Oversummer growth and survival of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) across a natural gradient of stream water temperature and prey availability: an in situ enclosure experiment

Conservation efforts for Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) increasingly prioritize maintenance of cool water temperatures that protect all freshwater life stages. However, development of appropriate temperature standards requires a robust understanding of the interactions among water temperature, ecosystem productivity, and fish performance. We used a series of in situ enclosures to examine how natural spatiotemporal gradients in thermal conditions and prey availability affected the summer growth and survival of age-0+ coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Coho salmon absolute growth rates peaked at a mean daily average water temperature (mean T) of 16.6 °C and an associated maximum weekly maximum temperature (MWMT) of 21.1 °C. Juvenile growth under these thermal conditions was sixfold greater than the growth rates observed for conspecifics rearing in the coolest study reach (mean T = 13.0 °C; MWMT = 16.0 °C). Even at the highest rearing temperature (mean T = 18.1 °C; MWMT = 24.0 °C), growth rates remained positive and above the study-wide average, although overall survival was reduced. Among the predictor variables examined, invertebrate prey abundance was the predominant factor influencing age-0+ coho salmon growth. These results suggest that abundant prey resources may mitigate the negative effects of elevated water temperature on fish growth in riverine environments. Given the likelihood of increasing stream temperatures with climate change, productive ecosystems may provide critical refuges for juvenile salmonids.

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Growth and survival of newly emerged and juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) reared at different salinities

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z93-168 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 71 (6) ◽

pp. 1230-1237 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

C. B. Murray ◽

T. D. Beacham ◽

L. W. Barner

Keyword(s):

Fresh Water ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Variance Component ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽

Subsequent Growth ◽

Saline Environment ◽

Rearing Environment ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Coastal Population

Newly emerged coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) from 40 families of a coastal-spawning population were reared in fresh water and seawater for 144 d after ponding. Growth and survival were, on average, higher in fresh water than in seawater, but juveniles from some families had higher or equivalent survival in seawater compared with fresh water. Heritability (sire variance component) of survival and length ranged between 0.30 and 0.35. The transfer of juveniles from fresh water to 15‰ seawater after 70 d of rearing in fresh water had little effect on their subsequent growth and survival. In a second experiment, newly emerged fry from a coastal- and an interior-spawning population had the same survival in fresh water, but survival was higher for the coastal population than for the interior population in 15 or 25‰ seawater. Rearing environment had no effect on survival for the coastal population, but as rearing salinities increased, survival for the interior population decreased. Within a population, length, weight, and instantaneous growth rates for length and weight decreased with increased rearing salinity. The growth and survival of some juveniles in a saline environment were comparable to those observed for juveniles reared in fresh water, indicating that the marine environment provides a suitable rearing environment for some coho salmon.

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Effects of Streamflow and Upwelling on Yield of Wild Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Oregon

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f81-066 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 471-475 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Dennis L. Scarnecchia

Keyword(s):

Coho Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽

Positive Relation ◽

Significant Relation ◽

Oregon Coast ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Coastal Rivers ◽

High Flows ◽

Oceanic Upwelling

To investigate the dependence of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) yield on streamflow and oceanic upwelling, I regressed catch by the Oregon commercial troll fishery from 1942 to 1962 against indices of offshore upwelling the previous spring and measurements of streamflow from five Oregon coastal rivers during the freshwater rearing phase. A highly significant positive relation was found between total streamflows during the freshwater residency of the fish for the five rivers combined and the weight of the annual catch of coho salmon from 1942 to 1962. There was also a significant positive relation between total combined annual (January–December) flows for these rivers and the catch 2 yr later. Conversely, I found no significant relation between the 60 consecutive days of lowest flow during summer and catch 2 yr later. High flows during freshwater rearing probably provide more habitat and better conditions for growth and survival. I also found a significant positive relation between April through June upwelling at two stations and catch of coho salmon the following year from 1947 to 1962. Fifty-six percent of the variation in catch from 1947 to 1962 was explained by the total flows during freshwater residency, 60 consecutive days of lowest flow, plus combined April through June upwelling at both stations. It is suggested that some stocks of coho salmon smolts may move southward or remain in local offshore waters after they enter the ocean to take advantage of the production of invertebrates resulting from upwelling.Key words: streamflow, upwelling, coho salmon, Oregon coast

