STUDIES IN TREE PHYSIOLOGY: I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. WATER CONTENTS OF CERTAIN CANADIAN TREES

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (12) ◽  
pp. 460-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Darnley Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
White Pine ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Very High ◽  
Considerable Loss ◽  
Water Contents

Previous work by the author on the water contents of Canadian trees is reviewed and followed by a brief discussion of questions yet to be answered.In Betula alba v. papyrifera, in at least the young parts of B. alba v. pendula laciniata, in B. populifolia, and in several sizes of Populus tremuloides, there is a marked seasonal rhythm in water content. The maximum is at leaf opening, the minimum at leaf fall. In poplar but not in birch there is a very high water content in December. During winter a considerable loss of water may occur. A winter loss is shown also by the wood of hemlock and larch and by twigs and leaves of white pine and hemlock. Losses from leaves are surprisingly small.The behaviour of B. populifolia has been studied for more than three years, and differences have been correlated with observations on weather conditions. Experimental work on movement of water in this species during winter is inconclusive. This work continues.

Tough, Stimuli-Responsive, and Biocompatible Hydrogels with Very High Water Content

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (23) ◽  
pp. 1800474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianqi Liu ◽  
Shuai Lu ◽  
Xin Peng ◽  
Chen Jiao ◽  
Jianan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Very High

An Equilibrium Model of Leaf Water Potentials Which Separates Intra- and Extracellular Potentials

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Acock
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
High Water ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Matrix Bound ◽  
Water Contents

A model is proposed which makes it possible to estimate the intracellular turgor pressure potential, intracellular osmotic plus matric potential, and intra- and extracellular soIution fractions of water in leaf tissue at any water content. The model requires only the data normally collected with a thermocouple psychrometer: total water potential of live and dead (cells ruptured) tissue at various known water contents. The major assumptions are that (1) the total potential of water in the solution fraction in any part of the tissue multiplied by the volume of water is constant; (2) extracellular water experiences no pressure potential; (3) matrix-bound water is held only by matric forces and contains no solute; (4) the solution fraction of the intracellular water is constant at high water content; and (5) matrix-bound water content is constant over the range of leaf water contents normally examined. The models developed to deal with pressure bomb data are examined critically and doubts are cast on the validity of some of their assumptions.

scholarly journals Farmer Group of Cabe Bakul (Lada Katokkon) in Rantepao District, North Toraja Regency

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
A. Sry Iryani ◽  
Agustina Deka Minggu Bali
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
High Water ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Chili Powder ◽  
Processed Products ◽  
Very High

Chili is one of the most important foods for traditional Indonesian food. One of the chilies that have a very high Scoville rating from Toraja Utara and Tana Toraja is Cabe Bakul or Lada Katokkon. This chili is different from other peppers ranging from the shape that resembles a pabrika but the size is small, it is sweet taste turned hot and good smelled. . The disadvantage of this chili is the condition of chilies that have a very high water content so it is easy to rot and wrestle so that the price quickly goes down and sometimes thrown away. To avoid the problem, the team proposes to process chili into a product but does not change the taste, color, and smell. This activity helps the chili farmers to process their crops into processed products that have higher economic value. There are two types of products produced are Chili powder (Bon Cabe) and sauce. Chili sauce is made there are four variants of flavors are: original, onion, terasi, and fish. Through this training, the farmer group partners can cultivate the harvest and its products can compete in the Toraja market and outside Toraja. Abstrak Cabe merupakan salah satu makanan terpenting untuk makanan tradisional Indonesia. Salah satu cabai yang memiliki rating Scoville sangat tinggi dari Toraja Utara dan Tana Toraja adalah Cabe Bakul atau Cabe Katokkon. Cabe ini berbeda dengan cabe lainnya mulai dari bentuknya yang menyerupai pabrika namun ukurannya kecil, rasanya manis berubah menjadi panas dan harum. Kekurangan dari cabe ini adalah kondisi buah cabe yang memiliki kandungan air yang sangat tinggi sehingga mudah membusuk dan bergelut sehingga harganya cepat turun dan kadang dibuang begitu saja. Untuk menghindari masalah tersebut, tim mengusulkan untuk mengolah cabe menjadi sebuah produk namun tidak merubah rasa, warna dan baunya. Kegiatan ini membantu petani cabe mengolah hasil panennya menjadi produk olahan yang memiliki nilai ekonomi lebih tinggi. Ada dua jenis produk yang dihasilkan yaitu bubuk cabe (Bon Cabe) dan saos. Kuah sambal yang dibuat ada empat varian rasa yaitu: original, bawang, terasi dan ikan. Melalui pelatihan ini para mitra kelompok tani dapat membudidayakan hasil panen dan produknya dapat bersaing di pasar Toraja dan luar Toraja.

