Growth response of goldenrod, Solidago canadensis (Asteraceae), to periodic defoliation

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1478-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. McBrien ◽  
R. Harmsen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Solidago Canadensis ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
Major Reduction

Intensive grazing by Trirhabda spp. on the goldenrod, Solidago canadensis L., was simulated by manual defoliation experiments to estimate quantitatively the effects of various levels of grazing. Mean stem length per clump, measured as the sum of the lengths of the main stem and branches below the inflorescence, and the number of stems per clump were significantly reduced toward the end of the growing season. Inflorescence development was either retarded or prevented. By spring of the year following treatment, plants receiving repeated defoliation had both lower mean leaf biomass per stem and mean stem length and fewer stems per clump. There was also some clump mortality. These results corroborate the observation that repeated defoliation of Solidago canadensis during an outbreak of beetles of the genus Trirhabda is followed by a major reduction in goldenrod in old-field communities.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Chlorimuron as a Growth Regulator for Peanut

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne E. Mitchem ◽  
Alan C. York ◽  
Roger B. Batts
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Vine Growth

Abstract Chlorimuron was evaluated as a growth regulator on peanut. Treatments included chlorimuron at a total of 8.8 g ai/ha applied once at 60,75, or 90 d after emergence (DAE) or in equal portions applied twice at 60 and 75, 60 and 90, or 75 and 90 DAE or three times at 60, 75, and 90 DAE. Daminozide at 950 g ai/ha applied 75 DAE was included as a comparison. In a year with excessive vine growth, daminozide and all chlorimuron treatments except 8.8 g/ha applied 90 DAE reduced cotyledonary lateral branch and main stem length at harvest 9 to 20 and 12 to 24%, respectively, due to suppression of internode length. Sequential applications of chlorimuron generally suppressed growth more than single applications. No improvement in row visibility at harvest was noted. In a dry year with limited vegetative growth, neither chlorimuron nor daminozide affected cotyledonary lateral branch or main stem length at harvest. Chlorimuron at 2.9 g/ha applied 60, 75, and 90 DAE reduced yield 18% at one of four locations; no other treatment affected yield. Chlorimuron at 8.8 g/ha applied 60 DAE or 4.4 g/ha applied 60 and 75 DAE reduced the percentage of fancy pods and extra large kernels at one or more locations. No treatment affected the percentage of total sound mature kernels. Results suggest chlorimuron has little to no potential for use as a growth regulator.

scholarly journals Efecto de medicamentos homeopáticos en plantas de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Fernando Abasolo Pacheco ◽  
Boris Bonilla Montalván ◽  
Cesar Bermeo Toledo ◽  
Yarelys Ferrer Sánchez ◽  
Andy Jafet Ramirez Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Development Stages

Agrochemical use in horticultural cultivations generates negative effects, thus the need for searching to decrease or eliminate its use by means of other less toxic techniques. Agricultural homeopathy represents an alternative for ecological agriculture, impacting positively in cultivation development. The effect of four homeopathic medicines for human use were assessed in two centesimal dynamizations (7CH and 13CH) [(Silicea Terra (SiT), Natrum muriaticum (NaM), Zincum phosphoricum (ZiP) and Phosphoricum acidum (PhA)], and a control treatment (distilled water) on tomato plant germination, emergence, and initial development. The treatments were established under a randomized complete block design with three repiclates. Germination and emergence rate and percentage and morphometric variables (plant height, radicle length, dry and wet weight) were assessed, including the variables in stem diameter and wet and dry leaf weight, number of branches, leaves, and buds in the vegetative development stage. Signif icant differences were observed in all the morphometric variables assessed in function of the different development stages, homeopathic medicines, and their different dynamizations. During germination, greater growth in stem length was observed with ZiP-7CH (5.5 ± 0.98 cm) compared to the control group (4.3 ± 1.10 cm). During the emergence stage, the treatments SiT-7CH (6.6 ± 1.11 cm) and ZiP-7CH (5.9 ± 1.41 cm) increased stem length signif icantly whereas with PhA-7CH, the best effects were obtained in the variables assessed during the vegetative development stage, LT (94 ± 8.31 cm), leaf number (No hojas) (131 ± 27.71), fresh stem biomass (BFT) (17.20 ± 2.45 g), wet leaf biomass (BFH) (30 ± 7.72 g), dry leaf biomass (BSH) (2 ± 0.61 g), fresh root biomass (BFR) (10 ± 6.26 g), dry root biomass (BSR) (1 ± 0.43 g), and number of flower buds (No H) (6 ± 7.10). The homeopathic medicines applied impacted positively during the initial and vegetative development stages of tomato under controlled conditions. This research study represents and advance in the sustainable management of tomato cultivation.

