Interactions between aphid infestation and plant growth and uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus by three leguminous host plants

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 2362-2367 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. B. Hawkins ◽  
M. I. Whitecross ◽  
M. J. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Species Specific

The effects of cowpea aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch) and pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)), both Homptera: Aphididae, on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake by and growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. Caloona), broad bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Aquadulce), and garden pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Victory Freezer) seedlings were investigated. After 10 days of aphid infestation, all leaf areas were significantly lower in infested plants, and plant dry weight, mean relative growth rate, and unit leaf rate were significantly lower in all plant–aphid combinations except for pea – pea aphids. The mean leaf area ratio was the same for infested and control plants indicating that infested plants did not reallocate their assimilate resources in response to aphid feeding. The accumulation of N and P as a percentage of plant dry weight did not differ between control and infested plants and was specific to the species examined. However, control plants all had greater absolute amounts of N and P after 10 days. Even though the responses of the plants to aphid feeding were similar, the accumulation of N and P appears to be a plant species specific phenomenon.

The effect of short-term aphid feeding on the partitioning of 14CO2 photoassimilate in three legume species

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 666-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. B. Hawkins ◽  
M. I. Whitecross ◽  
M. J. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Garden Pea ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Partitioning Pattern

The short-term effects of the feeding of cowpea aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch) and pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)), both Homoptera: Aphididae, on 14C translocation and plant growth of broadbean (Vicia faba L. cv. Aquadulce), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. Caloona), and garden pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Victory Freezer) seedlings were investigated, but not all plant–aphid combinations were utilized. Within 10 days of infestation, aphid feeding reduced the flux of translocate to the roots, changed the assimilate partitioning pattern in affected shoots, and apparently induced assimilate sources to become assimilate sinks. Cowpea aphid feeding also caused more lateral branches to be formed in broadbean. Some of these effects may be related to the imbibing of translocate by aphids, while other effects may result from a series of interactions involving substances in the saliva of aphids, plant hormones, and the assimilate ratio of sources–sinks. The amount of radioactivity found per unit weight of aphid tissue increased between days 5 and 10 in all four plant–aphid combinations. This may indicate that the nymphs were incapable of feeding on the larger phloem elements. Except for the decreased rate of translocation to the roots, the effect of aphid feeding on translocation is plant–aphid species specific.

INFLUENCE OF STARVATION ON DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION IN APTEROUS VIRGINOPARAE OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HARRIS) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.L. Kouamé ◽  
M. Mackauer
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Growth Development

AbstractThe influence of nutrient stress on growth, development, and reproduction in apterous virginoparae of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), was investigated in the laboratory. We tested the hypothesis that species with a high reproductive investment have low resistance to starvation. Aphids in two groups were starved daily from birth for 4 h and 6 h, respectively, and compared with feeding counterparts reared on leaves of broad beans, Vicia faba L. Aphid wet weight increased as an exponential function of age in all groups. Starved aphids had lower adult weight and required longer from birth to parturition than feeding aphids. These effects increased with the length of daily starvation. The number of offspring produced was correlated with adult dry weight. Aphids were unable to compensate, or to compensate completely, for water and nutrient loss resulting from starvation. It is suggested that pea aphids allocate resources first to maintenance and then to reproduction when deprived of food.

Aphid-induced changes in growth indices of three leguminous plants: unrestricted infestation

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 2454-2459 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. B. Hawkins ◽  
M. J. Aston ◽  
M. I. Whitecross
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
And Control

The effects of various densities of cowpea aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch) and pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris), both Homoptera: Aphididae, on the growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. Caloona), broad bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Aquadulce), and garden pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Victory Freezer) seedlings were investigated. Within 10 days of infestation, aphid feeding significantly reduced plant dry weights and mean relative growth rates for the six plant–aphid combinations. In all cases except one, the mean unit leaf or net assimilation rate was also significantly reduced within 10 days. The mean leaf area ratio was the same for infested and control plants. The aphid-induced changes in host plants appear to be due to changes in photosynthesis, respiration, and translocate removal from the phloem over the 10-day period. Changes in the growth patterns of the host plant within this period are similar, but the underlying physiological effects could vary among particular plant–aphid combinations.

