Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in cultivated and non-cultivated areas of Markazi Province, Iran

Biologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Alikhani ◽  
Ali Rezwani ◽  
Petr Starý ◽  
Nickolas Kavallieratos ◽  
Ehsan Rakhshani
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Diaeretiella Rapae ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
Aphid Parasitoids ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Host Aphid ◽  
Lysiphlebus Cardui

AbstractThe fauna of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae), as well as their diversity and tritrophic (parasitoid-host aphid-host plant) associations in cultivated and non-cultivated areas of Markazi province, was studied during 2004–2009. Thirty species of Aphidiinae belonging to 9 genera were identified. There are presented, in total, 73 associations with 32 host aphids occurring on 42 host plants. Five parasitoid-aphid associations are newly recorded from Iran. Lysiphlebus cardui (Marshall) is newly recorded for the fauna of Iran. Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) and Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) were the most abundant species in non-cultivated (72.96%) and cultivated (41.17%) areas, respectively. In the non-cultivated areas, L. fabarum was found on eight aphid species, while in cultivated areas it was only found on Aphis craccivora Koch. In cultivated areas, Sitobion avenae (F.) has the greatest diversity of parasitoids (Shanon-Weiner H = 0.875) whereas in non-cultivated areas the greatest diversity of parasitoids was recorded upon Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Shanon-Weiner H = 1.149). Significant differences were found between diversity of two ecosystems based on the overall diversity indices. Both species diversity and evenness were greater in cultivated ecosystems. The results are discussed in relation to the over-all parasitoid-aphid-plant associations in the area.

The effect of short-term aphid feeding on the partitioning of 14CO2 photoassimilate in three legume species

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 666-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. B. Hawkins ◽  
M. I. Whitecross ◽  
M. J. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Garden Pea ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Partitioning Pattern

The short-term effects of the feeding of cowpea aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch) and pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)), both Homoptera: Aphididae, on 14C translocation and plant growth of broadbean (Vicia faba L. cv. Aquadulce), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. Caloona), and garden pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Victory Freezer) seedlings were investigated, but not all plant–aphid combinations were utilized. Within 10 days of infestation, aphid feeding reduced the flux of translocate to the roots, changed the assimilate partitioning pattern in affected shoots, and apparently induced assimilate sources to become assimilate sinks. Cowpea aphid feeding also caused more lateral branches to be formed in broadbean. Some of these effects may be related to the imbibing of translocate by aphids, while other effects may result from a series of interactions involving substances in the saliva of aphids, plant hormones, and the assimilate ratio of sources–sinks. The amount of radioactivity found per unit weight of aphid tissue increased between days 5 and 10 in all four plant–aphid combinations. This may indicate that the nymphs were incapable of feeding on the larger phloem elements. Except for the decreased rate of translocation to the roots, the effect of aphid feeding on translocation is plant–aphid species specific.

Field evaluation of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) for resistance to aphids in northern China

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 471 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. He ◽  
X. G. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Gansu Province ◽  
Lanzhou City ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch

Resistance of 9 lucerne cultivars and lines of predominantly overseas introductions to an aphid complex was evaluated in field experiments at Lanzhou city in Gansu province of northern China in 2004. The aphid complex, consisting of 3 aphid species, the spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA) Therioaphis trifolii Monell, black bean aphid (BBA) Aphis craccivora Koch, and pea aphid (PA) Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, was found to be dominated by BBA at the early stage of plant growth in spring and by SAA at other stages. Plants infested by SAA showed the symptoms of either chlorotic leaf veins or yellow leaf. Cultivars performed similarly in Gansu as in their country of origin, with minor differences (e.g. Hunter River). ‘Aphid damage index’ and ‘% of resistant plants’ were found to be useful parameters for specifying the resistance of a given cultivar to the aphid complex. Based on the ‘% of resistant plants’, cvv. HA–3, Cropper 9, 8925MF, SARDI 7, and SARDI 10 were classified as highly resistant; HA–1 and Gannong 3, resistant; Jindera, moderately resistant; and Hunter River, low resistance.

scholarly journals Host specialization of parasitoids and their hyperparasitoids on a pair of syntopic aphid species