Third-Year Growth Response of Loblolly Pine to Eight Levels of Competition Control

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine G. Bacon ◽  
Shepard M. Zedaker
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Competition Control ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
One Year

Abstract The growth response of young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) to different amounts of competition control was studied in plantations of three ages in the Virginia Piedmont. Eight competition control treatments involved the removal of all, two-thirds, one-third, or none of the hardwoodstems either with or without herbaceous weed control. Results after three growing seasons showed a significant increase in pine diameter and volume growth with competition control. Treatments combining woody and herbaceous control resulted in better pine growth than the same treatments withoutherbaceous control, in the two youngest stands. The best response, obtained with the two-thirds woody plus herbaceous control treatment, resulted in: a 100% increase in volume growth over the check plots in seedlings treated at the beginning of their second growing season in the field; a 93% increase in one-year-old seedlings; and a 53% increase in the growth of seedlings treated before the third growing season. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):91-95.

Promotion of shoot development and tuberisation in potato by expression of a chimaeric cytokinin synthesis gene at normal and elevated CO2 levels

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-Qing Tao ◽  
D. Stuart Letham ◽  
Jean W. H. Yong ◽  
Kerong Zhang ◽  
Peter C. L. John ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Tuber Weight ◽  
Ipt Gene ◽  
Cytokinin Biosynthesis ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Apical Bud

The bacterial cytokinin biosynthesis gene ipt under control of a chalcone synthase promoter (PCHS) was introduced into potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Two transgenic lines were selected for detailed study, because in these, root development was reduced only moderately, thus, enabling the plants to be grown in pots. Expression of the PCHS-ipt gene elevated the level of zeatin cytokinins markedly in the apical bud, subapical stems and leaves. The transgenic (IPT) plants exhibited a lower and denser leaf canopy relative to wild-type (WT) plants owing to reduction in main stem length, increase in node number per stem and promotion of lateral shoot development. Main stem diameter was increased markedly due to promotion of cell division associated with activation of cyclin-dependent kinase in the subapical stem. Expression of the PCHS-ipt gene induced aerial stolons, promoted growth of underground stolons and increased tuber number but reduced tuber weight and nitrogen content. The gene expression also increased pinnae and pinnule number per leaf, increased thickness of pinnae and promoted transpiration, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance – effects monitored by gas exchange and 18O and 13C analysis. The elevation of [CO2] to 900 μmol mol–1 promoted growth of both WT and IPT plants, ameliorated the negative effect of high cytokinin on tuber weight and interacted additively with ipt gene expression to promote stem growth.

A 10-year tree and stand response of jack pine to urea fertilization and low thinning

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Groot ◽  
Kenneth M. Brown ◽  
Ian K. Morrison ◽  
J. E. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Form Factor ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Stand Thinning ◽  
Urea Fertilization

This study examined the 10-year effects of a light (20% basal area removed) low thinning and urea fertilization (336 kg N/ha) on a 45-year-old Pinusbanksiana Lamb. stand. Thinning had no effect other than salvaging potential mortality, while fertilization resulted in an average annual gross volume growth response of about 2 m3 ha−1 year−1. Volume growth response to fertilization was greatest in the largest diameter trees, and continued until 10 years after treatment. Growth response did not begin until the second growing season after treatment. There were indications that fertilization had positive effects on form factor.

INTERPLANT AND INTRAPLANT COMPETITION EFFECTS ON MAIN STEM YIELD OF THREE DIVERSE-TILLERING SPRING WHEATS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. HUCL ◽  
R. J. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Interplant Competition