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Influence of Bovine Growth Hormone and L-Thyroxine on Growth, Muscle Composition, and Histological Structure of the Gonads, Thyroid, Pancreas, and Pituitary of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f76-199 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 33 (7) ◽

pp. 1585-1603 ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

David A. Higgs ◽

Edward M. Donaldson ◽

Helen M. Dye ◽

J. R. McBride

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Phase I ◽

Phase Ii ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽

Control Fish ◽

Histological Structure ◽

Bovine Growth Hormone ◽

Poor Growth

Groups of underyearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were acclimated to 10 C well water and a photoperiod of 12 h L:12 h D. Excess ration (Oregon Moist Pellet) was presented daily. Doses of bovine growth hormone (5, 10, 20, 30, or 90 μg bGH/g body wt) and L-thyroxine (0.5, 5, or 30 μg T4/g) were administered over a period of 84 days (phase I) either by injection (via dorsal musculature or peritoneal cavity) or by hormone cholesterol implants into the muscle. Administration frequency of bGH and T4 was such (range 2 times/wk-1 time/3 wk) that fish theoretically received either 10 or 30 μg bGH/g per wk or 1 or 10 μg T4/g per wk. Control fish received either alkaline saline (pH 9.5) or a cholesterol pellet. After cessation of treatment the fish were observed for an additional 84 days (phase II). During phase I, growth rates (weight) for bGH fish (2.0–2.4% per day) and for T4 fish (0.97–1.1% per day) were significantly higher than those of control fish (0.42–0.59% per day). Among bGH fish, dorsal musculature injection (2 times/wk) was significantly more effective than intraperitoneal injection (1 time/2 wk).Increases in weight above control for bGH fish at 84 days ranged from 220 to 369%. Those for T4 fish extended from 47 to 78%. In phase II, control fish growth rates were higher (0.61–0.67% per day) than those for bGH fish (0.47–0.57% per day) and T4 fish (0.32–0.44% per day). Administration of bGH and T4 (high dose) caused a progressive decline in condition factor of fish from the control range. This trend was stopped and reversed in phase II.At 84 days, generally no significant differences were detected among groups for percentages of muscle water. However, some groups had significantly higher (bGH) and others lower (T4) percentages of muscle protein relative to those of control fish. Also, significant increases (T4) and decreases (bGH) in muscle lipid percentages were found. Hormone treatment altered the histological structure of the ovary, thyroid, exocrine (T4) and endocrine (bGH) pancreas, and somatotrop cells (T4) of the pituitary. A poor growth response was noted for two groups of coho administered bGH after acclimation to sea water.

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The Influence of Hyporheic Exchange on Water Temperatures in a Headwater Stream

Water ◽

10.3390/w10111615 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1615

Author(s):

Christopher Surfleet ◽

Justin Louen

Keyword(s):

Water Temperature ◽

Heat Budget ◽

Stream Water ◽

Temperature Response ◽

Headwater Stream ◽

Low Flow ◽

Hyporheic Exchange ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Net Radiation ◽

Heat Transfers

A headwater stream in coastal California was used to evaluate the temperature response of effective shade reduction. Spatial distribution of stream water temperatures for summer low-flow conditions (<0.006 m3 s−1) were highly correlated with net radiation and advective heat transfers from hyporheic exchange and subsequent streambed conduction. Using a heat budget model, mean maximum stream water temperatures were predicted to increase by 1.7 to 2.2 °C for 50% and 0% effective shade scenarios, respectively, at the downstream end of a 300 m treatment reach. Effects on mean maximum stream water temperature changes, as water flowed downstream through a 500 m shaded reach below the treatment reach, were reduced by 52 to 30% from the expected maximum temperature increases under the 50% and 0% effective shade scenarios, respectively. Maximum stream water temperature change predicted by net radiation heating alone was greater than measured and heat-budget-estimated temperatures. When the influence of hyporheic water exchange was combined with net radiation predictions, predicted temperatures were similar to measured and heat-budget-predicted temperatures. Results indicate that advective heat transfers associated with hyporheic exchange can promote downstream cooling following stream water temperature increases from shade reduction in a headwater stream with cascade, step-pool, and large woody debris forced-pool morphology.

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Osmoregulatory Ability of Wild Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Dolly Varden Char (Salvelinus malma) Smolts

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f88-174 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 45 (8) ◽

pp. 1487-1490 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Scott W. Johnson ◽

Jonathan Heifetz

Keyword(s):

Water Temperature ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽

Dolly Varden ◽

Salvelinus Malma ◽

Small Stream ◽

Fish Size ◽

Dolly Varden Char ◽

Seawater Challenge ◽

Osmoregulatory Ability

Osmoregulatory ability of wild coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma) smolts migrating from a small stream in southeastern Alaska was assessed by plasma Na+ levels after a 24-h seawater challenge. Osmoregulatory ability of coho salmon was unaffected by time of out-migration, water temperature, and fish size. Osmoregulatory ability of Dolly Varden char was apparently affected by time of out-migration or water temperature but not by fish size. Char migrating in the first half of the migration period, when water temperature was usually < 8.0 °C, had lower plasma Na+ levels than did char migrating in the second half when temperatures were [Formula: see text]. A plasma Na+ threshold of 170 mmol∙L−1, used by others to separate smolts from silvery parr, indicated that 70% of the coho salmon and 80% of the Dolly Varden char we sampled were physiologically prepared to enter seawater. The remaining fish may have suffered some level of osmoregulatory stress.

