Growth rates and crown morphology of Abies amabilis in the seedling bank of an ancient subalpine conifer forest

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1124-1130
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Antos ◽  
Audrey E. McPherson ◽  
Heidi J. Guest
Keyword(s):  
Height Growth ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Conifer Forest ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Basal Ring ◽  
Abies Amabilis ◽  
Seedling Bank ◽  
Canopy Opening ◽  
Crown Morphology

The population dynamics of shade-tolerant tree species often includes a seedling bank — small trees persisting in the understory until canopy opening allows increased height growth. We studied the growth and morphology of 0.1–1.3 m tall Abies amabilis Douglas ex J. Forbes trees in the seedling bank of an ancient (>1300 years old) subalpine conifer forest on Vancouver Island, western Canada. We determined rates of height growth by counting growth rings at 10 cm intervals along the main stem and assessed crown morphology by measuring the length and location of each branch along the main stem. These small trees were very old (mean basal ring count, 112 years) and grew very slowly, taking on average 170 years to reach a height of 1 m. Instead of the typical conical form of open-grown Abies Mill., seedling bank individuals had flat crowns. Most branches were near the top of the main stem. The maximum distance along the main stem plus a branch was 1.6 times the main stem length, indicating that resource allocation is focused on lateral growth. The ability to grow slowly and adjust crown morphology allows seedling bank trees to persist for decades to centuries and to retain the possibility of release and growth into the canopy.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Chlorimuron as a Growth Regulator for Peanut

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne E. Mitchem ◽  
Alan C. York ◽  
Roger B. Batts
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Vine Growth

Abstract Chlorimuron was evaluated as a growth regulator on peanut. Treatments included chlorimuron at a total of 8.8 g ai/ha applied once at 60,75, or 90 d after emergence (DAE) or in equal portions applied twice at 60 and 75, 60 and 90, or 75 and 90 DAE or three times at 60, 75, and 90 DAE. Daminozide at 950 g ai/ha applied 75 DAE was included as a comparison. In a year with excessive vine growth, daminozide and all chlorimuron treatments except 8.8 g/ha applied 90 DAE reduced cotyledonary lateral branch and main stem length at harvest 9 to 20 and 12 to 24%, respectively, due to suppression of internode length. Sequential applications of chlorimuron generally suppressed growth more than single applications. No improvement in row visibility at harvest was noted. In a dry year with limited vegetative growth, neither chlorimuron nor daminozide affected cotyledonary lateral branch or main stem length at harvest. Chlorimuron at 2.9 g/ha applied 60, 75, and 90 DAE reduced yield 18% at one of four locations; no other treatment affected yield. Chlorimuron at 8.8 g/ha applied 60 DAE or 4.4 g/ha applied 60 and 75 DAE reduced the percentage of fancy pods and extra large kernels at one or more locations. No treatment affected the percentage of total sound mature kernels. Results suggest chlorimuron has little to no potential for use as a growth regulator.

Coexistence of Abies mariesii and Abies veitchii in a subalpine fir-wave forest

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 2142-2152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin Ugawa ◽  
Kojiro Iwamoto ◽  
Kenji Fukuda
Keyword(s):  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Central Japan ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Abies Veitchii ◽  
Abies Mariesii ◽  
Seedling Bank ◽  
Mature Stand ◽  
Sapling Bank

To clarify the mechanisms underlying the coexistence of Abies mariesii Masters and Abies veitchii Lindl. in a fir-wave forest, we surveyed the population dynamics of the two Abies species throughout stand development on Mount Shimagare, central Japan. We established three belt transects and found that, overall, A. veitchii dominated this fir-wave forest. However, A. mariesii dominated the canopy initially, whereas A. veitchii increased as stand development progressed; thus, dominant A. mariesii was eventually replaced by A. veitchii. This replacement was explained by the presence of an A. mariesii sapling bank that formed under the canopy of a mature stand and by the large A. veitchii seedling bank resulting from greater seed production. For ordinary canopy individuals, which are taller than midcanopy individuals, the increase in height suggested that taller individuals grow faster vertically regardless of species; moreover, height growth did not differ significantly between the two Abies species, which facilitated the growth of A. mariesii into the canopy and the production of seeds for the next generation. We concluded that the persistence of A. mariesii in this fir-wave forest is supported by its shade tolerance.

