Effects of water stress on leaf expansion, net photosynthesis, and vegetative growth of soybeans and cotton

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (13) ◽  
pp. 1492-1498 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Bunce
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Soil Water Stress ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Net Assimilation

Soybeans and cotton were subjected to humidities from 40 to 80% at 23 °C and to soil drought during early vegetative growth under controlled conditions. Measurements were made of leaf water potentials, leaf expansion rates, leaf diffusive resistances to water vapor, and whole-shoot net photosynthesis rates. Net assimilation rates were calculated from harvest data. Low humidity resulted in low leaf water potential and low turgor in all cases and resulted in reduced leaf expansion rates in some, but not all, cases. Low humidity reduced dry weight growth only where leaf expansion rates were reduced. Net photosynthesis rates per unit leaf area were unaffected by low humidity, despite up to 1.5-fold increases in diffusive resistance to water vapor. During soil water stress, leaf expansion rates were reduced 1–2 days before net photosynthesis rates per unit leaf area were reduced, but leaf expansion continued at night after net photosynthesis rates were severely reduced by stress. As a result, the relative importance of leaf area expansion and net assimilation rate to growth in dry weight during soil water stress was dependent on the degree and duration of stress.

scholarly journals Growth Analysis and Photosynthesis Measurements of Cucumber Seedlings Grown under Light with Different Red to Far-red Ratios

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 843-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshio Shibuya ◽  
Ryosuke Endo ◽  
Yoshiaki Kitaya ◽  
Saki Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Cucumber Seedlings ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Normal Light

Light with a higher red to far-red ratio (R:FR) than sunlight reduces plant growth, but the cause has not been firmly established. In the present study, cucumber seedlings were grown under normal light (similar to sunlight; R:FR = 1.4) from metal-halide lamps or high-R:FR light (R:FR = 4.3) created by transmitting their light through FR-absorbing film, and then their growth parameters and photosynthesis were compared. The relative growth rate (RGR) at high R:FR was 92% of that under normal R:FR, although the net assimilation rate (NAR) did not differ between the treatments, indicating that changes in net photosynthesis per unit leaf area did not cause the growth inhibition at high R:FR. The CO2 exchange per unit leaf area did not differ between the treatments, which supports this hypothesis. The leaf area ratio (LAR) of total plant dry weight of high R:FR seedlings to that of normal R:FR seedlings was also 92%. This suggests that growth suppression in the high R:FR seedlings was caused mainly by decreased LAR. The specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf weight ratio (LWR), components of LAR, under high-R:FR light were 89% and 105%, respectively, of those under normal light, indicating that the smaller LAR at high R:FR mainly results from suppressed leaf enlargement per unit leaf dry matter.

Leaf Expansion Limits Dry Matter Accumulation of Salt-Stressed Maize

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 663 ◽  
Author(s):  
GR Cramer ◽  
GJ Alberico ◽  
C Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Nacl Salinity ◽  
Net Assimilation

Two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids, differing in their salt tolerance (percentage of control on a dry weight basis) and ability to accumulate Na+ in the shoot, were treated with 80 mol m-3 NaCl salinity or 80 mol m-3 NaCl plus 8.75 mol m-3 CaCl2. Multiple harvests were performed and the interactions of salinity with time were examined with growth analysis. Relative growth rate (RGR) and leaf area ratio (LAR) were significantly reduced by NaCl salinity, but net assimilation rate (NAR) was unaffected. Supplemental Ca2+ improved RGR by maintaining LAR closer to control values. LAR was inhibited in the early stages of salt stress, but was not limiting growth relative to controls in later stages. Salinity also reduced the specific leaf area and leaf weight ratio, which indicates that leaf expansion and carbon allocation were altered. Differences in salt tolerance between the hybrids were small, but significant throughout the lifecycle of the plants. These differences were associated with differences in leaf elongation rates and LAR within the first 9 days of salinity.

