in considerable developmental plasticity. The orientation of primary root growth in response to gravity (gravitropism) has been studied extensively, but little is known about the behaviour of lateral roots in response to this signal. Here, we analysed the response of lateral roots to gravity and, consistently with previous observations, we showed that gravitropism was acquired slowly after emergence. Using a lateral root induction system, we studied the kinetics for the appearance of statoliths, phloem connections and auxin transporter gene expression patterns. We found that statoliths could not be detected until 1 day after emergence, whereas the gravitropic curvature of the lateral root started earlier. Auxin transporters modulate auxin distribution in primary root gravitropism. We found differences regarding PIN3 and AUX1 expression patterns between the lateral root and the primary root apices. Especially PIN3, which is involved in primary root gravitropism, was not expressed in the lateral root columella. Our work revealed new developmental transitions occurring in lateral roots after emergence, and auxin transporter expression patterns that might explain the specific response of lateral roots to gravity.

scholarly journals Systemic signalling through translationally controlled tumour protein controls lateral root formation in Arabidopsis

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (15) ◽  
pp. 3927-3940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémi Branco ◽  
Josette Masle
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Lateral Root Initiation

Abstract The plant body plan and primary organs are established during embryogenesis. However, in contrast to animals, plants have the ability to generate new organs throughout their whole life. These give them an extraordinary developmental plasticity to modulate their size and architecture according to environmental constraints and opportunities. How this plasticity is regulated at the whole-organism level is elusive. Here we provide evidence for a role for translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) in regulating the iterative formation of lateral roots in Arabidopsis. AtTCTP1 modulates root system architecture through a dual function: as a general constitutive growth promoter enhancing root elongation and as a systemic signalling agent via mobility in the vasculature. AtTCTP1 encodes mRNAs with long-distance mobility between the shoot and roots. Mobile shoot-derived TCTP1 gene products act specifically to enhance the frequency of lateral root initiation and emergence sites along the primary root pericycle, while root elongation is controlled by local constitutive TCTP1 expression and scion size. These findings uncover a novel type for an integrative signal in the control of lateral root initiation and the compromise for roots between branching more profusely or elongating further. They also provide the first evidence in plants of an extracellular function of the vital, highly expressed ubiquitous TCTP1.

scholarly journals A conserved superlocus regulates above- and belowground root initiation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moutasem Omary ◽  
Naama Gil-Yarom ◽  
Chen Yahav ◽  
Evyatar Steiner ◽  
Idan Efroni
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Lateral Root Initiation ◽  
Single Cell Profiling ◽  
Common Transition ◽  
Context Specific

AbstractDuring plant post-embryonic growth new meristems and associated stem cells form in different development contexts in order to respond to environmental cues. While underground lateral roots initiate from designated cells in the main root, an unknown mechanism allows cells to bypass the root/shoot identity trajectory and generate shoot-borne-roots. Using single-cell profiling of tomato (Solanum lycoperiscum) stems we isolated a rare transient cell population that serve as progenitors for shoot-borne-root meristems. Analysis of this population identified a transcription factor required for the formation of shoot-borne-roots which we named SHOOT BORNE ROOTLESS (SBRL). Evolutionary analysis revealed that SBRL function is deeply conserved in angiosperms and that it arose as part of an ancient duplicated superlocus, only lost in root-less plants, containing both shoot-borne and lateral root initiation regulators. We propose that the ability to activate a common transition state with context-specific regulators allows the remarkable developmental plasticity found in plants.One Sentence SummaryHighly conserved superlocus of LBD genes, acting within an early transition identity, regulates shoot-borne and lateral root formation.

scholarly journals Systemic signalling through TCTP1 controls lateral root formation in Arabidopsis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémi Branco ◽  
Josette Masle
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Lateral Organs ◽  
Root Organogenesis

