INVESTIGATIONS ON RUBBER-BEARING PLANTS: II. CARBOHYDRATES IN THE ROOTS OF TARAXACUM KOK-SAGHYZ ROD.

1946 ◽  
Vol 24c (2) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Gorham
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Mild Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Rubber Bearing ◽  
One Year ◽  
Mild Acid

The soluble carbohydrates were extracted, by means of hot water, from dried ground roots of Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rod. that had been extracted previously with acetone and benzene. A cleared portion of the extract served for the determination of hexose and, after invertase hydrolysis, sucrose. Another portion was subjected to mild acid hydrolysis before clearing, and served for the determination of total reducing value, whence fructosans, as inulin, were calculated. Separation of the free reducing sugars and sucrose from the fructosans by ethanol extraction proved unsatisfactory. Analyses of 171 one-year old roots from six crosses gave the following average values expressed as per cent dry weight: hexose 1.6, sucrose 4.7, and inulin 41. The analytical data suggest the possibility of selecting and breeding for strains of kok-saghyz capable of high carbohydrate production.

Pigments of marine animals. XI. Angular naphthopyrones from the crinoid Comanthus parvicirrus timorensis

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
IR Smith ◽  
MD Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Spectral Studies ◽  
Mild Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
Methoxy Derivative ◽  
Colour Variant ◽  
Mild Acid

Green specimens of the comatulid crinoid, Comanthus parvicirrus timorensis J. Muller, yield to acetone three yellow water-soluble colouring matters, comaparvin sulphate, 6-methoxycomaparvin sulphate, and 6-methoxycomaparvin 5-methyl ether sulphate in approximately 0.1 %, 0.7 %, and 0.7 % yield respectively of the dry weight of the animal, Mild acid hydrolysis yields the corresponding phenols, the structures of which have been deduced largely by spectral studies as very probably 5,8-dihydroxy-10-methoxy-2-n-propyl-4H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran-4-one (1), the 6-methoxy derivative of (1), and the 6-methoxy methyl ether of (1) respectively. A yellow colour variant of the same species yielded the same colouring matters in slightly different proportions. The calcareous skeleton contains what are probably polyhydroxynaphthoquinones in combined form.

The synthesis of a carbohydrate-like dihydrooxazine and tetrahydrooxazine as putative inhibitors of glycoside hydrolases: A direct synthesis of isofagomine

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (8) ◽  
pp. 857-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne M Best ◽  
James M Macdonald ◽  
Brian W Skelton ◽  
Robert V Stick ◽  
D Matthew G Tilbrook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Synthesis ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolases ◽  
Crystalline Solid ◽  
Glycosidase Inhibitors ◽  
Protecting Group ◽  
Mild Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Catalytic Hydrogenolysis ◽  
Palladium On Carbon ◽  
Mild Acid

The treatment of benzyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-L-xylopyranoside with N-hydroxyphthalimide under Mitsunobu conditions, followed by protecting-group interchange, gave benzyl 4-O-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2,3- O-isopropylidene-α-D-arabinoside. Mild acid hydrolysis and catalytic hydrogenolysis afforded 4-O-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-D-arabinose that, upon heating in water, gave the dihydrooxazine [(4R,5S,6R)-5,6-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-4H-1,2-oxazine] as a crystalline solid. A single-crystal structure determination of this solid showed it to exist in the 5H6 conformation. Reduction of the dihydrooxazine gave the tetrahydrooxazine [(4R,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-1,2-oxazine]. The dihydrooxazine was an effective inhibitor of two β-glucosidases (Ki = 27 and 35 µM). Benzyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-L-xylopyranoside, via the derived imidazylate, was converted into a nitrile that, upon reduction and protecting-group manipulations, gave benzyl 4-C-aminomethyl-4-deoxy-α-D-arabinoside. Treatment of this amine with hydrogen and palladium-on-carbon gave isofagomine.Key words: dihydrooxazine, tetrahydrooxazine, isofagomine, iminosugars, glycosidase inhibitors.

scholarly journals Postproduction Carbohydrate Levels in Pot Chrysanthemums

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 1013-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Trusty ◽  
William B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Reserve Carbohydrate