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SELECTION ON INCREASED INTRINSIC GROWTH RATES IN COHO SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH

Evolution ◽

10.1554/04-701 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 59 (7) ◽

pp. 1560 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

L. Fredrik Sundström ◽

Mare Lõhmus ◽

Robert H. Devlin

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Kisutch

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Two generations of outbreeding in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): effects on size and growth

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f05-159 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 62 (11) ◽

pp. 2538-2547 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Erin K McClelland ◽

James M Myers ◽

Jeffrey J Hard ◽

Linda K Park ◽

Kerry A Naish

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Pacific Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽

Late Summer ◽

Early Life History ◽

Lower Growth ◽

Freshwater Aquaculture ◽

In Captivity ◽

Two Generations

Outbreeding is a potential genetic risk in Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) when aquaculture practices introduce nonnative domesticated fish to wild environments, making interbreeding with wild populations possible. In this study, F1 and F2 hybrid families of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were created using a captive freshwater aquaculture strain and a locally derived hatchery population that is integrated with naturally spawning fish. Intermediate growth was detected in F1 and F2 hybrids from crosses reared in captivity; both generations had mean weight and length values between those of the parent populations after their first year (p < 0.05). In the early life history stages, maternal effects increased alevin growth in progeny of hatchery dams relative to those of captive dams (p < 0.001). Aquaculture control families showed greater growth rates than hybrids in late summer of their 1st year and in the following spring (p < 0.05), while the hatchery controls had lower growth rates during the first summer (p < 0.05). Line cross analysis indicated that changes in additive and dominance interactions, but not unfavorable epistatic interactions, likely explain the differences in weight, length, and growth rate observed in hybrids of these stocks of coho salmon.

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Sezonowe zróżnicowanie temperatury wody na przykładzie wybranych rzek nizinnych Mazowsza = Seasonal differentiation of water temperature on the example of lowland Mazovian rivers

Przegląd Geograficzny ◽

10.7163/przg.2020.3.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 92 (3) ◽

pp. 391-408

Author(s):

Maksym Łaszewski

Keyword(s):

Water Temperature ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Thermal Conditions ◽

Statistical Distribution ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽

The Relationship ◽

Ward Method

Thermal regime has a critical impact on the lotic environment, as maximum temperature determines the boundaries of the occurrence of aquatic species, seasonal and diurnal water temperature variations affect their bioenergetics, while the timing of specific water temperature values during the year is important in the context of spawning and migrations. However, despite the great importance of water temperature studies in the context of environmental management and fisheries, as well as the development of accurate measurement techniques, such investigations have received relatively limited attention in Poland. The current study attempted to examine the seasonal differentiation of water temperature in lowland rivers. For this purpose, water temperature was recorded from the 1st of May 2015 to the 30th of April 2019 with a temporal resolution of 30-minutes. Digital temperature reorders used to make the measurements were distributed across six sites in Jeziorka, Świder and Utrata catchments located on the Mazovian Lowland and the Southern Podlachia Lowland near Warsaw. The hydrometeorological background of the water temperature monitoring was determined on the basis of data from the Warszawa-Okęcie station and water gauging stations. On the basis of the measurement data, mean, maximum, and minimum monthly water temperatures were calculated and presented on the background of the appropriate air temperature data, while statistical distribution of the 30-minute water temperature, aggregated in a monthly timescale, was presented on the box and whiskers plots. The Ward method was used to group months similar in terms of their thermal conditions, while the Pearson correlation coefficient was applied to evaluate the strength of the relationship between water and air temperature. The results indicate that the seasonal course of water temperature follows the course of air temperature, with the highest mean monthly water temperatures recorded in July, while the lowest in January. Statistical distribution analysis of water temperature in individual months and its grouping by the Ward method allowed to identify two periods characterized by relatively stable thermal conditions and two periods of dynamic changes of water temperature. In contrast to the maximum values of water temperature, which were observed in the summer as a result of intensive solar radiation and low streamflow rates, the greatest variability of water temperature, as indicated by reference to mean daily range and standard deviation, was found in the spring months, i.e. in April and May, while the lowest in winter, from December to February. The relationship between daily mean water temperature and air temperature, established with the use of the Pearson correlation coefficient on a monthly basis, was clearly stronger during the spring increase and the autumn fall of the water temperature, which can be linked with greater vulnerability to atmospheric heat fluxes. A definitely weaker relationship was found in the winter and summer months, when greater importance can be attached to other drivers of stream temperature, like the presence of ice cover, cloudiness, riparian shading, and groundwater inflows.

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