Within-tree variation in wood production and wood quality in sycamore (Acerpseudoplatanus): its relation to crown characteristics

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Richard S. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fibre Production ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Vessel Size ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

To quantify patterns of wood formation in sycamore (Acerpseudoplatanus L.), the seasonal progress of wood production and structure was followed systematically throughout the outer growth sheath of the main stem and major branches. These data were considered in relation to the profile of leaf dry weight down through the crown in 8- and 12-year-old trees at stages before and after canopy closure, respectively. Mature fibre production was earliest towards the tips of the branches of the midcrown, and spread basipetally along the branches. In the main stem, mature fibre production was earliest at the tip and spread down the tree, taking about 10 days to reach the base of both pre- and post-canopy closure trees. In the stem, later fibre production down the tree was offset by later cessation of fibre maturation basally. Branch data suggested that the pattern of cessation may depend on the branch position, because cessation was latest at the base of the upper branches and at the tip of the lower branches. The maximum rate of fibre production was in the upper stem, several internodes higher than the internode bearing maximum leaf dry weight. Despite this, ring width increased down the stem, presumably as a result of the increased duration of fibre production and increased cell size. Within growth rings, vessel size remained nearly constant before declining sharply towards the end of the ring. Trees with narrower growth rings tended to have more of their ring occupied by declining vessel size suggesting a slight inverse relationship between ring width and specific gravity. Specific gravity increased down the outer growth sheath of the stem, and this increase was associated with systematic trends in fibre and vessel dimensions, together with changes in the relative proportions by area of the different tissues. Although some anatomical characters appeared to vary with the profile of the crown, others appeared to be independent of crown profile.

Promotion of shoot development and tuberisation in potato by expression of a chimaeric cytokinin synthesis gene at normal and elevated CO2 levels

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-Qing Tao ◽  
D. Stuart Letham ◽  
Jean W. H. Yong ◽  
Kerong Zhang ◽  
Peter C. L. John ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Tuber Weight ◽  
Ipt Gene ◽  
Cytokinin Biosynthesis ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Apical Bud

The bacterial cytokinin biosynthesis gene ipt under control of a chalcone synthase promoter (PCHS) was introduced into potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Two transgenic lines were selected for detailed study, because in these, root development was reduced only moderately, thus, enabling the plants to be grown in pots. Expression of the PCHS-ipt gene elevated the level of zeatin cytokinins markedly in the apical bud, subapical stems and leaves. The transgenic (IPT) plants exhibited a lower and denser leaf canopy relative to wild-type (WT) plants owing to reduction in main stem length, increase in node number per stem and promotion of lateral shoot development. Main stem diameter was increased markedly due to promotion of cell division associated with activation of cyclin-dependent kinase in the subapical stem. Expression of the PCHS-ipt gene induced aerial stolons, promoted growth of underground stolons and increased tuber number but reduced tuber weight and nitrogen content. The gene expression also increased pinnae and pinnule number per leaf, increased thickness of pinnae and promoted transpiration, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance – effects monitored by gas exchange and 18O and 13C analysis. The elevation of [CO2] to 900 μmol mol–1 promoted growth of both WT and IPT plants, ameliorated the negative effect of high cytokinin on tuber weight and interacted additively with ipt gene expression to promote stem growth.

INTERPLANT AND INTRAPLANT COMPETITION EFFECTS ON MAIN STEM YIELD OF THREE DIVERSE-TILLERING SPRING WHEATS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. HUCL ◽  
R. J. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Interplant Competition

Three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (Neepawa, Siete Cerros and M1417) were subjected to four levels of tiller removal (MS remaining, MS + T1 remaining, MS + T1 + T2 remaining, control) at three plant densities (two, four and eight plants per 15-cm-diameter pot) in a controlled environment to assess the effects of interplant and intraplant competition on stem dimensions and yield-related traits of genotypes with diverse tillering habits. Both types of competition resulted in reduced kernel weight and main stem grain yield and increased yield per pot. Interplant competition also reduced harvest indices while intraplant competition reduced main stem length and main stem diameter. The oligoculm genotype, M1417, was more sensitive to interplant competition than Siete Cerros and Neepawa. The increased sensitivity of M1417 appears to result from plant mortality combined with the inability to maintain kernel mass under severe interplant competition.Key words: Triticum aestivum, wheat (spring), tiller removal, grain yield, plant competition.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Morphological Traits Associated with Productivity in F1 Interspecific (Cucurbita maxima Duch. x C. moschata Duch.) Hybrid Processing Squash