scholarly journals Microwave sensors for detection of wild animals during pasture mowing

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Patrovsky ◽  
E. M. Biebl
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Laboratory Setup

Abstract. More than 400000 wild animals are killed or severely injured every year during spring time pasture mowing. Conventional methods for detection and removal or expulsion of animals before mowing are either inefficient or very time-consuming. The first really working method is based on a pyro-detector which senses the temperature contrast between the animals body and the surrounding pasture. Unfortunately, the detection reliability of this sensor decreases with increasing ambient temperature and strong sunlight, i.e. for typical weather conditions, when pasture is mowed, especially around noon. In this paper, a detector is presented that exhibits complementary behaviour. It works best during dry conditions (i.e. around noon), but has a tendency to false alarms when dew is present (i.e. morning and evening). The sensor is based on a commercial, low-cost Doppler module at 24GHz. It senses the difference of radar cross section between the animals body (high water content, specular reflection) and the pasture (low water content, diffuse reflection). The signal is analysed by means of a non-linear Wigner time-frequency transformation. Experimental results are presented for a laboratory setup as well as for measurement in actual spring-time pasture. The results prove that a microwave sensor is capable of reliably detecting animals of the size of a fawn even if it is covered by a layer of pasture.

scholarly journals Viability and germination of Scots pine seeds after freezing of harvested cones in vitro

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1035-1041
Author(s):  
Markku Nygren ◽  
Katri Himanen ◽  
Hanna Ruhanen
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
High Water ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Freezing Treatment ◽  
Water Contents

Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) cone and seed water contents were analyzed in two consecutive seasons during maturation stage in the autumn and in January and March before seed dispersal. Cones with different water contents were subjected to 2 h of freezing at −30 °C, and seed viability and laboratory germination of seeds from individual cones after treatment were analyzed. Seed water content could be well predicted with the measurement of the cone water content, and the general relationship between these two could be described with a generalized logistic function. On average, the water content of cones was 5%–10% units higher than the seeds inside them. The higher the cone water content at the onset of freezing treatment, the higher the proportion of seeds with apparent damage (based on visual inspection of seeds using X-ray images) in that particular cone. High water content in cones also resulted in decreased germination after freezing treatment. The critical cone water content for 50% germination after freezing at −30 °C was approximately 31.3% (fresh mass basis). This corresponds to 21.6% water content in seeds.

Behavior of Mexico City clay subjected to undrained repeated loading

1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Abraham Diaz-Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
High Water ◽  
Elastic Behavior ◽  
Triaxial Tests ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Repeated Loading ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Very High

This note describes a series of cyclic triaxial tests on undisturbed soil samples of Mexico City clay, obtained near the SCT building. The site is a silty clay deposit of a very high water content and soft consistency. The material exhibits elastic behavior in spite of its very high water content. Three empirical relationships describing an equivalent Young's modulus, an equivalent damping ratio, and a cyclic stress level, associated with cyclic strain level, were obtained. Test results define two different patterns of strength loss. Key words: undrained strength, repeated load, clay, modulus, damping, Mexico City.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on Dynamic Tensile Failure of Sandstone Specimens with Different Water Contents

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Li ◽  
Gang Lin ◽  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Xianbiao Mao ◽  
Lianying Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
High Water ◽  
Tensile Failure ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Dynamic Tensile Strength ◽  
Macroscopic Crack ◽  
Water Contents

Understanding the effect of water saturation on dynamic failure of rocks is of great importance to tunnel excavation at water-rich coal mines and prevention of rock bursts by water injection. Dynamic Brazilian disc tests are performed to study mechanical behaviour of sandstones in this paper. The results indicate that water saturation significantly weakens the dynamic tensile strength of sandstones and increases the specimen strain at which the specimen fails. The damage degree of sandstones reduces gradually with increasing water contents. Failure of the sandstone specimen includes the crack initiation at the center of the specimen, macroscopic crack propagation, and stretch of the macroscopic crack through the specimen. In addition, parallel macroscopic crack propagation is found in the specimen with a low water content. From the observation of fracture sections, microstructures are compact in the specimen with high water contents. This is due to the swell of the kaolinite in the specimen after water saturation. The failure mechanism of microstructures is typical brittle failure in the specimen with a high water content, whereas ductile fracture is found in the specimen with a low water content. Different failure processes of microstructures lead to the differences between mechanical properties and macroscopic failure characteristics of the specimens with various water contents.