Competition of Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata) and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) with Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) During Simulated Drought and Recovery

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 658-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson ◽  
Maxine T. Highsmith
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Simulated Drought ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
The Impact

Cotton was grown alone (one plant/pot), in intraspecific competition (two plants/pot), and in interspecific competition with spurred anoda and velvetleaf in controlled-environment chambers, subjected to water stress by withholding water, and allowed to recover before the final harvest. Minimum leaf water potential reached during the drought period ranged from −1.87 MPa in cotton grown alone to −2.63 MPa in velvetleaf grown in intraspecific competition. Water stress reduced plant height, total dry weight, and leaf area in all species, compared to well-watered controls. Reductions in cotton growth due to intra- or interspecific competition were evident by 11 days following the onset of competition. The competitive impact of both weeds tended to increase with time. Growth reductions in cotton due to competition were associated primarily with reductions in leaf area duration; during drought the net assimilation rate also was reduced. Relative yields of cotton confirmed that interspecific competition from the weeds was more severe than intraspecific competition. Imposed drought did not affect the relative competitive abilities of the three species or the impact of the weeds on cotton.

Growth and Water Relations of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata), and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) During Simulated Drought and Recovery

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Anoda Cristata

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Coker 315’), spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlecht. # ANVCR], and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedik. # ABUTH) were grown in controlled-environment chambers at 29/23 C day/night temperature and 1000 μE·m–2·s–1photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Groups of plants were subjected to water stress by withholding water for 8 days, beginning at 27 days after planting. Cotton reached a lower leaf water potential than spurred anoda and velvetleaf following 8 days of withholding water. Following the drought, plants were rewatered for a 6-day recovery period. Water stress reduced plant height, leaf number, leaf area, total dry weight, stomatal conductance, transpiration, net assimilation rate, and leaf area duration in all species, in comparison with well-watered controls. Water stress decreased partitioning of plant biomass into leaves and increased partitioning into roots. Following rewatering, stomatal conductance and transpiration rates of previously stressed plants recovered to control levels within 28 h. Net assimilation rates of previously stressed spurred anoda also recovered to control levels. After 6 days of recovery, total dry weights and leaf areas of previously stressed plants of all three species remained below those of control plants. The overall effect of the drought and water stress was to delay the time at which spurred anoda and velvetleaf equaled or surpassed cotton in dry weight and leaf area, suggesting that drought early in the growing season under field conditions might increase the competitiveness of cotton relative to the two weeds.

scholarly journals Net Photosynthesis and Growth of Three Novel Woody Species Under Water Stress: Calycanthus occidentalis, Fraxinus anomala, and Pinckneya pubens

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1341-1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ryan Stewart ◽  
Reid D. Landes ◽  
Andrew K. Koeser ◽  
Andrea L. Pettay
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Severe Drought

Frequent episodes of water stress in managed landscapes have led the nursery industry to look for attractive woody species that perform well under extreme conditions of drought and flooding. We chose to evaluate three taxa with highly localized natural distributions in the United States, Calycanthus occidentalis (north–central California), Fraxinus anomala (northeastern Utah), and Pinckneya pubens (northeastern Florida), each of which may merit further use under cultivated conditions beyond their respective ranges. Although widespread cultivation of each taxon may not be possible as a result of limitations related to cold hardiness, we hypothesized that each species can tolerate extremes in soil moisture availability more so than their native habitats imply. Our objective was to characterize, under greenhouse conditions, how the quantity of soil water affects gas exchange of potted plants of each species. Plants were divided into five groups, each exposed to treatment conditions ranging from complete submersion to severe drought. Complete submersion killed plants of C. occidentalis and F. anomala, although in drought or severe drought conditions, C. occidentalis plants had lower net photosynthesis and less leaf area and plant dry weight than control plants. Net photosynthesis, leaf area, and plant dry weight of partially flooded plants, however, were not found to be significantly less than that of the control plants. Mean net photosynthetic levels and plant dry weights of severe drought, drought, and control F. anomala did not differ. While severe drought plants of P. pubens exhibited much lower levels of net photosynthesis, but not plant dry weights or leaf area, than the control plants, those exposed to drought, partial flood, and complete submersion were not found to differ in net photosynthesis levels from the control plants. Due to the sustained tolerance of F. anomala and P. pubens to a range of extreme soil moisture conditions, as exhibited by net photosynthetic responses, carbon accumulation, and survival, we conclude that use of these species in landscapes is warranted if invasiveness and other potential problems are not identified. Calycanthus occidentalis, however, appears unsuitable for cultivation in areas with organic soils greater than ≈66% and lower than ≈30% soil moisture content as a result of its high mortality in flooded conditions and poor physiological responses under dry conditions.

