SOIL AS A SOURCE OF INFECTION OF HONEY BY SUGAR-TOLERANT YEASTS

1930 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Lochhead ◽  
Leone Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Normal Soil

Examination of soil from different locations, extending over a twelve-month period, for the presence of sugar-tolerant yeasts capable of fermenting honey, showed that only in the case of apiary ground was the soil regularly infected by such organisms. Ordinary field soil is not to be considered a primary source of infection of honey, sugar-tolerant yeasts not being regarded as members of the normal soil microflora. Sugar-tolerant yeasts, in apiary soils, are able to remain viable through the winter in frozen soil, but are cold-enduring rather than psychrophilic. From the soil 166 cultures of sugar-tolerant yeasts were isolated and classified. These were found to represent seven types considered as six species with one sub-species, three being types found in fermented honey. A description of the yeasts is given.

QUALITATIVE STUDIES OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS: XIV. SPECIFIC VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS OF THE PREDOMINANT BACTERIAL FLORA

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Lochhead ◽  
Margaret O. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Vitamin Requirements ◽  
Normal Soil ◽  
Important Habitat

A relatively high proportion of the indigenous bacteria of a field soil (27.1%, corresponding to 14.1 millions/g.) required one or more vitamins for growth. The vitamins found to be essential, either alone or with others, were, in order of frequency, thiamine, biotin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, folic acid, nicotinic acid, and riboflavin. In all, 16 different 'patterns' were noted for vitamin requirements, the number of vitamins needed by individual strains ranging from one to five. The findings point to the soil as an important habitat of vitamin-requiring bacteria, many of which show potentiality as assay organisms. Their occurrence in the numbers found indicates that growth-factors should receive equal emphasis with antibiotics in problems involving the microbial equilibrium in soil and interrelationships between the normal soil microflora, soil-borne disease organisms, and growing plants.

Severe Sepsis Attributable to Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An Emerging Fatal Problem

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 684-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric T. Castaldo ◽  
Edmund Y. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Necrotizing Pneumonia ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Failure ◽  
Source Of Infection

We observed a number of cases of sepsis from bacteremia in children from community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which led us to study its patterns of infection and outcome. A retrospective review identifying children admitted to our institution with blood culture-proven community-associated MRSA sepsis over a 2-year period was performed. The inclusion criteria were younger than 19 years old, two or more blood cultures for MRSA within 48 hours of admission, evidence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and no prior hospital admissions within 6 months. Eight patients were included; seven required mechanical ventilation. Vasopressors were required in seven patients. Four patients required extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation. Four patients had culture-proven septic arthritis or thrombophlebitis and three of these patients developed bilateral necrotizing pneumonia. Bilateral necrotizing pneumonia was identified in the other four patients, but the primary source of infection was never identified. The overall intact neurologic survival was 50 per cent. Children with severe community-associated MRSA sepsis can rapidly progress to cardiorespiratory failure. Mortality appears to be high, and children may benefit from a search of their soft tissues and joints to identify the source of infection to prevent embolic dissemination.

Survival of enterococci and Tn916-like conjugative transposons in soil

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 957-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E Andrews Jr. ◽  
Wesley S Johnson ◽  
Abby R Guard ◽  
Jonathan D Marvin
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Swine Waste ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Soil Microcosms ◽  
Conjugative Transposons ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Normal Soil

The persistence of Enterococcus faecalis, fecal enterococci from swine waste, and Tn916-like elements was determined following inoculation into autoclaved and native soil microcosms. When cells of E. faecalis CG110 (Tn916) were inoculated into native microcosms, enterococcal viability in the soil decreased approximately 5 orders of magnitude (4.8 × 105CFU/g soil to < 10 CFU/g) after 5 weeks. In autoclaved microcosms, the viability of E. faecalis decreased by only 20% in 5 weeks. In contrast, the content of Tn916, based on PCR of DNA extracts from soil microcosms, decreased by about 20% in both native and autoclaved microcosms. Similar results were obtained when the source of fecal enterococci and Tn916-like elements was swine waste. Because the concentration of Tn916-independent E. faecalis DNA (the D-alanine D-alanine ligase gene), based on PCR, decreased to nearly undetectable levels (at least 3 orders of magnitude) after 5 weeks in the native microcosms, the evidence suggests Tn916 stability in the soil results from en masse transfer of the transposon to the normal soil microflora and not survival of E. faecalis DNA in the soil system. Results from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis suggest that multiple forms of Tn916 occur in swine waste, but only forms most like Tn916 exhibit stability in the soil.Key words: Tn916, Enterococcus faecalis, soil, antibiotic resistance, conjugation, transposon.