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 530-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sämi Schär ◽  
Christoph Vorburger
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetic ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Population Genetic Analysis ◽  
Aphid Parasitoids ◽  
Limited Dispersal ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Lysiphlebus Cardui

AbstractParasitoids of herbivorous insects have frequently evolved specialized lineages exploiting hosts occurring on different plants. This study investigated whether host specialization is also observed when closely related parasitoids exploit herbivorous hosts sharing the same host plant. The question was addressed in economically relevant aphid parasitoids of theLysiphlebus fabarumgroup. They exploit two aphid species (Aphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidesandBrachycaudus cardui), co-occurring in mixed colonies (syntopy) on the spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare). Two morphologically distinguishable parasitoid lineages of the genusLysiphlebuswere observed and each showed virtually perfect host specialization on one of the two aphid species in this system. FromA. f. cirsiiacanthoides, only females emerged that morphologically belonged toLysiphlebus cardui, while males and females belonging toL. fabarumhatched fromB. cardui. Microsatellite analyses indicated clear genetic differentiation ofL. fabarumandL. cardui. L. carduicomprised only two distinct asexual lineages, one of which predominated throughout the area investigated. Population genetic analysis of sexualL. fabarumshowed evidence for relatively strong spatial structuring and limited dispersal ability. Hyperparasitoids emerged from a large proportion of aphid mummies. One species,Pachyneuron aphidis, was significantly associated withB. cardui/L. fabarummummies, indicating that host specialization may even extend to the trophic level above parasitoids.

Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) of the Forest Zones of Ukraine: species composition and habitat associations

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
M.O. Kaliuzhna
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
Diaeretiella Rapae ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Trophic Specialization ◽  
Aphid Parasitoids ◽  
Ephedrus Cerasicola ◽  
Lysiphlebus Cardui

The article presents data on species composition and habitat associations of the species of a practically important group of parasitic hymenopterous insects from the subfamily Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) within the Forest zones of Ukraine. Species composition of aphidiines of the territory of research includes 45 species from 16 genera. Among them, 32 species were recorded only in the Zone of Mixed Forest: Adialytus salicaphis, Aphidius matricariae, A. megourae, A. rhopalosiphi, A. ribis, A. urticae, Areopraon silvestre, Binodoxys angelicae, Diaeretellus ephippium, Diaeretiella rapae, Diaeretus leucopterus, Ephedrus cerasicola, E. lacertosus, E. niger, E. plagiator, E. validus, Lysiphlebus cardui, L. dissolutus, L. hirticornis, Pauesia abietis, P. laricis, P. longicauda, P. pini, P. pinicollis, Praon bicolor, P. longicorne, P. megourae, P. pubescens, Protaphidius wissmannii, Trioxys cirsii, T. curvicaudus, T. pallidus; 3 species were recorded only in the Zone of Deciduous Forests: Lipolexis gracilis, Praon abjectum, Toxares deltiger; 10 species were registered in both zones: Adialytus ambiguus, Aphidius asteris, A. ervi, A. rosae, Binodoxys acalephae, Ephedrus persicae, Lysiphlebus confusus, L. fabarum, Paralipsis evervis, Praon volucre. Eight species are associated only with aphids on coniferous trees: Diaeretus leucopterus, Pauesia abietis, P. laricis, P. longicauda, P. pini, P. pinicollis, P. unilachni, Praon bicolor. Four species are euribiotic: Aphidius ervi, Ephedrus plagiator, Lysiphlebus fabarum, Praon volucre. At the same time, we consider ten species as rare on the time of research: Diaeretus leucopterus, Diaeretellus ephippium, Pauesia abietis, P. longicauda, Р. pini, P. pinicollis, Praon bicolor, P. megourae, P. pubescens, Protaphidius wissmannii. Factors that may affect the low abundance of some species in Forest zones in Ukraine: trophic specialization of species, features of biology, patterns of geographical and habitat associations of species in the area of research, patterns of material collection.

scholarly journals Aphids and ladybird beetle’s abundance and diversity in alfalfa fields of Yasouj, southwestern of Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mirfakhraie ◽  
K. Saeidi
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Coccinella Septempunctata ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Forage Legume ◽  
Species List ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Abundance And Diversity