Three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (Neepawa, Siete Cerros and M1417) were subjected to four levels of tiller removal (MS remaining, MS + T1 remaining, MS + T1 + T2 remaining, control) at three plant densities (two, four and eight plants per 15-cm-diameter pot) in a controlled environment to assess the effects of interplant and intraplant competition on stem dimensions and yield-related traits of genotypes with diverse tillering habits. Both types of competition resulted in reduced kernel weight and main stem grain yield and increased yield per pot. Interplant competition also reduced harvest indices while intraplant competition reduced main stem length and main stem diameter. The oligoculm genotype, M1417, was more sensitive to interplant competition than Siete Cerros and Neepawa. The increased sensitivity of M1417 appears to result from plant mortality combined with the inability to maintain kernel mass under severe interplant competition.Key words: Triticum aestivum, wheat (spring), tiller removal, grain yield, plant competition.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Morphological Traits Associated with Productivity in F1 Interspecific (Cucurbita maxima Duch. x C. moschata Duch.) Hybrid Processing Squash

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 1156-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake Uretsky ◽  
J. Brent Loy
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Lateral Branches

Interspecific hybrids can be produced from certain cross combinations of Cucurbita maxima x C. moschata. These hybrids have been used extensively as rootstocks for melon and watermelon grafting, but only occasionally for fresh market use. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of interspecific hybrids for use in pie processing in terms of morphological traits related to productivity. We used a bush-processing inbred line of C. maxima, NH65, as the female parent and two vining-processing cultivars of C. moschata, Long Island Cheese (LIC) and Dickinson Field (DF) as pollen parents to produce two interspecific hybrids with large orange fruit, potentially suitable for processing. A greenhouse study was conducted to compare internode lengths, main stem diameters, flowering patterns, and leaf area at first appearance of female flowers in NH65, LIC, DF, and two interspecific hybrids, NH65xLIC and NH65xDF. Plants were grown in 8.7 L nursery pots, watered and fertigated with drip tubing, and trellised to a single main stem. In LIC and DF, internode lengths increased rapidly beyond the fourth node before reaching a maximum by node 12. Internodes in NH65 did not exceed 3 cm until node 15, and average lengths never exceeded 4 cm. In interspecific hybrids, internode lengths mimicked bush plants for 6 or 7 internodes, remaining below 3 cm, but then increased rapidly to lengths approaching that of the vining cultivars after internode 10. Staminate flowers were more abundant than pistillate flowers in NH65, LIC and DF; whereas the interspecies hybrids produced primarily pistillate flowers. In NH65xLIC, the first pistillate flowers appeared on nodes 9–11, on average 38.3 days after transplanting (DAT), and in NH65xDF, on nodes 9–17, 42.3 DAT. First pistillate flowers in NH65 occurred on nodes 9–11, 34.3 DAT, compared with nodes 9–13, 39.3 DAT and nodes 17–21, 50.0 DAT, respectively, for LIC and DF. A field study was conducted for comparing flowering patterns and growth habits in NH65xLIC, NH65xDF, DF, LIC, NH65, and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD), a popular C. maxima processing winter squash. Stem length was short and petioles highly elongated in the two interspecific hybrids until about 34 DAT, such that plants exhibited a uniform, compact phenotype similar to NH65. Subsequently, stems elongated rapidly, with lengths approaching and occasional exceeding those in vine cultivars. In the two vining C. moschata cultivars, LIC and DF, 4–6 laterals developed near the base of plants, usually consisting of 12–30 nodes. NH65xLIC produced mostly short laterals (4–15 nodes) interspersed along much of the main stem, whereas NH65xDF produced numerous lateral branches, mostly ranging from 11 to 30 nodes long, between the base and about the halfway point along the main stem. Mature leaves were about twice as large in the two interspecific hybrids as in DF and GD; this together with differences in early growth habit and branching patterns contributed to a much faster leaf canopy cover in the interspecific hybrids in comparison with the vining cultigens.

scholarly journals FIELD-GROWN CUT FLOWERS: AN ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS FOR PRODUCTION IN THE OZARKS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 659d-659
Author(s):  
Gloria McIntosh ◽  
Gerald Klingaman
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Response ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Economical Analysis ◽  
Celosia Cristata ◽  
Number Of Stems

Several cut flower species were studied to determine their feasibility for cut flower production. Three fertilizer treatments (0.5, .1, and .15kg/m2 respectively) were used and their effect on number of stems, stem length and fresh weight were determined. Celosia cristata and Ageratum houstonianum `Blue Horizon' proved to respond best to fertilizer treatments. Celosia fertilized at a rate of .15kg/m2 will produce approximately 200 stems/m2. Ageratum will produce appoximately 400 stems/m2 when fertilized at a rate of .10kg/m2. Fertlizer rates of .10 and .15 kg/m2 for Eustoma culture yielded 86 stems/m2, which was lower than other species used in this test. Extended vase life and consumer response could possibly justify using this species in cut flower production. An economic break-even analysis will be presented to show what price will have to be received per stem to cover costs.