Nitrous oxide production and sources in response to a simulated fall-freeze-thaw cycle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sisi Lin ◽  
Guillermo Hernandez Ramirez
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
High Water ◽  
Organic N ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Thaw Cycle ◽  
Freeze Thaw Cycle ◽  
Water Contents

<p>Thaw-induced N<sub>2</sub>O emissions have been shown to account for 30-90% of N<sub>2</sub>O emissions in agricultural fields. Due to the climate change, increased precipitatio is expected in fall and winter seasons for certain regions. As a result, this would in turn enhance the thaw-induced N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and aggravate climate change. A mesocosm study was conducted to investigate N<sub>2</sub>O production and sources from soils under elevated soil moisture contents in response to a simulated fall-freeze-thaw cycle. Treatments included two levels of N addition (urea versus control) and two different management histories [with (SW) and without (CT) manure additions]. Our results showed that at least 92% of the N<sub>2</sub>O emissions during the study were produced during the simulated thawing across all treatments. The thaw-induced N<sub>2</sub>O emissions increased with increasing soil water content. The fall-applied urea increased the soil-derived N<sub>2</sub>O emissions during thawing, indicating an excessive mineralization of soil organic N. Compared to the CT soils, the SW soils induced more soil-derived N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. This could be because the SW soil had more easily decomposable organic matter which was likely due to historical manure additions. Regarding to the daily primed N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes, different soil water contents impacted the dynamics of daily priming effect. At the high water content, the soils experienced a shift in daily primed N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes from positive to negative and eventually back to positive throughout the simulated thawing, while the soils at lower water contents underwent positive primed fluxes in general. The shift in daily primed fluxes was probably driven by the preference of soil microbes on the labile N substrates. When the microbes switched from easily to moderately decomposed substrates (e.g., from dissolved organic N to plant residuals), they started to uptake inorganic N from the soil due to a relatively high C:N ratio of plant residuals. Therefore, a net N immobilization and negative primed N<sub>2</sub>O production occur in the short term in the soils at the high water content.</p>

Water Relations in an Insect, Thermobia Domestica

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-448
Author(s):  
A. Y. K. OKASHA
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Uptake Mechanism ◽  
Thermobia Domestica ◽  
Moulting Cycle ◽  
Very High

1. Water uptake is not inhibited by centrifugation, exposure to 45 °C, burning of the integument or by submergence in water for 1 h. 2. Repeated desiccation followed by rehydration does not inhibit water uptake. This, however, results in insects with an extremely high water content. 3. Starvation also results in insects with a very high water content, the latter depending on the length of starvation, and also results in the depletion of dry matter. 4. Desiccation followed by rehydration does not result in any loss in dry matter additional to that caused by starvation. 5. The ability to rehydrate of insects desiccated at various stages of the moulting cycle is described. It is concluded that at the later stages of the moulting cycle water uptake ceases. 6. The results are discussed in the light of current theories of the uptake mechanism. It is suggested that the uptake mechanism is primarily concerned with volume regulation. 7. It is also suggested that anal blockage, which is known to arrest uptake, results in a nervous inhibition bringing about such an effect, rather than the rectum being the site of uptake.

Evaporative water loss and the role of cocoon formation in Australian frogs

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip C. Withers
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
High Water ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Evaporative Water Loss ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Very High

Measurements of evaporative water loss (EWL; mg min-1) and resistance (R; sec cm-1) for various Australian frogs indicate three general allometric patterns: non-cocooned and non-‘waterproof’ frogs with EWL ∝ Mass0.30 and R independent of body mass at about 1–3 sec cm-1, cocooned frogs with EWL reduced about 50–200-fold and R about 50–200 sec cm-1, and ‘waterproof’ frogs with EWL reduced about 5–100- fold and R about 5–100 sec cm-1. Cocooned frogs have an exponential reduction in EWL and fairly linear increase in R over time, corresponding to the temporal addition of layers to the cocoon. The biophysical properties of cocoon are generally similar for various species, although there is some variation in both resistance per thickness (5–20 × 104 s cm-2) and diffusion coefficient (0.4–2.4 × 10 –5 cm2 s-1). The hygroscopic property of frog cocoon resembles that of mammalian stratum corneum, hair and wool, and mucopolysaccharides; there is a slight increase in water content of cocoon over a wide range of humidities but a very steep increase in water content and substantial hydration and swelling at >96% RH. This extreme hygroscopic behaviour of frog cocoon at very high RH may reflect less polymer cross-linking in frog cocoon and its high digestibility. The prevention of over-hydration of frog cocoon in vivo may be attributed to the restriction of high water content to only very high RH (>96%).

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