The effect of short-term aphid feeding on the partitioning of 14CO2 photoassimilate in three legume species

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 666-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. B. Hawkins ◽  
M. I. Whitecross ◽  
M. J. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Garden Pea ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Partitioning Pattern

The short-term effects of the feeding of cowpea aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch) and pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)), both Homoptera: Aphididae, on 14C translocation and plant growth of broadbean (Vicia faba L. cv. Aquadulce), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. Caloona), and garden pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Victory Freezer) seedlings were investigated, but not all plant–aphid combinations were utilized. Within 10 days of infestation, aphid feeding reduced the flux of translocate to the roots, changed the assimilate partitioning pattern in affected shoots, and apparently induced assimilate sources to become assimilate sinks. Cowpea aphid feeding also caused more lateral branches to be formed in broadbean. Some of these effects may be related to the imbibing of translocate by aphids, while other effects may result from a series of interactions involving substances in the saliva of aphids, plant hormones, and the assimilate ratio of sources–sinks. The amount of radioactivity found per unit weight of aphid tissue increased between days 5 and 10 in all four plant–aphid combinations. This may indicate that the nymphs were incapable of feeding on the larger phloem elements. Except for the decreased rate of translocation to the roots, the effect of aphid feeding on translocation is plant–aphid species specific.

Interactions between aphid infestation and plant growth and uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus by three leguminous host plants

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 2362-2367 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. B. Hawkins ◽  
M. I. Whitecross ◽  
M. J. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Species Specific

The effects of cowpea aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch) and pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)), both Homptera: Aphididae, on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake by and growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. Caloona), broad bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Aquadulce), and garden pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Victory Freezer) seedlings were investigated. After 10 days of aphid infestation, all leaf areas were significantly lower in infested plants, and plant dry weight, mean relative growth rate, and unit leaf rate were significantly lower in all plant–aphid combinations except for pea – pea aphids. The mean leaf area ratio was the same for infested and control plants indicating that infested plants did not reallocate their assimilate resources in response to aphid feeding. The accumulation of N and P as a percentage of plant dry weight did not differ between control and infested plants and was specific to the species examined. However, control plants all had greater absolute amounts of N and P after 10 days. Even though the responses of the plants to aphid feeding were similar, the accumulation of N and P appears to be a plant species specific phenomenon.

Field evaluation of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) for resistance to aphids in northern China

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 471 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. He ◽  
X. G. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Gansu Province ◽  
Lanzhou City ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch

Resistance of 9 lucerne cultivars and lines of predominantly overseas introductions to an aphid complex was evaluated in field experiments at Lanzhou city in Gansu province of northern China in 2004. The aphid complex, consisting of 3 aphid species, the spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA) Therioaphis trifolii Monell, black bean aphid (BBA) Aphis craccivora Koch, and pea aphid (PA) Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, was found to be dominated by BBA at the early stage of plant growth in spring and by SAA at other stages. Plants infested by SAA showed the symptoms of either chlorotic leaf veins or yellow leaf. Cultivars performed similarly in Gansu as in their country of origin, with minor differences (e.g. Hunter River). ‘Aphid damage index’ and ‘% of resistant plants’ were found to be useful parameters for specifying the resistance of a given cultivar to the aphid complex. Based on the ‘% of resistant plants’, cvv. HA–3, Cropper 9, 8925MF, SARDI 7, and SARDI 10 were classified as highly resistant; HA–1 and Gannong 3, resistant; Jindera, moderately resistant; and Hunter River, low resistance.