scholarly journals Закономірності формування урожайності насіння проса прутоподібного в умовах Лісостепу України

2018 ◽  
pp. 85-99
Author(s):  
М. І. Кулик ◽  
І. І. Рожко
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seed Material ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Number Of Stems

Акцентовано увагу на необхідності дослідження особливостей формування урожайності насіння проса прутоподібного (світчграсу) для забезпечення виробничих площ достатньою кількістю насіннєвого матеріалу. Здійснено спроуа визначення залежності урожаю насіння від елементів технології вирощування у зв’язку з погодними умовами веґетаційного періоду. Експеримент із вивчення насіннєвої продуктивності світчграсу проведено в умовах Лісостепу з використанням методичних рекомендацій вітчизняних та зарубіжних авторів. За результати дослідження визначено комплексний вплив елементів технології вирощування на фоні контрастних умов веґетації культури на урожайність насіння світчграсу. Встановлено, що на урожайність насіння світчграсу мають вплив погодні умови вирощування (середньодобова температура повітря та кількість опадів) протягом веґетаційного періоду. Найбільша урожайність насіння формується за вирощуванні рослин за ширини міжряддя 60 см, Як ширші, так і вужчі міжряддя зменшують даний показник. Визначено рівнозначний вплив біометричних показників рослин (висоти та кількості стебел) на урожайність насіння світчграсу. При цьому застосування весняного підживлення посівів певною мірою нівелює негативний вплив погодних умов. The article focuses attention on the necessity of studying the peculiarities of the formation of switchgrass yield for providing productive areas with sufficient amount of seed material. An attempt to determine the dependence of yield on the elements of cultivation technology in connection with the weather conditions of the growing season has been made. The experiment on studying seed efficiency of switchgrass was carried out under the conditions of the Forest-Steppe using methodolo-gical recommendations of domestic and foreign authors. The yield of seed was determined by weighing method by weighing the seed material from each variant of the field experiment. In our study we used both general scientific methods (dialectics, experiment, analysis and synthesis) and special ones, among them: laboratory – the determination of quantitative indices of plants (height and density of stems); field – determination of the interaction of the subject with the object of research; calculation-weight – establishment of seed productivity and yield of seeds; mathematical analysis of interconnections and graphical representation of data in the experiment.  Complex influence of the cultivation technology elements during the contrast conditions of crop vegetation upon the switchgrass yield has been established. It has been determined that the weather conditions (average daily air temperature and rainfall) during the growing season influenced on switchgrass yield. The highest seed yield is formed by growing plants at a width of rotation of 60 cm, both wider and narrowed row spacings reduce this figure. The equivalent effect of biometric indices of plants (height and number of stems) on the yield of the seed of the switchgrass is determined. At the same time the application of spring crop yields to some extent offsets the negative effects of weather conditions.  Application of fertilizers in plant cultivation with row spacing of 60 cm – from 0.57 t/ha to 0.72 t/ha has the greatest influence on swithgrass yield. Both increase and decrease of the width of row spacing leads to decrease of  crop yield. Swithgrass yield depends on the height of the plants by 25% under the coefficient of correlation r = 0.51 and by 23% – on the number of stems according to the correlation coefficient r = 0.48.

scholarly journals Grapevine culture in trenches. 2. Reproductive characteristics and interactions with vegetative growth

OENO One ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Christophe Zapata ◽  
Jean-Claude Audran ◽  
Christian Magné
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Berry Size

<p style="text-align: justify;">In order to assess the consequence of a strong vegetative growth on inflorescence development and berry setting, two grapevine cultivars differing in their rate of fruit set were grown for 3 years in a greenhouse under semi-controlled conditions. Merlot (low % fruit set) and Pinot noir (high % fruit set) vines produced well-developed clusters in year 3 after planting, thus allowing the study of interactions between vegetative growth and reproductive development over the third growing season. Progress in development of both cultivars was simultaneous until pea berry size and biomass production was similar throughout the season. However, biomass production was negatively correlated to flower differentiation (number of flowers/inflorescence) in Merlot whereas not in P. noir. Possible causes of this interaction are discussed.</p>

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