scholarly journals Occupancy and detection of Wavyrayed Lampmussel Lampsilis fasciola in Ontario, Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl A. Lamothe ◽  
Kelly A. McNichols-O'Rourke ◽  
Todd J. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Species Distribution ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Species Detection ◽  
Occupancy Probability ◽  
Occupancy Detection ◽  
Substrate Size ◽  
Thames River ◽  
The Relationship

Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) are the most imperilled taxon in Canada. To facilitate species recovery efforts, an understanding of species distribution and habitat that supports species persistence is needed. Detecting mussels presents unique challenges, however, requiring considerable effort due to their complex life-histories and widespread declines. Here, observations of the imperilled Wavyrayed Lampmussel (Lampsilis fasciola Rafinesque 1820) from the Grand and Thames rivers, Ontario, Canada were used to quantify species detection and occupancy probabilities, and the relationship between occupancy probability and substrate size. The best model for the data included a river-specific covariate for detection and an intercept model for occupancy. Detection probability of Wavyrayed Lampmussel was higher in the Grand River than the Thames River. Limited variation in substrate size measurements restricted occupancy modeling, but field measurements qualitatively aligned with previous habitat descriptions. Overall, knowledge of species detection and occupancy probabilities for Wavyrayed Lampmussel will not only enhance the understanding of species distribution and habitat associations, but also ensure that the response of the species to threats and recovery actions are captured.

Storie di violenza in infanzia e adolescenza e prostituzione in etŕ adulta: quali legami?

2009 ◽  
pp. 93-112
Author(s):  
Emanuela Confalonieri ◽  
Cristina Giuliani ◽  
Alessandra Bongiana ◽  
Paola Pavesi
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Sexual Revictimization ◽  
East Europe ◽  
The Social ◽  
Forced Prostitution ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

- The present study, related to the one published some years ago (Confalonieri et al., 2004), is an investigation on forced prostitution and the related violence's types in immigrant women involved in streetwalking prostitution. Using the social records available by the Ufficio Stranieri (Comune di Milano), the purpose is to identify the presence of 1) childhood maltreatments or violence before the entry in sex exploitation market and 2) subsequent adult sexual revictimization from partners, pimps and clients. Data were analysed using phenomenological descriptive analysis. The relationship between childhood maltreatment and abuse and subsequent involvement in sex work is discussed comparing data and life histories of immigrant prostitutes coming from Nigeria and East Europe. The role played by social and contexual variables in sexual exploitation story are also considered.Key words: immigration, violence, prostitution, infancy, adulthood.Parole chiave: immigrazione, violenza, prostituzione, infanzia, etŕ adulta.

scholarly journals Evaluating ecological uniqueness over broad spatial extents using species distribution modelling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Dansereau ◽  
Pierre Legendre ◽  
Timothée Poisot
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Species Distribution Modelling ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Distribution Modelling ◽  
Ecological Uniqueness ◽  
The Relationship

Aim: Local contributions to beta diversity (LCBD) can be used to identify sites with high ecological uniqueness and exceptional species composition within a region of interest. Yet, these indices are typically used on local or regional scales with relatively few sites, as they require information on complete community compositions difficult to acquire on larger scales. Here, we investigate how LCBD indices can be used to predict ecological uniqueness over broad spatial extents using species distribution modelling and citizen science data. Location: North America. Time period: 2000s. Major taxa studied: Parulidae. Methods: We used Bayesian additive regression trees (BARTs) to predict warbler species distributions in North America based on observations recorded in the eBird database. We then calculated LCBD indices for observed and predicted data and examined the site-wise difference using direct comparison, a spatial autocorrelation test, and generalized linear regression. We also investigated the relationship between LCBD values and species richness in different regions and at various spatial extents and the effect of the proportion of rare species on the relationship. Results: Our results showed that the relationship between richness and LCBD values varies according to the region and the spatial extent at which it is applied. It is also affected by the proportion of rare species in the community. Species distribution models provided highly correlated estimates with observed data, although spatially autocorrelated. Main conclusions: Sites identified as unique over broad spatial extents may vary according to the regional richness, total extent size, and the proportion of rare species. Species distribution modelling can be used to predict ecological uniqueness over broad spatial extents, which could help identify beta diversity hotspots and important targets for conservation purposes in unsampled locations.

scholarly journals Practical Considerations for Implementing Species Distribution Essential Biodiversity Variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Boyd ◽  
Nick Isaac ◽  
Robert Cooke ◽  
Francesca Mancini ◽  
Tom August ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Distribution ◽  
Biodiversity Indicators ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Occupancy Detection ◽  
Essential Biodiversity Variables ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Species Occupancy ◽  
Very High ◽  
The Ideal

Species Distribution Essential Biodiversity Variables (SD EBVs; Pereira et al. 2013, Kissling et al. 2017, Jetz et al. 2019) are defined as measurements or estimates of species’ occupancy along the axes of space, time and taxonomy. In the “ideal” case, additional stipulations have been proposed: occupancy should be characterized contiguously along each axis at grain sizes relevant to policy and process (i.e., fine scale); and the SD EBV should be global in extent, or at least span the entirety of the focal taxa’s geographical range (Jetz et al. 2019). These stipulations set the bar very high and, unsurprisingly, most operational SD EBVs fall short of these ideal criteria. In this presentation, I will discuss the major challenges associated with developing the idealized SD EBV. I will demonstrate these challenges using an operational SD EBV spanning ~6000 species in the United Kingdom (UK) over the period 1970 to 2019 as a case study (Outhwaite et al. 2019). In short, this data product comprises annual estimates of occupancy for each species in all sampled 1 km cells across the UK; these are derived from opportunistically-collected species occurrence data using occupancy-detection models (Kéry et al. 2010). Having discussed which of the “ideal” criteria the case study satisfies, I will then touch on what are, in my view, two underappreciated challenges when constructing SD EBVs: dealing with sampling biases in the underlying data and the difficulty in evaluating the extent to which they bias the final product. These challenges should be addressed as a matter of urgency, as SD EBVs are increasingly applied in important settings such as underpinning national and international biodiversity indicators (see e.g., https://geobon.org/ebvs/indicators/).