scholarly journals Photosynthesis and growth of spring barley: some effects of drought

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 623-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Leach
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Effects Of Drought

SummaryDuring the dry summer of 1976, measurements were made of the photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration, and growth of irrigated (I) and non-irrigated (NI) spring barley growing in large field plots. Using a field enclosure, the photosynthesis of the irrigated barley was measured on 19 separate days during the latter two-thirds of the growing season when the plants were large enough to have measurable gas exchanges. The response of photosynthesis to water stress was determined from 3 days' comparative measurements on the I and NI crops, using both the field enclosure and, on 2 days only, a single-leaf photosynthesis chamber.Water stress in the NI crop caused large decreases in yield: the dry-matter yields of grain and straw were respectively reduced by 19 and 27%; number of grains (but not grain mass) was also reduced. Field enclosure measurements, which were in good agreement both with values for canopy net photosynthesis derived from the leaf chamber measurements and with estimates of dry-matter production derived from plant weighings, indicated that the net CO2 uptake per unit leaf area was little affected by water stress. Results from the plant weighings and mensurations showed that, during the growing season, the main effect of water stress, mediated by the survival of fewer tillers and the premature senescence of leaves, was a reduction of leaf area (by 40%).

scholarly journals Competition between drought-tolerant upland rice cultivars and weeds under water stress condition

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.B. Cerqueira ◽  
E.A.L. Erasmo ◽  
J.I.C. Silva ◽  
T.V. Nunes ◽  
G.P. Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Water Stress Condition ◽  
Water Conditions

The objective of this study was to evaluate the competitiveness of two cultivars of upland rice drought-tolerant, cultured in coexistence with weed S. verticillata, under conditions of absence and presence of water stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Experimental Station of the Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Gurupi-TO Campus. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 2 x 4 with four replications. The treatments consisted of two rice cultivars under two water conditions and four densities. At 57 days after emergence, were evaluated in rice cultivars and weed S. verticillata leaf area, dry weight of roots and shoots and total concentration and depth of roots. Was also evaluated in rice cultivars, plant height and number of tillers. Water stress caused a reduction in leaf area, the concentration of roots and vegetative components of dry matter (APDM, and MSR MST) of rice cultivars and Jatoba Catetão and weed S. verticillata. The competition established by the presence of the weed provided reduction of all vegetative components (MSPA, and MSR MST) of cultivars and Jatoba Catetão. It also decreased the number of tillers, the concentration of roots and leaf area. At the highest level of weed competition with rice cultivars, a greater decrease in vegetative components and leaf area of culture, regardless of water conditions.

scholarly journals Effects of water stress on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of African nightshades

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
ODHIAMBO PETER OKELLO ◽  
JOSEPH P. ONYANGO GWEYI ◽  
MILDRED PAULINE NAWIRI ◽  
WINFRED MUSILA
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Total Phenolic Content ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Stress Levels ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Solanum Villosum