AbstractAs in animals, the plant body plan and primary organs are established during embryogenesis. However, plants have the ability to generate new organs and functional units throughout their whole life. These are produced through the specification, initiation and differentiation of secondary meristems, governed by the intrinsic genetic program and cues from the environment. They give plants an extraordinary developmental plasticity to modulate their size and architecture according to environmental constraints and opportunities. How this plasticity is regulated at the whole organism level is still largely elusive. In particular the mechanisms regulating the iterative formation of lateral roots along the primary root remain little known. A pivotal role of auxin is well established and recently the role of local mechanical signals and oscillations in transcriptional activity has emerged. Here we provide evidence for a role of Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP), a vital ubiquitous protein in eukaryotes. We show that Arabidopsis AtTCTP1 controls root system architecture through a dual function: as a general constitutive growth promoter locally, and as a systemic signalling agent via mobility from the shoot. Our data indicate that this signalling function is specifically targeted to the pericycle and modulates the frequency of lateral root initiation and emergence sites along the primary root, and the compromise between branching and elongating, independent of shoot size. Plant TCTP genes show high similarity among species. TCTP messengers and proteins have been detected in the vasculature of diverse species. This suggests that the mobility and extracellular signalling function of AtTCTP1 to control root organogenesis might be widely conserved within the plant kingdom, and highly relevant to a better understanding of post-embryonic formation of lateral organs in plants, and the elusive coordination of shoot and root morphogenesis.

scholarly journals VviMYB41 orthologs contribute to the water deficit induced suberization of grapevine fine roots

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Zhang ◽  
Isabelle Merlin ◽  
Stéphanie Pascal ◽  
Pierre-François Bert ◽  
Frédéric Domergue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
Primary And Lateral Roots ◽  
Casparian Strips ◽  
Root Permeability ◽  
Response To Water

ABSTRACTThe permeability of roots to water and nutrients is controlled through a variety of mechanisms and one of the most conspicuous is the presence of structures such as the Casparian strips and suberin lamellae. Roots actively regulate the creation of these structures developmentally, along the length of the root, and in response to the environment, including abiotic stresses such as drought. In the current study, we characterized the suberin composition along the length of grapevine fine roots during development and in response to water deficit. In parallel samples we quantified changes in expression of suberin biosynthesis- and deposition-related gene families (via RNAseq) allowing the identification of drought-responsive suberin-related genes. Grapevine suberin composition did not differ between primary and lateral roots, and was similar to that of other species. Under water deficit there was a global upregulation of suberin biosynthesis which resulted in an increase of suberin specific monomers, but without changes in their relative abundances, and this upregulation took place across all the developmental stages of fine roots. These changes corresponded to the upregulation of numerous suberin biosynthesis- and deposition-related genes which included orthologs of the previously characterized AtMYB41 transcriptional factor. Functional validation of two grapevine MYB41 orthologs, VviMYB41 and VviMYB41-like, confirmed their ability to globally upregulate suberin biosynthesis and deposition. This study provides a detailed characterization of the developmental and water deficit induced suberization of grapevine fine roots and identifies important orthologs responsible for suberin biosynthesis, deposition, and its regulation in grape.One sentence summaryOur study details the biochemical changes and molecular regulation of how grapevines decrease their root permeability during drought.

Lateral root formation and nutrients: nitrogen in the spotlight

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Mathieu Pélissier ◽  
Hans Motte ◽  
Tom Beeckman
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Lateral Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Root Development

Abstract Lateral roots are important to forage for nutrients due to their ability to increase the uptake area of a root system. Hence, it comes as no surprise that lateral root formation is affected by nutrients or nutrient starvation, and as such contributes to the root system plasticity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating root adaptation dynamics towards nutrient availability is useful to optimize plant nutrient use efficiency. There is at present a profound, though still evolving, knowledge on lateral root pathways. Here, we aimed to review the intersection with nutrient signaling pathways to give an update on the regulation of lateral root development by nutrients, with a particular focus on nitrogen. Remarkably, it is for most nutrients not clear how lateral root formation is controlled. Only for nitrogen, one of the most dominant nutrients in the control of lateral root formation, the crosstalk with multiple key signals determining lateral root development is clearly shown. In this update, we first present a general overview of the current knowledge of how nutrients affect lateral root formation, followed by a deeper discussion on how nitrogen signaling pathways act on different lateral root-mediating mechanisms for which multiple recent studies yield insights.