Incidence of Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Associated Potyviruses in Summer Squash in Arkansas

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Hander ◽  
P. J. McLeod ◽  
H. A. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Watermelon Mosaic Virus ◽  
South Central ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Marketable Fruit

A field study conducted in two Arkansas locations determined that five aphid species, Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer), were associated with yellow summer squash, Cucurbita pepo, L. Each aphid species vectors potyviruses of cucurbits. Although aphids were readily trapped with water and sticky flag traps, few aphids were observed on plants, and no vigorous aphid colonies were detected. In south central Arkansas (Benton), no virus-infected plants were observed in early plantings. Watermelon mosaic virus was detected in late squash plantings at Benton and varied from 0 to 23.2% of the total plants. In western Arkansas (Mulberry), papaya ringspot virus rapidly infected summer squash and resulted in complete loss of marketable fruit. The rapid and severe infection was attributed to close proximity of an infected squash planting.

scholarly journals Aphid Protein Effectors Promote Aphid Colonization in a Plant Species-Specific Manner

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Pitino ◽  
Saskia A. Hogenhout
Keyword(s):  
Positive Selection ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Methods ◽  
Polyphagous Insect ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Phloem Feeding

Microbial pathogens and pests produce effectors to modulate host processes. Aphids are phloem-feeding insects, which introduce effectors via saliva into plant cells. However, it is not known if aphid effectors have adapted to modulate processes in specific plant species. Myzus persicae is a polyphagous insect that colonizes Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana, while the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum specializes on colonizing plant species of the family Fabaceae. We found that M. persicae reproduction increased on transgenic Arabidopsis, producing the M. persicae effectors C002, PIntO1 (Mp1), and PIntO2 (Mp2), whereas reproduction of M. persicae did not increase on Arabidopsis producing the A. pisum orthologs of these three proteins. Plant-mediated RNA interference experiments showed that c002- and PIntO2-silenced M. persicae produce less progeny on Arabidopsis and N. benthamiana than nonsilenced aphids. Orthologs of c002, PIntO1, and PIntO2 were identified in multiple aphid species with dissimilar plant host ranges. We revealed high nonsynonymous versus synonymous nucleotide substitution rates within the effector orthologs, indicating that the effectors are fast evolving. Application of maximum likelihood methods identified specific sites with high probabilities of being under positive selection in PIntO1, whereas those of C002 and PIntO2 may be located in alignment gaps. In support of the latter, a M. persicae c002 mutant without the NDNQGEE repeat region, which overlaps with an alignment gap in C002, does not promote M. persicae colonization on Arabidopsis. Taken together, these results provide evidence that aphid effectors are under positive selection to promote aphid colonization on specific plant species.

Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in cultivated and non-cultivated areas of Markazi Province, Iran

Biologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Alikhani ◽  
Ali Rezwani ◽  
Petr Starý ◽  
Nickolas Kavallieratos ◽  
Ehsan Rakhshani
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Diaeretiella Rapae ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
Aphid Parasitoids ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Host Aphid ◽  
Lysiphlebus Cardui

AbstractThe fauna of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae), as well as their diversity and tritrophic (parasitoid-host aphid-host plant) associations in cultivated and non-cultivated areas of Markazi province, was studied during 2004–2009. Thirty species of Aphidiinae belonging to 9 genera were identified. There are presented, in total, 73 associations with 32 host aphids occurring on 42 host plants. Five parasitoid-aphid associations are newly recorded from Iran. Lysiphlebus cardui (Marshall) is newly recorded for the fauna of Iran. Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) and Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) were the most abundant species in non-cultivated (72.96%) and cultivated (41.17%) areas, respectively. In the non-cultivated areas, L. fabarum was found on eight aphid species, while in cultivated areas it was only found on Aphis craccivora Koch. In cultivated areas, Sitobion avenae (F.) has the greatest diversity of parasitoids (Shanon-Weiner H = 0.875) whereas in non-cultivated areas the greatest diversity of parasitoids was recorded upon Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Shanon-Weiner H = 1.149). Significant differences were found between diversity of two ecosystems based on the overall diversity indices. Both species diversity and evenness were greater in cultivated ecosystems. The results are discussed in relation to the over-all parasitoid-aphid-plant associations in the area.

SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HARRIS) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), ON CULTIVARS OF FIELD PEAS IN MANITOBA AND ITS EFFECTS ON PEA GROWTH AND YIELD

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Soroka ◽  
P.A. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Aphid Population ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
One Year ◽  
Yield Responses

AbstractPopulations of pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), were sampled through the summer of 1984 on five cultivars and in 1985 and 1986 on six cultivars of field peas, Pisum sativum L., grown in field plots in southern Manitoba. Patterns of pea aphid population growth were generally similar among cultivars in any one year. Aphid populations on all cultivars in all years remained relatively low until mid-July, then increased rapidly, peaked at about the beginning of August, and declined sharply to low levels in late August. At the time of peak aphid numbers, significant differences in aphid population densities were found among cultivars in 2 years; the lowest densities were found on the cultivars Century and Tipu, and the highest densities on Triumph or Trapper. Pea aphid feeding was not detrimental to any yield parameters except 1000 seed weight. In 1984 Triumph and Tara, and in 1985 Triumph had significantly decreased 1000 seed weights in plots in which aphid densities were not controlled. Differences in the abundance of the aphid among cultivars were not reflected in their yield responses. Over 3 years the regression line of aphid densities upon Century seed weight was significantly steeper than those of Trapper, Lenca, or Tara. Trapper was least affected by aphid feeding. Results indicated that the economic threshold of pea aphids on peas other than Century needs to be re-evaluated.

scholarly journals Intraspecific variation in immune gene expression and heritable symbiont density

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. e1009552
Author(s):  
Holly L. Nichols ◽  
Elliott B. Goldstein ◽  
Omid Saleh Ziabari ◽  
Benjamin J. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Immune Gene ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Immune Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Gene Expression ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
And Function

Host genetic variation plays an important role in the structure and function of heritable microbial communities. Recent studies have shown that insects use immune mechanisms to regulate heritable symbionts. Here we test the hypothesis that variation in symbiont density among hosts is linked to intraspecific differences in the immune response to harboring symbionts. We show that pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) harboring the bacterial endosymbiontRegiella insecticola(but not all other species of symbionts) downregulate expression of key immune genes. We then functionally link immune expression with symbiont density using RNAi. The pea aphid species complex is comprised of multiple reproductively-isolated host plant-adapted populations. These ‘biotypes’ have distinct patterns of symbiont infections: for example, aphids from theTrifoliumbiotype are strongly associated withRegiella. Using RNAseq, we compare patterns of gene expression in response toRegiellain aphid genotypes from multiple biotypes, and we show thatTrifoliumaphids experience no downregulation of immune gene expression while hostingRegiellaand harbor symbionts at lower densities. Using F1 hybrids between two biotypes, we find that symbiont density and immune gene expression are both intermediate in hybrids. We propose that in this system,Regiellasymbionts are suppressing aphid immune mechanisms to increase their density, but that some hosts have adapted to prevent immune suppression in order to control symbiont numbers. This work therefore suggests that antagonistic coevolution can play a role in host-microbe interactions even when symbionts are transmitted vertically and provide a clear benefit to their hosts. The specific immune mechanisms that we find are downregulated in the presence ofRegiellahave been previously shown to combat pathogens in aphids, and thus this work also highlights the immune system’s complex dual role in interacting with both beneficial and harmful microbes.

The short-term effects of an extensive and high-intensity fire on vertebrates in the tropical savannas of the central Kimberley, northern Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Legge ◽  
Stephen Murphy ◽  
Joanne Heathcote ◽  
Emma Flaxman ◽  
John Augusteyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Tropical Savannas ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Large Herbivores ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
In Fire