scholarly journals Lymphoid Follicle-Dense Mucosa at the Terminal Rectum Is the Principal Site of Colonization of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the Bovine Host

2003 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 1505-1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart W. Naylor ◽  
J. Christopher Low ◽  
Thomas E. Besser ◽  
Arvind Mahajan ◽  
George J. Gunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Lymphoid Follicle ◽  
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Specific Distribution

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes bloody diarrhea and potentially fatal systemic sequelae in humans. Cattle are most frequently identified as the primary source of infection, and E. coli O157:H7 generally colonizes the gastrointestinal tracts of cattle without causing disease. In this study, persistence and tropism were assessed for four different E. coli O157:H7 strains. Experimentally infected calves shed the organism for at least 14 days prior to necropsy. For the majority of these animals, as well as for a naturally colonized animal obtained from a commercial beef farm, the highest numbers of E. coli O157:H7 were found in the feces, with negative or significantly lower levels detected in lumen contents taken from the gastrointestinal tract. Detailed examination demonstrated that in these individuals the majority of tissue-associated bacteria were adherent to mucosal epithelium within a defined region extending up to 5 cm proximally from the recto-anal junction. The tissue targeted by E. coli O157:H7 was characterized by a high density of lymphoid follicles. Microcolonies of the bacterium were readily detected on the epithelium of this region by immunofluorescence microscopy. As a consequence of this specific distribution, E. coli O157:H7 was present predominately on the surface of the fecal stool. In contrast, other E. coli serotypes were present at consistent levels throughout the large intestine and were equally distributed in the stool. This is a novel tropism that may enhance dissemination both between animals and from animals to humans. The accessibility of this site may facilitate simple intervention strategies.

scholarly journals The prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in ticks and animals in Slovenia

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataša Knap ◽  
Diana Žele ◽  
Urška Glinšek Biškup ◽  
Tatjana Avšič-Županc ◽  
Gorazd Vengušt
Keyword(s):  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Animal Blood ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pathogen Dna

Abstract Background The obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii causes globally distributed zoonotic Q fever. Ruminant livestock are common reservoirs of C. burnetii. Coxiella burnetii are shed in large numbers in the waste of infected animals and are transmitted by inhalation of contaminated aerosols. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of C. burnetii infection in domestic animals and ticks in areas of Slovenia associated with a history of Q fever outbreaks. Results A total of 701 ticks were collected and identified from vegetation, domestic animals and wild animals. C. burnetii DNA was detected in 17 out of 701 (2.4%) ticks. No C. burnetii DNA was found in male ticks. Ticks that tested positive in the PCR-based assay were most commonly sampled from wild deer (5.09%), followed by ticks collected from domestic animals (1.16%) and ticks collected by flagging vegetation (0.79%). Additionally, 150 animal blood samples were investigated for the presence of C. burnetii-specific antibodies and pathogen DNA. The presence of pathogen DNA was confirmed in 14 out of 150 (9.3%) blood samples, while specific antibodies were detected in sera from 60 out of 150 (40.4%) animals. Conclusions Our results indicate that ticks, although not the primary source of the bacteria, are infected with C. burnetii and may represent a potential source of infection for humans and animals. Ticks collected from animals were most likely found to harbor C. burnetii DNA, and the infection was not lost during molting. The persistence and distribution of pathogens in cattle and sheep indicates that C. burnetii is constantly present in Slovenia.

scholarly journals Microbiological and scanning electron microscopic evaluation of epidural catheters

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 381-385
Author(s):  
Ganapathy van Samkar ◽  
Payal P S Balraadjsing ◽  
Henning Hermanns ◽  
Irene V Hoogendijk ◽  
Markus W Hollmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidural Catheter ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Insertion Site ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Epidural Catheters ◽  
Scanning Electron