Postproduction changes in carbohydrate types and quantities in the leaves, stems, and inflorescences of pot chyrsanthemums [Dendranthema × gramfiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura `Favor'] placed in interior conditions were investigated. Fructans, sucrose, glucose, and fructose were present in all plant parts. In inflorescences and leaves, an additional unidentified substance was present. All plant parts decreased in dry weight during the postproduction evaluation. This decrease was accompanied by overall reductions in total soluble carbohydrates (TSC) and starch. The appearance of leaves and stems was acceptable throughout the experiment. Leaves lost significant amounts of TSC during the first 4 days postproduction (DPP), due primarily to a 76% decrease in sucrose concentration. After 4 DPP, leaf and stem TSC remained relatively unchanged. In inflorescences, petal expansion continued through 12 DPP. Visible signs of senescence, including loss of turgor, color changes, and inrolling of petal edges were observed at 20 DPP, and by 28 DPP, the plants were determined unacceptable for consumer use. Inflorescences increased in fresh weight, but not dry weight, during petal expansion, then each decreased. Inflorescence TSC fell from 146 mg.g-1 dry weight at O DPP to 11 mg.g-1 at 28 DPP. Reducing sugars accounted for 84% of the inflorescence TSC at 4 DPP, dropping to 48% at 28 DPP. Fructan concentration decreased through 16 DPP and then remained unchanged, while starch levels rose from 25 to 34 mg·g -1 dry weight through 12 DPP, then decreased. Fractans decreased in polymerization during petal expansion. This result suggests an alternate use of fructans and starch as pools of available reserve carbohydrate during petal expansion in chrysanthemum.

scholarly journals NITROGEN, POTASSIUM, AND CARBOHYDRATE PARTITIONING IN FIELD-GROWN GRAPEVINES OVER A TWO-YEAR PERIOD

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 613d-613
Author(s):  
Larry E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Carbohydrate Partitioning ◽  
One Year ◽  
Berry Set

Entire Thompson Seedless grapevines (to include the root system) were harvested at regular intervals over a two year period. Dry matter, soluble carbohydrates, N and K were quantified on an individual organ basis for each date. The pattern of dry matter partitioning to the roots and trunk were similar from one year to the next. Decreases in dry weight in the roots and trunk were accompained by decreases in soluble carbohydrates. The concentration of K in the roots remained almost constant over the two year period while that of N fluctuated from less than 1% (dry wt basis) to more than 2.5% depending on the time of the year. The dynamics of N and K within the trunk on a concentration or content (g vine-1) basis were similar to one another. N and K were remobilized from the trunk early in the growing while only N was remobilized from the root system. Remobilization of N from the roots took place from berry set until harvest.

Effect of an Herbal Formula Containing Ganoderma lucidum on Reduction of Herpes Zoster Pain: A Pilot Clinical Trial

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (04) ◽  
pp. 517-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuyo Hijikata ◽  
Akihiro Yasuhara ◽  
Yuko Sahashi
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Ganoderma Lucidum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Japanese Patients ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Herbal Formula ◽  
Trapa Natans ◽  
One Year ◽  
Wisteria Floribunda

Administration of hot water extracts of a herbal formula containing Ganoderma lucidum, WTMCGEPP (Wisteria floribunda 0.38, Trapa natans 0.38, Miristica agrans 0.38, Coix lachryma-jobi 0.75, cultivated Ganoderma lucidum 0.75, Elfuinga applanata 0.38, tissue cultured Panax ginseng 0.3. and Punica granatum 0.38: numerals designate dry weight gram/dose), decreased herpes zoster pain for five Japanese patients suffering from shingles. Pain relief started within a few days of intake and was almost complete within 10 days. Two acute herpes zoster with manifestations including trigeminal nerve ophthalmia (both 74 years old), lower body zoster (70 years old), herpes zoster oticus (17 years old), and leg herpes (28 years old), responded quickly to treatment and no patient developed post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) after more than one year of follow-up.

scholarly journals DORMANCY OVERCOMING AND PRECONDITIONING IN Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. SEEDS

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 720-727
Author(s):  
HOHANA LISSA DE SOUSA MEDEIROS ◽  
CLARISSE PEREIRA BENEDITO ◽  
NADJAMARA BANDEIRA DE LIMA DANTAS ◽  
JORGE RICARDO SILVA DO COUTO JÚNIOR ◽  
LUIRLA BENTO RAMALHO
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Tukey Test

ABSTRACT Seeds of ‘sabiá’ (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth.) have coat dormancy, which hampers the absorption of water and oxygen, thereby delaying germination. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate methods for overcoming dormancy associated with priming on germination and vigor of seeds of ‘sabiá’, considering the efficiency, practicality and cost of treatment. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 4 x 5 factorial scheme (four methods for overcoming dormancy x five types of priming), constituting 20 treatments with four replicates of 25 seeds. The methods for overcoming dormancy used were tip removal, seed immersion in hot water at 100 °C for three minutes, immersion in sulfuric acid for 10 minutes and intact seeds. For the determination of physiological conditioning of seeds, the imbibition curve with the different priming agents was constructed. Priming was done on filter paper moistened with solutions of mannitol at the potentials of -0.2 MPa (16 hours), -0.4 MPa (24 hours) and -0.6 MPa (36 hours) and only with distilled water for the hydropriming (12 hours) and seeds without priming. The variables analyzed were first count of germination, germination, root length, shoot length and dry weight of seedlings. The data were subjected to analysis of variance by F test and Tukey test at 5% probability. The dormancy of M. caesalpiniifolia seeds should be overcome with the use of hot water (100 °C) for three minutes, without the need for priming.