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 1156-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake Uretsky ◽  
J. Brent Loy
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Lateral Branches

Interspecific hybrids can be produced from certain cross combinations of Cucurbita maxima x C. moschata. These hybrids have been used extensively as rootstocks for melon and watermelon grafting, but only occasionally for fresh market use. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of interspecific hybrids for use in pie processing in terms of morphological traits related to productivity. We used a bush-processing inbred line of C. maxima, NH65, as the female parent and two vining-processing cultivars of C. moschata, Long Island Cheese (LIC) and Dickinson Field (DF) as pollen parents to produce two interspecific hybrids with large orange fruit, potentially suitable for processing. A greenhouse study was conducted to compare internode lengths, main stem diameters, flowering patterns, and leaf area at first appearance of female flowers in NH65, LIC, DF, and two interspecific hybrids, NH65xLIC and NH65xDF. Plants were grown in 8.7 L nursery pots, watered and fertigated with drip tubing, and trellised to a single main stem. In LIC and DF, internode lengths increased rapidly beyond the fourth node before reaching a maximum by node 12. Internodes in NH65 did not exceed 3 cm until node 15, and average lengths never exceeded 4 cm. In interspecific hybrids, internode lengths mimicked bush plants for 6 or 7 internodes, remaining below 3 cm, but then increased rapidly to lengths approaching that of the vining cultivars after internode 10. Staminate flowers were more abundant than pistillate flowers in NH65, LIC and DF; whereas the interspecies hybrids produced primarily pistillate flowers. In NH65xLIC, the first pistillate flowers appeared on nodes 9–11, on average 38.3 days after transplanting (DAT), and in NH65xDF, on nodes 9–17, 42.3 DAT. First pistillate flowers in NH65 occurred on nodes 9–11, 34.3 DAT, compared with nodes 9–13, 39.3 DAT and nodes 17–21, 50.0 DAT, respectively, for LIC and DF. A field study was conducted for comparing flowering patterns and growth habits in NH65xLIC, NH65xDF, DF, LIC, NH65, and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD), a popular C. maxima processing winter squash. Stem length was short and petioles highly elongated in the two interspecific hybrids until about 34 DAT, such that plants exhibited a uniform, compact phenotype similar to NH65. Subsequently, stems elongated rapidly, with lengths approaching and occasional exceeding those in vine cultivars. In the two vining C. moschata cultivars, LIC and DF, 4–6 laterals developed near the base of plants, usually consisting of 12–30 nodes. NH65xLIC produced mostly short laterals (4–15 nodes) interspersed along much of the main stem, whereas NH65xDF produced numerous lateral branches, mostly ranging from 11 to 30 nodes long, between the base and about the halfway point along the main stem. Mature leaves were about twice as large in the two interspecific hybrids as in DF and GD; this together with differences in early growth habit and branching patterns contributed to a much faster leaf canopy cover in the interspecific hybrids in comparison with the vining cultigens.

scholarly journals Determination of Some Agronomic and Fruit Quality Characteristics of Some Watermelon Accessions from Turkish Watermelon Germplasm

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1322-1328
Author(s):  
Ercüment Atlı ◽  
İlknur Solmaz ◽  
Nebahat Sarı ◽  
Haşim Kelebek
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
Significant Difference

This study has been conducted to determine the fruit quality parameters such as sugar and carotenoid content as well as plant and fruit characteristics of 11 local watermelon genotypes from watermelon genetic resources collection of Cukurova University, Department of Horticulture. First and 50% male and female flowering period, main stem length, main stem diameter, number of nodes on main stem, total yield, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit rind thickness, total soluble solids (TSS), sugar and carotenoid contents were examined. Although there is no significant difference for main stem diameter and number of nodes on the main stem, significant differences were obtained for total yield, sugar and carotenoid composition of the genotypes. Carotenoid and sugar analysis were performed with a high-performance liquid chromatographic method coupled with diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) and HPLC coupled with refractive index detector (RID), respectively. In all studied genotypes, cis-13-lycopene and β-carotene were the most abundant compounds. As expected for watermelon genotypes, the main sugar found in all studied genotypes was fructose. According to PCA analyses, genotypes were characterized by physical and chemical composition. Overall evaluation of results revealed that Kar 147 had better potential with carotenoid, sugar contents and fruit characteristics.