Long-term effects on cowpea plant growth of a short-term cowpea aphid infestation

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 1727-1732 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. B. Hawkins ◽  
M. I. Whitecross ◽  
M. J. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Induced Changes

Two-week-old cowpea seedlings (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) were infested with cowpea aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae)) for 5, 10, 15, and 20 days at which time the aphids were removed with a systemic insecticide. The seedlings were then allowed to grow for another 3 months. By day 10, plant dry weights, mean relative growth rates [Formula: see text], and mean unit leaf rates (Ē) were all significantly reduced in the infested plants, and these relationships still held at day 20. Apparent decreases in photosynthesis and (or) increases in respiration were the primary causes of these reductions. There were no significant differences between control and experimental treatments for [Formula: see text] calculated from day 0, and total number of seeds and seed pods produced at the end of the study. Control plants had significantly more mature seed pods and seeds, while formerly infested plants had significantly more mature and unripe seeds per pod, more unripe seed pods and seeds produced, and greater values for [Formula: see text] from the time of aphid removal until the end of the experiment. This latter increase in [Formula: see text] indicates a form of compensatory growth. It is proposed that the compensatory growth of previously infested plants and ultimate similarity in seed production, as compared with control plants, may have resulted from aphid-induced changes via nonhormonal compounds acting as phytohormone regulators. The different durations of aphid infestation used had no detectable effect on long-term growth.

scholarly journals Effects of bacterial secondary symbionts on host plant use in pea aphids

2010 ◽  
Vol 278 (1706) ◽  
pp. 760-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. C. McLean ◽  
M. van Asch ◽  
J. Ferrari ◽  
H. C. J. Godfray
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Bacterial Associations ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Aphid Clones

Aphids possess several facultative bacterial symbionts that have important effects on their hosts' biology. These have been most closely studied in the pea aphid ( Acyrthosiphon pisum ), a species that feeds on multiple host plants. Whether secondary symbionts influence host plant utilization is unclear. We report the fitness consequences of introducing different strains of the symbiont Hamiltonella defensa into three aphid clones collected on Lathyrus pratensis that naturally lack symbionts, and of removing symbionts from 20 natural aphid–bacterial associations. Infection decreased fitness on Lathyrus but not on Vicia faba , a plant on which most pea aphids readily feed. This may explain the unusually low prevalence of symbionts in aphids collected on Lathyrus . There was no effect of presence of symbiont on performance of the aphids on the host plants of the clones from which the H. defensa strains were isolated. Removing the symbiont from natural aphid–bacterial associations led to an average approximate 20 per cent reduction in fecundity, both on the natural host plant and on V. faba , suggesting general rather than plant-species-specific effects of the symbiont. Throughout, we find significant genetic variation among aphid clones. The results provide no evidence that secondary symbionts have a major direct role in facilitating aphid utilization of particular host plant species.

Effects of Food on the Longevity, Fecundity, and Development of Adult Coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 910-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
Coleomegilla Maculata ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Maidis ◽  
Pea Aphids

AbstractAccess to drinking water increased the longevity of Coccinella trifasciata perplexa Muls. by about 35%. The water content of field-collected insects was 70% and of laboratory-fed insects 64%. Rate of loss of water increased, and longevity decreased when protein was absent from the food.Anatis mali Auct. lived more than 1000 days and Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake lived more than 400 days when fed on various synthetic foods. Seven of 13 species tested kid eggs when fed on these foods. A diet containing desiccated liver was the best non-prey food supplement for reproduction, and adults of three generations of C. maculata were kept on this food.A. mali preferred dry powdered pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), to either bean aphids. Aphis fabae Scop., or corn aphids, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), whereas C. maculata preferred corn pollen to aphids and A. pisum and R. maidis to A. fabae. Previous feeding did not affect the preference of either A. mali or C. maculata for dry aphids or pollen. C. maculata produced six eggs per mg. of food while feeding on A. pisum and four on R. maidis. Young adults ate more than older adults.The rate of food intake was highest in A. mali during the first two weeks and in C. maculata during the first eight days after emergence. The living weight and dry weight of feeding C. maculata adults increased for eight days and then did not vary, whereas the water content decreased in this period. The index of relative growth was about 0.10 mg. per day per mg. of adult weight and food efficiency was about 0.18 mg. per mg. of food.