scholarly journals Remotely Sensed Water Limitation in Vegetation: Insights from an Experiment with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Easterday ◽  
Chippie Kislik ◽  
Tod E. Dawson ◽  
Sean Hogan ◽  
Maggi Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Flying Height ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Spectral Indices ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
The Relationship

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with multispectral sensors present an opportunity to monitor vegetation with on-demand high spatial and temporal resolution. In this study, we use multispectral imagery from quadcopter UAVs to monitor the progression of a water manipulation experiment on a common shrub, Baccharis pilularis (coyote brush), at the Blue Oak Ranch Reserve (BORR) near San Jose, California. We recorded multispectral data from the plants at several altitudes with nearly hourly intervals to explore the relationship between two common spectral indices, NDVI and NDRE, and plant water content and water potential, as physiological metrics of plant water status, across a gradient of water deficit. An examination of the spatial and temporal thresholds at which water limitations were most detectable revealed that the best separation between levels of water deficit were at higher resolution (lower flying height), and in the morning (NDVI) and early morning (NDRE). We found that both measures were able to identify moisture deficit in plants and distinguish them from control and watered plants; however, NDVI was better able to distinguish between treatments than NDRE and was more positively correlated with field measurements of plant water content than NDRE. Finally, we explored how relationships between spectral indices and water status changed when the imagery was scaled to courser resolutions provided by satellite-based imagery (PlanetScope) and found that PlanetScope data was able to capture the overall trend in treatments but was not able to capture subtle changes in water content. These kinds of experiments that evaluate the relationship between direct field measurements and UAV camera sensitivity are needed to enable translation of field-based physiology measurements to landscape or regional scales.

From Bulbous Bow to Free-Surface Shock Wave—Trends of 20 Years’ Research on Ship Waves at the Tokyo University Tank

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. 147-180
Author(s):  
Takao Inui
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Free Surface ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Wave Pattern ◽  
Ship Waves ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
Bulbous Bow ◽  
The Relationship

Trends of 20 years' research on ship waves at the Tokyo University Tank since 1960 are briefly sketched. Stress is focused on the importance of dialogues between man and nature. The process of these dialogues is exemplified by some typical cases, including the development of bulbous bows and the finding of free-surface shock waves. Wave-pattern pictures are shown to be indispensable for the initial stage of the di alogues, while wave contours and velocity-field measurements serve well in the second stage. The current wave analysis and wake survey may be the third. The relationship between "wavebreaking" and the "free-surface shock wave" is also discussed.

Inferring prior distributions of recruitment compensation metrics from life-history parameters and allometries

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Munyandorero
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prior Distributions ◽  
Compensation Ratio ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spawning Biomass

The recruitment compensation metrics, the stock–recruit steepness (h) and compensation ratio (κ), are difficult to estimate, yet they are integral components of contemporary fishery models. To aid in the estimation of κ and h, a hybrid method to construct their prior distributions for a species is developed. The method is hybrid because it integrates (i) a meta-analysis of the relationship between maximum rates of recruit production (α) and asymptotic lengths obtained across fish species of different life histories and (ii) species-specific unfished spawning biomass per recruit (Φ0). This method is applied to five finfish species found off the East Coast of the United States. Uncertainty is introduced by sampling growth parameters, α, and natural mortality and — through Monte Carlo simulations — propagated into Φ0, κ, and h for the Beverton–Holt and Ricker stock–recruit relationships. Descriptive statistics and parameters from probability density functions of the simulated distributions of κ and h are generated. The method developed requires fewer inputs than the reproductive ecology method while likewise allowing the development of species-specific statistics for κ and h. These statistics, rather than their counterparts generated from classical meta-analyses, are better suited for use in fishery models.

scholarly journals Age-related decline in executive function as a hallmark of cognitive ageing in primates: an overview of cognitive and neurobiological studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1811) ◽  
pp. 20190618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnès Lacreuse ◽  
Naftali Raz ◽  
Daniel Schmidtke ◽  
William D. Hopkins ◽  
James G. Herndon
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Cognitive Ageing ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ageing Brain

Executive function (EF) is a complex construct that reflects multiple higher-order cognitive processes such as planning, updating, inhibiting and set-shifting. Decline in these functions is a hallmark of cognitive ageing in humans, and age differences and changes in EF correlate with age-related differences and changes in association cortices, particularly the prefrontal areas. Here, we review evidence for age-related decline in EF and associated neurobiological changes in prosimians, New World and Old World monkeys, apes and humans. While EF declines with age in all primate species studied, the relationship of this decline with age-related alterations in the prefrontal cortex remains unclear, owing to the scarcity of neurobiological studies focusing on the ageing brain in most primate species. In addition, the influence of sex, vascular and metabolic risk, and hormonal status has rarely been considered. We outline several methodological limitations and challenges with the goal of producing a comprehensive integration of cognitive and neurobiological data across species and elucidating how ageing shapes neurocognitive trajectories in primates with different life histories, lifespans and brain architectures. Such comparative investigations are critical for fostering translational research and understanding healthy and pathological ageing in our own species. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolution of the primate ageing process’.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document