Okello OP, Gweyi JPO, Nawiri Mp, Musila W. 2017. Effects of water stress on phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of African nightshades. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 15: 79-95. This study aimed at mapping out the distribution of different African Nightshade species in Siaya and Kisii Counties of Kenya and to determine water stress effect on total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of two selected African nightshade namely, giant nightshade (Solanum scabrum) and black nightshade (Solanum villosum). Before selection of the two varieties, the study involved farmer field visits, mapping of nightshades present and administration of semi-structured questionnaires to farmers to determine the indigenous vegetables being grown, the nightshade species grown and factors affecting their production. The experiments were conducted both in the field and greenhouse conditions. Watering intervals were at 15 cbars, 50 cbars, and 85 cbars. Data on the number of secondary buds, leaf area, shoot height, shoot and root dry weights were gathered. The total antioxidant capacity and the total phenolic content were recorded using DPPH radical scavenging method and Folin-Ciolcalteu method, respectively. The data collected were subjected to ANOVA. In both counties where production was 100% under small scale, Solanum scabrum was the main variety grown is Siaya County (36%) while in Kisii the main variety was Solanum villosum (32%). There were significant differences (P≤0.05) among treatments in leaf area, plant height, shoot biomass, number of secondary buds, leaf and root total phenolic content and leaf and root antioxidant activity. At all stress levels, Solanum scabrum exhibited the tallest plants with a maximum height of 45.17cm at 15cbars, while Solanum villosum had the shortest plants at all stress levels, with the shortest one being recorded at 16.65 cm at 85 cbars. S. scabrum also had the highest root dry weight (7.78g), shoot dry weight (50.78g) and highest leaf area of (304.45cm2). However, Solanum villosum had the highest number of secondary buds at all stress levels with the highest being 24 at 15 cbars. Concerning phytochemicals, Solanum villosum had a higher concentration of both the total phenolics and antioxidant activity in the shoots (46.41g GAE/Kg DM total phenolic content and 52.68% total antioxidant activity). Meanwhile, Solanum scabrum had a higher concentration in the roots (25.06gGAE/Kg DM total phenolic content and 27.18% total antioxidant activity). Water stress cause a decline in all growth parameters but increased phytochemical accumulation in nightshade accessions grown. It is therefore suggested that for better yields, irrigation should be performed at every 15 cbars, however for adequate phytochemical accumulation, the irrigation should be carried out at 50 cbars. Further research to explore and quantify other phytochemical components as affected by different watering regimes need to be undertaken.

Simulating the Influences of Soil Water Stress on Leaf Expansion and Senescence of Winter Wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 291 ◽  
pp. 108061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tengcong Jiang ◽  
Zihe Dou ◽  
Jian Liu ◽  
Yujing Gao ◽  
Robert W. Malone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Soil Water Stress

Phenyl indole-3-thiolobutyrate increases growth of transplanted 1-0 red oak

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-134
Author(s):  
Daniel K. Struve ◽  
W. Timothy Rhodus
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Leaf Area Ratio ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Auxin Treatment ◽  
Net Assimilation

The basal 1 cm of taproot of dormant bareroot 1-0 red oak (Quercusrubra L.) seedlings were given a 3-s dip in 20, 40, or 80 mM concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), phenyl indole-3-thiolobutyrate (P-ITB), or equal parts IBA and P-ITB at 20 or 40 mM concentrations. Sixty control seedlings were dipped in 95% ethanol, while 30 seedlings were used for each auxin treatment. Seedlings were potted on May 12, 1986, and grown outdoors. At the end of the 104-day study period, all concentrations of IBA and P-ITB significantly increased number of roots regenerated (from 5.3 with 20 mM IBA to 11.9 for 80 mM IBA) compared with control seedlings. However, P-ITB-treated seedlings produced significantly more leaves (20–24) and leaf area (320–472 cm2), and up to 10 g more dry weight than IBA and non-auxin-treated seedlings. P-ITB treated seedlings had higher relative growth and net assimilation rates and lower leaf area ratio than IBA-treated or control seedlings. Seedlings treated with 20 mM of equal parts IBA and P-ITB were similar to P-ITB-treated seedlings while seedlings treated with the 40 mM IBA and P-ITB combination were similar to IBA-treated seedlings.

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