Seed ripening in grasses. I. Changes in carbohydrate content

1964 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Stoddart
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Seed Harvest ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Phleum Pratense L ◽  
Thousand Seed Weight

1. In grass seed crops accurate assessment of the optimum harvest date is made difficult by the lack of knowledge of seed ripeness. In order to define ripeness in physiological terms studies have been initiated the first of which is described in this paper.2. Samples of Aberystwyth S. 321 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), S. 143 cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), S. 48 and S. 352 timothy varieties (Phleum pratense L.) were taken at 3-day intervals from inflorescence emergence to seed harvest. These were analysed for total 80 % ethanol soluble carbohydrates (TSC) reducing sugars, sucrose and starch, whilst duplicate samples were air-dried for determination of thousand seed weight and percentage germination.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN HISTOCHEMISTRY: LXXXII. DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN A IN MICROGRAM SAMPLES OF TISSUE AND ITS QUANTITATIVE HISTOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE RAT ADRENAL

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 640-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL K. NAKANE ◽  
DAVID GLICK
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

A fluorometric procedure is presented for the determinations of vitamin A in small tissue samples, e. g., microtome sections, to enable correlation of analytical data with histology. Measurements may be made over the range, 3 x 10–12–6 x 10–10 moles of the vitamin (0.86-17 mµg of vitamin A alcohol), the quantities per 60 µl of solution used in the microcuvettes for fluorometry. Optimal conditions for certain of the analytical steps and for extraction of the vitamin from tissue were studied. Quantitative recoveries of vitamin added to tissue were obtained, and the reproducibility of the analysis of tissue was observed to have a standard deviation of 4%. In preliminary experiments, a mean vitamin A per rat adrenal was found to be 2.3 mµmoles, and the mean concentration 317 mµmoles/g, dry weight. A study of the quantitative histological distribution of the vitamin in the adrenal revealed greatest concentrations (4.7 x 10–12 moles/µg of proten-nitrogen) in the region where the glomerulosa and fasciculata join, and the concentration fell steadily through the fasciculata and reticularis to a low (0.9 x 10–12 moles/µg of protein-nitrogen) in the medulla.

scholarly journals Simple Determination of Average Degree Polymerization of Inulin from Dahlia Tuber Using Spectrophotometer

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
anni faridah
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Final Concentration ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Average Degree ◽  
Hot Water

The degree of polymerization (DP) of inulin is the number of monomer units in inulin polymer strand. DP inulin can be determined simply using spectrophotometer. This study aims to determine DP inulin from fresh dahlia tubers and dahlia tubers that are stored for fifteen days. Inulin extraction from dahlia tuber was based on the solubility of inulin in hot water and precipitation in ethanol by adding ethanol to final concentration of 80% solution. Reducing sugars in inulin was determined using the DNS method. The absorbances were measured using spectrophotometer at maximum wavelength of 490 nm. Total sugar of inulin was determined using Phenol-Sulfate method, the absorbance was measured at λmax 350 nm. Inulin from fresh dahlia tubers had average DP higher than inulin from dahlia tuber that stored for fifteen days. Inulin that found in this research belongs to the fructooligosaccharide (FOS) group.

scholarly journals The cell wall of Bacillus licheniformis N.C.T.C. 6346. Composition of the mucopeptide component

1968 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Small Peptides ◽  
Mild Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Mild Acid

1. The mucopeptide component of wall preparations from Bacillus licheniformis was obtained in soluble form by treatment of the acid-insoluble residue of walls with lysozyme. 2. The soluble mucopeptide contains glutamic acid, diaminopimelic acid, alanine, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in the molecular proportions 1·0:1·0:1·6:0·8:0·7. In addition approx. 1 mole of amide/mole of glutamic acid is present. Essentially all of the dry weight and nitrogen content of soluble mucopeptide is accounted for by these constituents. 3. The optical configurations of the amino acids were determined. Approx. 0·6 mole of d-alanine and 1·0 mole of l-alanine are present/mole of glutamic acid. 4. The structures of several small peptides derived from soluble mucopeptide after mild acid hydrolysis were established. 5. The structure of soluble mucopeptide from B. licheniformis is discussed on the basis of these results together with data on the number of free amino groups present in soluble mucopeptide.

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