BackgroundEpidural catheters are frequently colonized by gram-positive bacteria. Although the incidence of associated epidural infections is low, their consequences can be devastating. We investigated bacterial growth on epidural catheters by quantitative bacterial culture and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to explore the patterns of epidural catheter colonization.Methods28 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery with thoracic epidurals (treatment ≥72 hours) were studied. Before the removal of the catheter, the skin surrounding the insertion site was swabbed. The entire catheter was divided into extracorporeal, subcutaneous, and tip segments. Skin swabs and catheter segments were quantitatively cultured, bacterial species were identified, and SEM was performed on four selected catheters.Results27 of 28 catheters were included. The percentages of positive cultures were: skin swab 29.6%, extracorporeal segments 11.1%, subcutaneous segments 14.8%, and tip segments 33.3%. One patient was diagnosed with a catheter-associated infection. Staphylococcus epidermidis was cultured from the skin and the catheter extracorporeal, subcutaneous, and tip segments. SEM of this catheter showed bacteria-like and intraluminal host cell-like structures. SEM of two other catheters showed intraluminal fibrin networks in their tip segments.ConclusionsWe present the first SEM pictures of an epidural catheter with a bacterial infection. Bacterial growth developed from the skin to the tip of this catheter, indicating the skin as a primary source of infection. By SEM, catheters with low levels of bacterial growth demonstrated an intraluminal fibrous network which possibly plays a role in catheter obstruction.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli O157:H7 Colonization in Cattle following Systemic and Mucosal Immunization with Purified H7 Flagellin

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 2594-2602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom N. McNeilly ◽  
Stuart W. Naylor ◽  
Arvind Mahajan ◽  
Mairi C. Mitchell ◽  
Sean McAteer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Rectal Administration ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Antibody Isotypes ◽  
Nasal Secretions

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an important pathogen of humans. Cattle are most frequently identified as the primary source of infection, and therefore, reduction in E. coli O157:H7 prevalence in cattle by vaccination represents an attractive strategy for reducing the incidence of human disease. H7 flagella have been implicated in intestinal-epithelial colonization of E. coli O157:H7 and may represent a useful target for vaccination. In this study, calves were immunized either systemically with H7 flagellin by intramuscular injection or mucosally via the rectum with either H7 or H7 incorporated into poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles (PLG:H7). Systemic immunization resulted in high levels of flagellin-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA in both serum and nasal secretions and detectable levels of both antibody isotypes in rectal secretions. Rectal administration of flagellin resulted in levels of rectal IgA similar to those by the intramuscular route but failed to induce any other antibody response, whereas rectal immunization with PLG:H7 failed to induce any H7-specific antibodies. Following subsequent oral challenge with E. coli O157:H7, reduced colonization rates and delayed peak bacterial shedding were observed in the intramuscularly immunized group compared to nonvaccinated calves, but no reduction in total bacterial shedding occurred. Rectal immunization with either H7 or PLG:H7 had no effect on subsequent bacterial colonization or shedding. Furthermore, purified H7-specific IgA and IgG from intramuscularly immunized calves were shown to reduce intestinal-epithelial binding in vitro. These results indicate that H7 flagellin may be a useful component in a systemic vaccine to reduce E. coli O157:H7 colonization in cattle.

B. MUCOSUS CAPSULATUS (FRIEDLÄNDER) MENINGITIS; RECOVERY OF A THREE-WEEK-OLD INFANT TREATED WITH SULFADIAZINE AND STREPTOMYCIN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
W. A. DANIEL
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Male Infant ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pediatric Age ◽  
Disease Entity ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Physical Findings

B. mucosus capsulatus (Friendländer) meningitis has been a disease entity for approximately 60 years. It occurs chiefly in very young or aged males. The diagnosis in the pediatric age group is especially difficult because of the paucity of symptoms and physical findings referable to the central nervous system or of any primary source of infection. meningitis differs from other types in that the spinal fluid becomes almost gelatinous unless treatment is quickly employed. Less than 50 cases of B. mucosus capsulatus meningitis have been reported, and only five of these have recovered. With the use of streptomycin and sulfadiazine, the mortality rate may be greatly reduced if the cases are diagnosed and treated early in the course of the illness. A case of B. mucosus capsulatus meningitis occurring in a three-week-old male infant who recovered has been presented.

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