Potential Contribution of Nutrients and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from the Creeks of Cootes Paradise Marsh

1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Chow-Fraser ◽  
Barb Crosbie ◽  
Douglas Bryant ◽  
Brian McCarry
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Engine Combustion ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Derivatives Of

Abstract During the summer of 1994, we compared the physical and nutrient characteristics of the three main tributaries of Cootes Paradise: Spencer, Chedoke and Borer’s creeks. On all sampling occasions, concentrations of CHL α and nutrients were always lowest in Borer’s Creek and highest in Chedoke Creek. There were generally 10-fold higher CHL α concentrations and 2 to 10 times higher levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in Chedoke Creek compared with Spencer Creek. Despite this, the light environment did not differ significantly between Spencer and Chedoke creeks because the low algal biomass in Spencer Creek was balanced by a relatively high loading of inorganic sediments from the watershed. Laboratory experiments indicated that sediments from Chedoke Creek released up to 10 µg/g of soluble phosphorus per gram (dry weight) of sediment, compared with only 2 µg/g from Spencer Creek. By contrast, sediment samples from Spencer Creek contained levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that were as high as or higher than those from Chedoke Creek, and much higher than those found in Borer’s Creek. The distribution of normalized PAH concentrations suggests a common source of PAHs in all three tributaries, most likely automobile exhaust, since there were high concentrations of fluoranthene and pyrene, both of which are derivatives of engine combustion.

scholarly journals Genetic Dissection of Phosphorous Uptake and Utilization Efficiency Traits Using GWAS in Mungbean

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1401
Author(s):  
Venkata Ravi Prakash Reddy ◽  
Shouvik Das ◽  
Harsh Kumar Dikshit ◽  
Gyan Prakash Mishra ◽  
Muraleedhar S. Aski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Dissection ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
P Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Phosphorous Uptake

Mungbean (Vignaradiata L. Wilczek) is an early maturing legume grown predominantly in Asia for its protein-rich seeds. P deficiency can lead to several physiological disorders which ultimately result in a low grain yield in mungbean. The genetic dissection of PUpE (Puptake efficiency) and PUtE (P utilization efficiency) traits are essential for breeding mungbean varieties with a high P uptake and utilization efficiency. The study involves an association mapping panel consisting of 120 mungbean genotypes which were phenotyped for total dry weight, P concentration, total P uptake, and P utilization efficiency under low P (LP) and normal P (NP) conditions in a hydroponic system. A genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) based genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach was employed to dissect the complexity of PUpE and PUtE traits at the genetic level in mungbean. This has identified 116 SNPs in 61 protein-coding genes and of these, 16 have been found to enhance phosphorous uptake and utilization efficiency in mungbeans. We identified six genes with a high expression (VRADI01G04370, VRADI05G20860, VRADI06G12490, VRADI08G20910, VRADI08G00070 and VRADI09G09030) in root, shoot apical meristem and leaf, indicating their role in the regulation of P uptake and utilization efficiency in mungbean. The SNPs present in three genes have also been validated using a Sanger sequencing approach.

Effects of carbon dioxide on Pharbitis, Xanthium, and Silene in short days

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1283-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Purohit ◽  
E. B. Tregunna
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Pharbitis Nil ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Silene Armeria

The flowering response and other morphological characters of Pharbitis nil, Xanthium pennsylvanicum, and Silene armeria were studied in environments with different levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen under short-day conditions. Different light sources and intensities were also tested. Irrespective of the light source and intensity used, higher levels of carbon dioxide delayed or inhibited flowering as well as other morphological characters of the short-day plants but induced flowering in the long-day plant. Dry weight per unit leaf area as well as total chlorophyll increased with carbon dioxide concentration. The results are discussed in relation to some other recent reports, and it is proposed that large variations in photosynthetic rates of plants probably alter their photoperiodic response.

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Water Contents During Grain Development and Maturation in Wheat

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Sofield ◽  
IF Wardlaw ◽  
LT Evans ◽  
SY Zee
Keyword(s):  
Grain Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Steady Rate

Plants of five cultivars of wheat were grown under controlled-environmental conditions in order to analyse the effect of cultivar and of temperature and illuminance after anthesis on the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus by grains in relation to dry matter. The water relations of the grain during maturation were also examined, using calcium content as an index of water entry. The nitrogen and phosphorus contents of grains increased linearly throughout the grain growth period. The percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in grains fell sharply during the first few days after anthesis but rose progressively thereafter. The higher the temperature, and the lower the illuminance, the higher was the percentage of nitrogen in the grain of all cultivars. Such conditions also reduce final grain size, but their effects on nitrogen concentration in the grain were apparent early in grain development. No evidence was found of a flush of nitrogen or phosphorus into the grain late in its development. Water entry into the grain continued at a steady rate until maximum grain dry weight was reached, then ceased suddenly. No evidence was found of an increased rate of water loss by the grain at that stage, and the rapid fall in water content at the cessation of grain growth may have been due to blockage of the chalazal zone of entry into the grain by the deposition of lipids. Accumulation of dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus and entry of water into the grain all ceased at the time of lipid deposition in the chalazal zone.

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