We report the effects of an extensive (>7000 km2), high-intensity late-dry-season fire in the central Kimberley, Western Australia, on the species richness and abundance of mammals, reptiles and birds. Five weeks after the fire we surveyed 12 sites (six burnt, six unburnt); each pair of sites was closely matched for soil type and vegetation. The species richness and abundance of mammals and reptiles was greater at unburnt sites, especially for mammals (with a 4-fold difference in abundance between burnt and unburnt sites). There was an indication that reptiles immigrated into unburnt patches, but mammals did not. There were also species-specific responses to the fire: Rattus tunneyi and Pseudomys nanus were much more abundant in unburnt sites, whereas Pseudomys delicatulus was caught in equal numbers at burnt and unburnt sites. Diurnal reptiles were more abundant at unburnt sites, but nocturnal reptiles were equally common at burnt and unburnt sites. Avian species richness and overall abundance was similar between burnt and unburnt patches, although a few species showed preferences for one state or the other. The overall high trapping success for mammals (18% across all sites; 28% in unburnt patches) contrasts with the well documented mammal collapse in parts of northern Australia and seems paradoxical given that our study area has experienced the same increase in fire frequency and extent that is often blamed for species collapse. However, our study area has fewer pressures from other sources, including grazing by large herbivores, suggesting that the effects of these pressures, and their interaction with fire, may have been underestimated in previous studies.

scholarly journals Modulation of Aphid Vector Activity by Potato virus Y on In Vitro Potato Plants

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Boquel ◽  
C. Delayen ◽  
A. Couty ◽  
P. Giordanengo ◽  
A. Ameline
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Potato Virus ◽  
Potato Virus Y ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Vector Activity ◽  
Aphid Feeding

The effects of the infection of potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants by the nonpersistent Potato virus Y (PVY) were studied on the host plant colonization behavior of different colonizing (Myzus persicae) and noncolonizing (Aphis fabae, Brevicoryne brassicae, and Sitobion avenae) aphid species. The underlying questions of this study were to know how aphids respond when faced with PVY-infected plants and whether plant infection can modify the aphid behavior involved in PVY spread. Short-range orientation behavior was observed using a dual-choice set-up and aphid feeding behavior was monitored using the electrical penetration graph technique. None of the aphid species discriminated between healthy and PVY-infected plants. Nevertheless, most individuals of M. persicae landed on and probed only in one plant whereas noncolonizing aphid species exhibited interplant movements. Study of the aphid feeding behavior showed that PVY infection essentially modified phloem and xylem ingestion. M. persicae and S. avenae exhibited an increased duration of phloem phases on PVY-infected plants whereas A. fabae showed a decreased duration of phloem phases that benefited from an increased duration of xylem ingestion phases. None of these parameters were changed in B. brassicae. These data present evidence that aphids can respond to plants infected by nonpersistent viruses. Such behavioral modifications are discussed within the context of PVY spread in potato crops.

Fractionation of carbonic anhydrase activity in Gracilaria sp. (Rhodophyta) and Enteromorpha intestinalis (Chlorophyta): changes in the extracellular activity in response to inorganic carbon levels

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús R. Andría ◽  
Juan J. Vergara ◽  
J. Lucas Pérez-Lloréns
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity ◽  
Enteromorpha Intestinalis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Carbon Availability ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Extracellular Activity

The presence of different carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) activities has been investigated in the intertidal macroalgae Gracilaria sp. and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Nees by using fractionation techniques. Activities, measured potentiometrically, were recorded for all fractions in both species, including those containing proteins associated with chloroplast membranes. In Gracilaria sp., most of the total activity was present in the soluble fraction, while similar activities were obtained for all fractions in E. intestinalis. By using inhibitors with a different capacity to enter the cell (acetazolamide and 6-ethoxyzolamide, inhibitors of external and total activity, respectively), a surface-accessible location was indicated for a high proportion of the soluble activity obtained in Gracilaria sp. In E. intestinalis, the inhibitor assays showed a substantial dependence of photosynthesis on intracellular activity. The short-term regulation of the extracellular activity in response to inorganic carbon availability was also examined in both macroalgae. Rapid repression (after 2 h) of the activity was recorded when Gracilaria sp. was transferred from limited to replete carbon conditions, while a fairly constant activity was recorded for E. intestinalis. In contrast, an increase of external activity was obtained for both macroalgae after being transferred to carbon-limited conditions, this response being more pronounced in E. intestinalis. Our results suggest the occurrence of a species-specific carbonic anhydrase system.

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