Silvicultural implications from analyzing light induced height growth development of eight North American juvenile tree species in mixed-conifer forests

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 616-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Annighöfer ◽  
Dominik Seidel ◽  
Christian Ammer ◽  
Scott L Stephens ◽  
Robert A York
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
North American ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Light Environment ◽  
Conifer Forests ◽  
Conifer Forest ◽  
Mixed Conifer ◽  
Mixed Conifer Forests

Abstract Modern silviculture is based on simulating natural disturbance regimes on the one side and reducing their impact on the other side. Disturbances modify light regimes of forests along complex spatial patterns, and species participating in the ecosystem tend to have unique adaptations to the multitude of light conditions found in forests. We studied the height growth reaction of saplings from eight native North American tree species to different light availabilities in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest. Large height growth differences occurred between species. Height growth increased for most species with increasing light availability. However, black oak but also incense cedar and tanoak reached an optimal value or saturation point of light availability at intermediate light levels, above which their growth stayed the same or slightly declined on average. A variety of stand conditions, representing the range from early to late successional stages, are beneficial to maintain tree species diversity across stands. Such a gradient of conditions can be achieved by diversifying silvicultural regimes and using regeneration approaches that mimic a range of disturbance intensities. The results add to knowledge on the species’ ecology by specifying their height growth in dependence of a quantified light environment. The quantification of the light environment can directly be linked to % canopy cover and a range of regeneration methods, respectively. With this, the results may help achieve a more precise and target-oriented management of Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forests.

Growth response of goldenrod, Solidago canadensis (Asteraceae), to periodic defoliation

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1478-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. McBrien ◽  
R. Harmsen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Solidago Canadensis ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
Major Reduction

Intensive grazing by Trirhabda spp. on the goldenrod, Solidago canadensis L., was simulated by manual defoliation experiments to estimate quantitatively the effects of various levels of grazing. Mean stem length per clump, measured as the sum of the lengths of the main stem and branches below the inflorescence, and the number of stems per clump were significantly reduced toward the end of the growing season. Inflorescence development was either retarded or prevented. By spring of the year following treatment, plants receiving repeated defoliation had both lower mean leaf biomass per stem and mean stem length and fewer stems per clump. There was also some clump mortality. These results corroborate the observation that repeated defoliation of Solidago canadensis during an outbreak of beetles of the genus Trirhabda is followed by a major reduction in goldenrod in old-field communities.

scholarly journals Interaksi Antara Daya Tumbuh Benih dengan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Semangka (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum dan Nakai) Pada Pemupukan Organik dan Anorganik

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazirwan Nazirwan ◽  
Anung Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Organic And Inorganic Fertilizers

The aim of this research to observe and analyze the ability to grow of watermelon seeds in organic and inorganic fertilizers. Observing and analyzing the interaction between the ability to grow of watermelon seeds with plant growth in organic and inorganic fertilizers. Recommend a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers that provide maximum results. This research was conducted in field of State Polytechnic of Lampung on June until Agustus 2014. This research uses a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with treatment in the form of thiamethoxam, inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers, namely: P1 = 0% organic fertilizer + 100% inorganic fertilizer; P2 = 25% organic fertilizer + 75% inorganic fertilizer; P3 = 50% organic fertilizer + 50% inorganic fertilizer; P4 = 75% organic fertilizer + 25% inorganic fertilizer; P5 = 100% organic fertilizer + 0% inorganic fertilizer. Doses of inorganic fertilizers: Urea = 300 kg.ha-1, SP-36 = 200 kg.ha-1, KCl = 100 kg.ha-1. Organic fertilizer: manure (cow manure) = 20 tons.ha-1. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and if there is a real different treatments followed by LSD test at 5% level. The results showed that organic and inorganic fertilizer application significantly affected fruit length and fruit weight, but did not significantly affect the ability to grow, main stem length and number of leaves. The length of the longest fruit found in the treatment of inorganic fertilizer application of 75% + 25% organic fertilizer (P2). While the weight of the heaviest fruit found in the treatment of organic fertilizer application of 100% (P5). The highest ability to grow plant found in the treatment of 100% inorganic fertilizer application (P1), treatment of inorganic fertilizer application 50% + 50% organic fertilizers (P3), P2 and P5 treatment. The longest length of main stem found in P5 treatment, while the highest number of leaves found in P2 treatment. Keywords: fertilization, organic, inorganic, watermelon

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