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the oldest and the most important forage legume. It has been cultivated for forage longer than any other crop. Diversity indices provide information about community composition. Diversity indices are measured by species richness and species evenness therefore, it could give us more ecological information rather than a simple species list in the fields. During 2015-2016, aphids and ladybird beetle’s abundance and diversity were monitored in alfalfa fields of Yasouj. Samplings were conducted with 150 plants in the alfalfa fields from mid-May to mid-November. Species richness was measured using Shannon and Simpson indices. In this study, six aphids and five coccinellid species were collected and identified. Among the collected aphid species, Aphis fabae (Scopoli, 1763) and Therioaphis maculata (Buckton, 1899) were most abundant in the fields. For coccinellids, Coccinella septempunctata L. was the most abundant species. Highest aphid species diversity was observed on 17 May 2016.

Incidence of Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Associated Potyviruses in Summer Squash in Arkansas

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Hander ◽  
P. J. McLeod ◽  
H. A. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Watermelon Mosaic Virus ◽  
South Central ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Marketable Fruit

A field study conducted in two Arkansas locations determined that five aphid species, Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer), were associated with yellow summer squash, Cucurbita pepo, L. Each aphid species vectors potyviruses of cucurbits. Although aphids were readily trapped with water and sticky flag traps, few aphids were observed on plants, and no vigorous aphid colonies were detected. In south central Arkansas (Benton), no virus-infected plants were observed in early plantings. Watermelon mosaic virus was detected in late squash plantings at Benton and varied from 0 to 23.2% of the total plants. In western Arkansas (Mulberry), papaya ringspot virus rapidly infected summer squash and resulted in complete loss of marketable fruit. The rapid and severe infection was attributed to close proximity of an infected squash planting.

Host recognition and acceptance behaviour in two aphid parasitoid species: Aphidius ervi and Aphidius microlophii (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

1994 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Pennacchio ◽  
M.C. Digilio ◽  
E. Tremblay ◽  
A. Tranfaglia
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Host Choice ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Host Recognition ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Aphid Parasitoid ◽  
Host Aphid ◽  
Close Range

AbstractThe host preference and acceptance behaviour of populations of Aphidius ervi Haliday and A. microlophii Pennacchio & Tremblay from southern Italy was investigated. In no host-choice conditions, A. ervi females showed significantly higher attack and oviposition rates on the natural host Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) than on the non-host aphid Microlophium carnosum (Buckton)(Homoptera: Aphididae). In contrast, A. microlophii, which specifically parasitizes M. carnosum in the field, attacked both aphid species. However, dissections showed that oviposition of A. microlophii occurred only in a few of the attacked Acyrthosiphon pisum and was significantly less frequent than in M. carnosum. These results were confirmed in experimental host-choice conditions, suggesting that Aphidius microlophii oviposition is possibly regulated by a host haemolymphatic kairomone. Hybrids obtained by crossing A. ervi females with A. microlophii males attacked and oviposited in both aphid species, suggesting that these behavioural events have a strong genetic basis. The oviposition into host or non-host aphids did not elicit an immune defence reaction. The presence of the host's food-plant had no evident close-range effects on parasitoid attack and oviposition in non-host aphids. Aphidius microlophii reared on the non-host aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum produced a significant higher number of mummies after a few generations, suggesting a possible role of larval and early adult conditioning in the host selection process. These results, together with those from previous studies, suggest that Aphidius ervi is best considered as a complex of differentiated populations, characterized by a varying degree of genetic divergence.

scholarly journals Taxonomy, distribution and host relationships of aphidiine wasps (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) parasitizing aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Australian grain production landscapes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Ward ◽  
Paul A. Umina ◽  
Andrew Polaszek ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Common Species ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Diaeretiella Rapae ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Dichotomous Key ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Aphid Parasitoids ◽  
Host Relationships ◽  
Aphid Host

AbstractAphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera; Aphidiidae) were surveyed within grain production landscapes in Victoria, Australia between 2017 and 2018, as well as more sporadically nationwide between 2016 and 2019. In addition, aphidiine records were collated from insect depositories around Australia and online databases. The 5551 specimens recorded constituted a total of 23 species and seven genera. Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) was the most common species, representing more than 70% of all aphidiines recorded. This species also showed a greater northerly geographic range than other aphidiines. During sampling between 2017 and 2019, aphidiines were reared from mummies to ascertain host-parasitoid relationships. Diaeretiella rapae was again the most commonly reared parasitoid, although aphidiine preference varied with aphid host and between states and territories. An illustrated dichotomous key to Australian aphidiines in grain production landscapes is provided for the 11 species sampled in our field surveys. This is the first comprehensive review of aphidiines sampled within Australia in over two decades. Knowledge about the diversity and distribution of these parasitoids is important for understanding their impact on current and future invasions of aphid species. In addition, understanding the interactions between grain aphids and their associated parasitoids will further support the inclusion of parasitoid wasps into integrated pest management (IPM) strategies.

scholarly journals Functional response of Harmonia axyridis preying on Acyrthosiphon pisum nymphs: the effect of temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasir Islam ◽  
Farhan Mahmood Shah ◽  
Xu Rubing ◽  
Muhammad Razaq ◽  
Miao Yabo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Harmonia Axyridis ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Aphid Control ◽  
Host Aphid ◽  
Predator Foraging

AbstractIn the current study, we investigated the functional response of Harmonia axyridis adults and larvae foraging on Acyrthosiphon pisum nymphs at temperatures between 15 and 35 °C. Logistic regression and Roger’s random predator models were employed to determine the type and parameters of the functional response. Harmonia axyridis larvae and adults exhibited Type II functional responses to A. pisum, and warming increased both the predation activity and host aphid control mortality. Female and 4th instar H. axyridis consumed the most aphids. For fourth instar larvae and female H. axyridis adults, the successful attack rates were 0.23 ± 0.014 h−1 and 0.25 ± 0.015 h−1; the handling times were 0.13 ± 0.005 h and 0.16 ± 0.004 h; and the estimated maximum predation rates were 181.28 ± 14.54 and 153.85 ± 4.06, respectively. These findings accentuate the high performance of 4th instar and female H. axyridis and the role of temperature in their efficiency. Further, we discussed such temperature-driven shifts in predation and prey mortality concerning prey-predator foraging interactions towards biological control.

scholarly journals Hymenopteran Parasitoids of Aphid Pests within Australian Grain Production Landscapes

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Samantha E. Ward ◽  
Paul A. Umina ◽  
Sarina Macfadyen ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Aphid Species ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Diaeretiella Rapae ◽  
Field Variation ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Crop Type ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Crop Growth Stage ◽  
Hymenopteran Parasitoids

In grain crops, aphids are important pests, but they can be suppressed by hymenopteran parasitoids. A challenge in incorporating parasitoids into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, however, is that parasitoid numbers can be low during periods within the season when aphids are most damaging. Understanding the population dynamics of key aphid species and their parasitoids is central to ameliorating this problem. To examine the composition and seasonal trends of both aphid and parasitoid populations in south-eastern Australia, samples were taken throughout the winter growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 in 28 fields of wheat and canola. Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was the most abundant aphid species, particularly within canola crops. Across all fields, aphid populations remained relatively low during the early stages of crop growth and increased as the season progressed. Seasonal patterns were consistent across sites, due to climate, crop growth stage, and interactions between these factors. For canola, field edges did not appear to act as reservoirs for either aphids or parasitoids, as there was little overlap in the community composition of either, but for wheat there was much similarity. This is likely due to the presence of similar host plants within field edges and the neighbouring crop, enabling the same aphid species to persist within both areas. Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) was the most common parasitoid across our study, particularly in canola, yet was present only in low abundance at field edges. The most common parasitoid in wheat fields was Aphidius matricariae (Haliday), with field edges likely acting as a reservoir for this species. Secondary parasitoid numbers were consistently low across our study. Differences in parasitoid species composition are discussed in relation to crop type, inter-field variation, and aphid host. The results highlight potential focal management areas and parasitoids that could help control aphid pests within grain crops.

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