scholarly journals Morphological Characterization of Root System Architecture in Diverse Tomato Genotypes during Early Growth

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurora Alaguero-Cordovilla ◽  
Francisco Gran-Gómez ◽  
Sergio Tormos-Moltó ◽  
José Pérez-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Wild Tomato Species ◽  
Local Soil

Plant roots exploit morphological plasticity to adapt and respond to different soil environments. We characterized the root system architecture of nine wild tomato species and four cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties during early growth in a controlled environment. Additionally, the root system architecture of six near-isogenic lines from the tomato ‘Micro-Tom’ mutant collection was also studied. These lines were affected in key genes of ethylene, abscisic acid, and anthocyanin pathways. We found extensive differences between the studied lines for a number of meaningful morphological traits, such as lateral root distribution, lateral root length or adventitious root development, which might represent adaptations to local soil conditions during speciation and subsequent domestication. Taken together, our results provide a general quantitative framework for comparing root system architecture in tomato seedlings and other related species.

Formation of lateral root meristems is a two-stage process

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (10) ◽  
pp. 3303-3310 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Laskowski ◽  
M.E. Williams ◽  
H.C. Nusbaum ◽  
I.M. Sussex
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Subsequent Stage ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Root Meristems ◽  
Lateral Root Initiation ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Pericycle Cells

In both radish and Arabidopsis, lateral root initiation involves a series of rapid divisions in pericycle cells located on the xylem radius of the root. In Arabidopsis, the number of pericycle cells that divide to form a primordium was estimated to be about 11. To determine the stage at which primordia are able to function as root meristems, primordia of different stages were excised and cultured without added hormones. Under these conditions, primordia that consist of 2 cell layers fail to develop while primordia that consist of at least 3–5 cell layers develop as lateral roots. We hypothesize that meristem formation is a two-step process involving an initial period during which a population of rapidly dividing, approximately isodiametric cells that constitutes the primordium is formed, and a subsequent stage during which meristem organization takes place within the primordium.

Interaction of silicon and cadmium in Brassica juncea and Brassica napus

Biologia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzana Vatehová ◽  
Karin Kollárová ◽  
Ivan Zelko ◽  
Danica Richterová-Kučerová ◽  
Marek Bujdoš ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Apex ◽  
Brassica Species ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Si Addition

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of silicon (Si) and cadmium (Cd) on root and shoot growth and Cd uptake in two hydroponically cultivated Brassica species (B. juncea (L.) Czern. cv. Vitasso and B. napus L. cv. Atlantic). Both species are potentially usable for phytoextraction. Inhibitory effects of Cd on root elongation were diminished by the impact of Si. Primary roots elongation in the presence of Cd + Si compared with Cd was stronger and the number of lateral roots was lower in B. juncea than in B. napus. Cd content per plant was higher in B. napus roots and shoots compared with B. juncea. Suberin lamellae were formed closer to the root apex in Cd + Si than in Cd treated plants and this effect was stronger in B. napus than in B. juncea. Accelerated maturation of endodermis was associated with reduced Cd uptake. Cd decreased the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids in both species, but Si addition positively influenced the content of photosynthetic pigments which was higher in B. napus than in B. juncea. Si enhanced more substantially translocation of Cd into the shoot of B. napus than of B. juncea. Based on our results B. napus seems to be more suitable for Cd phytoextraction than B. juncea because these plants produce more biomass and accumulate higher amount of Cd. The protective effect of Si on Cd treated Brassica plants could be attributed to more extensive development of suberin lamellae in endodermis.

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